Ukraine

Ukraine Україна
Jhanda	Coat of arms
Des ke jaankari
National anthem:	Shche ne vmerla Ukrainy i slava i volya
Log ke baare me
Official bhasa:	Ukrainian
	Abaadi:
- Total:	47,732,079 (ranked 24)
- Density:	80 per km²
Jagha
	country map Hian pe des ke dunia ke map me dekhawa jaawe hae.
Capital City:	Kiev
Sab se barraa City:	Kiev
	Area
- Total:	603,700 km² (ranked 43)
- Water:	n/a km² (n/a%)
Politics / Government
Established:	From the Soviet Union (24 August 1991)
Leader:	President Volodymyr Zelensky; Prime Minister Denys Shmyhal
Economy / Money
Paisa ke naam:	Hryvnia (грн.)
International information
Time ke zone:	+02:00
Telephone ke dialing code:	380
Internet domain:	.UA

Ukraine (Україна, [ukrajina]) Europe ke ek des hae . Iske east me Russia, north me Belarus, west me Poland aur Slovakia, south-west me Hungary, Romania, Moldova aur Transnistria aur south me Black Sea hae.

Ukraine ek republic hae jiske capital Kiev (Київ — Kyiv [Kyjif] Ukrainian me; Киев [Kijef] Russian me) hae.

Iske official bhasa Ukrainian (українська мова, [ukrajin’s’ka mova] by Ukrainian) hae, blekin 30 se 50 % log Russian ke kaam me laawe hae.

Ukraine ke administrative divisions

Ukraine ke 27 hissa me baata gais hae. Jisme se 24 oblast (province) hae, ek autonomous republic (Autonomous Republic of Crimea) aur dui city jeke special status hae; Kyiv aur Sevastopol. 24 province ke 136 district me baata gais hae.^[1]

Ukraine ke itihaas

Early Indo-European migrations from the Pontic steppes of present-day Ukraine and Russia^[2]

Western Ukraine me 1.4 milliom saal puraana paththar ke aujaar dekhae hae ki hian pe homonin log rahat rahin.^[3] Aadhmik insaan Ukraine me 32,000 BC se rahe hae jiske saabuut Crimea ke pahaarr me hae.^[4] 4,500 BC talak ek Neolithic culture aaj ke Ukraine waala jagha me achchhaa se prgati karat rahin. Log ii soche hae ki Ukraine me pahila dafe ghorra ke domesticate karaa gais rahaa.^[4] Lagbhag 3000BC me se Indo-European migration steppes se bhais rahaa.^[5] Iron Age ke samay, ii jagha me Iranian bhasa me baat kare waala log base rahin. ^[6] 700 BC se 200 BC talak ii Scythian kingdom ke ek hissa rahaa.^[7]

Sixth century BC se Greek, Roman aur Byzantine colny Black Sea ke coast pe banaa rahaa. Ii 6th century AD talak rahaa. Fir hian pe Goths aaian aur uske baad Huns aain.7th century me ii ilaaka OLd Great Bulgaria ke niche rahaa, lekin ii century ke khalaa hoe talak ii jagha Khazar ke niche aais.^[8]

5th aur 6th century me hian pe pahila Slav log rahe lagin aur hian se uu log Balkans me fael gain

Ukraine ke geography

Topographic map of Ukraine, with borders, cities and towns

Ukraine, Russia ke baad, Europe ke sab se barraa des hae, aur sab se barra des jon puura Europe me hae. Ukraine latitude 44 degrees north aur 53 degrees north ke biich me aur logitude 22 degrees east aur 41 degrees east ke biich me hae. Ii jagha me jaada kar ke samthar jamiin hae. Iske area 603,550 square kilometres hae aur 2,782 kilometres ke coastline hae. South west me Danube delta Romania se border bane hae. Ukraine me khaali dui khaas pahaar hae. West me Carpathisn Mounntains aur south me Crimean Mountains hae.^[9]

Ukraine ke kuchh khaas naddi hae Dnieper River, Seversky Donets, Bniester aur Southern Bug aur ii sab chaahe Black Sea, nai to Sea of Azov me bahe hae.

Ukraine ke natural resources me lithium,^[10] natural gas,^[11] kaolin,^[11] timber^[12] aur dher kheti kare laayak jamiin hae.^[13] Ukraine me dher environmental issues hae.^[14]^[15] Kuchh jagha me paani ke kami hae.^[16] Hawaa aur paani ke pollution, deforestation aur Chernobyl Nuclear Power Planr se radiation.^[17]

Chhaapa ke gallery

References

↑ "The council reduced the number of districts in Ukraine: 136 instead of 490", Ukrainska Pravda, 17 July 2020. (in uk)
↑ Gibbons, Ann (10 June 2015). "Nomadic herders left a strong genetic mark on Europeans and Asians". Science (AAAS). https://www.science.org/content/article/nomadic-herders-left-strong-genetic-mark-europeans-and-asians.
↑ R. Garba, V. Usyk, L. Ylä-Mella, J. Kameník, K. Stübner, J. Lachner, G. Rugel, F. Veselovský, N. Gerasimenko, A. I. R. Herries, J. Kučera, M. F. Knudsen, J. D. Jansen (March 6, 2024). "East-to-west human dispersal into Europe 1.4 million years ago" (in en). Nature 627 (8005): 805–810. doi:10.1038/s41586-024-07151-3. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 38448591. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/378769849.
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 Prat, Sandrine; Péan, Stéphane C.; Crépin, Laurent; Drucker, Dorothée G.; Puaud, Simon J.; Valladas, Hélène; Lázničková-Galetová, Martina; Plicht, Johannes van der et al. (17 June 2011). "The Oldest Anatomically Modern Humans from Far Southeast Europe: Direct Dating, Culture and Behavior". PLOS ONE 6 (6): e20834. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0020834. PMC 3117838. PMID 21698105.
↑ Haak, Wolfgang; Lazaridis, Iosif; Patterson, Nick; Rohland, Nadin; Mallick, Swapan; Llamas, Bastien; Brandt, Guido; Nordenfelt, Susanne et al. (2015-06-11). "Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe". Nature 522 (7555): 207–211. doi:10.1038/nature14317. ISSN 0028-0836. PMC 5048219. PMID 25731166.
↑ "Scythian". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 21 October 2015.
↑ "Scythian: Ancient People". Online Britannica. 20 July 1998. Archived from the original on 27 March 2017. Retrieved 26 October 2017.
↑ "Khazar | Origin, History, Religion, & Facts". Encyclopædia Britannica. 12 May 2023.
↑ "Ukraine – Relief". Encyclopædia Britannica (fee required). Archived from the original on 15 January 2008. Retrieved 27 December 2007.
↑ Tabuchi, Hiroko. "Before Invasion, Ukraine's Lithium Wealth Was Drawing Global Attention", The New York Times, 2 March 2022. (in en-US)
↑ ^11.0 ^11.1 "Mining – UkraineInvest" (in English). 8 May 2020. Retrieved 3 March 2022.
↑ Nature, Preferred by. "Ukraine Timber Risk Profile". NEPCon – Preferred by Nature (in English). Archived from the original on 26 November 2020. Retrieved 3 March 2022.
↑ (in en) Overview of soil conditions of arable land in Ukraine – Study case for steppe and forest-steppe zones.. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2020. doi:10.4060/ca7761en. ISBN 978-92-5-132215-4. https://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/ca7761en/. Retrieved 7 March 2022.
↑ "Ukraine invasion: rapid overview of environmental issues". CEOBS (in English). 25 February 2022. Retrieved 3 March 2022.
↑ Bank, World (January 2016). "Ukraine Country Environmental Analysis" (in en-US). World Bank. doi:10.1596/24971. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/24971.
↑ "Water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH)". www.unicef.org (in English). Archived from the original on 3 March 2022. Retrieved 3 March 2022.
↑ "Environmental issues in Ukraine". Naturvernforbundet. 16 July 2017. Archived from the original on 6 March 2022. Retrieved 6 March 2022.

[1] "The council reduced the number of districts in Ukraine: 136 instead of 490", Ukrainska Pravda, 17 July 2020. (in uk)

[2] Gibbons, Ann (10 June 2015). "Nomadic herders left a strong genetic mark on Europeans and Asians". Science (AAAS). https://www.science.org/content/article/nomadic-herders-left-strong-genetic-mark-europeans-and-asians.

[Garba2024-3] R. Garba, V. Usyk, L. Ylä-Mella, J. Kameník, K. Stübner, J. Lachner, G. Rugel, F. Veselovský, N. Gerasimenko, A. I. R. Herries, J. Kučera, M. F. Knudsen, J. D. Jansen (March 6, 2024). "East-to-west human dispersal into Europe 1.4 million years ago" (in en). Nature 627 (8005): 805–810. doi:10.1038/s41586-024-07151-3. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 38448591. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/378769849.

[orig-4] 4.0 ^4.1 Prat, Sandrine; Péan, Stéphane C.; Crépin, Laurent; Drucker, Dorothée G.; Puaud, Simon J.; Valladas, Hélène; Lázničková-Galetová, Martina; Plicht, Johannes van der et al. (17 June 2011). "The Oldest Anatomically Modern Humans from Far Southeast Europe: Direct Dating, Culture and Behavior". PLOS ONE 6 (6): e20834. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0020834. PMC 3117838. PMID 21698105.

[5] Haak, Wolfgang; Lazaridis, Iosif; Patterson, Nick; Rohland, Nadin; Mallick, Swapan; Llamas, Bastien; Brandt, Guido; Nordenfelt, Susanne et al. (2015-06-11). "Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe". Nature 522 (7555): 207–211. doi:10.1038/nature14317. ISSN 0028-0836. PMC 5048219. PMID 25731166.

[6] "Scythian". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 21 October 2015.

[7] "Scythian: Ancient People". Online Britannica. 20 July 1998. Archived from the original on 27 March 2017. Retrieved 26 October 2017.

[8] "Khazar | Origin, History, Religion, & Facts". Encyclopædia Britannica. 12 May 2023.

[9] "Ukraine – Relief". Encyclopædia Britannica (fee required). Archived from the original on 15 January 2008. Retrieved 27 December 2007.

[10] Tabuchi, Hiroko. "Before Invasion, Ukraine's Lithium Wealth Was Drawing Global Attention", The New York Times, 2 March 2022. (in en-US)

[:0-11] 11.0 ^11.1 "Mining – UkraineInvest" (in English). 8 May 2020. Retrieved 3 March 2022.

[12] Nature, Preferred by. "Ukraine Timber Risk Profile". NEPCon – Preferred by Nature (in English). Archived from the original on 26 November 2020. Retrieved 3 March 2022.

[13] (in en) Overview of soil conditions of arable land in Ukraine – Study case for steppe and forest-steppe zones.. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2020. doi:10.4060/ca7761en. ISBN 978-92-5-132215-4. https://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/ca7761en/. Retrieved 7 March 2022.

[14] "Ukraine invasion: rapid overview of environmental issues". CEOBS (in English). 25 February 2022. Retrieved 3 March 2022.

[15] Bank, World (January 2016). "Ukraine Country Environmental Analysis" (in en-US). World Bank. doi:10.1596/24971. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/24971.

[16] "Water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH)". www.unicef.org (in English). Archived from the original on 3 March 2022. Retrieved 3 March 2022.

[17] "Environmental issues in Ukraine". Naturvernforbundet. 16 July 2017. Archived from the original on 6 March 2022. Retrieved 6 March 2022.

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