Korean War Prisoners Studies 韓戰戰俘研究 by David Cheng Chang 常成
二十一世紀, 2023
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于勁著《厄運》(香港:天地圖書), 2020
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in《集体化时代的中国:日中共同研究》 (東洋文庫,2021)
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Journal of American-East Asian Relations, 2020
At the end of the Korean War, 76 Korean and 12 Chinese prisoners of war (s) refused to return to ... more At the end of the Korean War, 76 Korean and 12 Chinese prisoners of war (s) refused to return to either side of their divided countries. Instead, they sought asylum in neutral nations that were yet to be determined. Situating this theme issue's three articles in the larger Korean War historiography, this introduction provides a chronology of major events that culminated in the 88 s' departure from Korea and voyage to India on 9 February 1954. Emphasizing that these 88 men were not fundamentally di ferent from the other 150,000 Korean and 21,000 Chinese s, this paper underscores the fact that these 88 s, having survived battles and captivity, risked their lives to escaped from their compound leaders and sought neutral nations' protection. The stories of the 88 prisoners "choosing" neutral nations were in fact tales of survival and escape.
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Stanford University Press, 2020
20% Off Code: CHENGCHANG20
#2xKoreanWars, #HijackedWar
The Korean War was in reality two wars: th... more 20% Off Code: CHENGCHANG20
#2xKoreanWars, #HijackedWar
The Korean War was in reality two wars: the first fought over territory from June 1950 to June 1951 and the second over prisoners of war from late 1951 to July 1953. While the first war restored the territorial status quo ante, the second war’s only visible outcome was the “defection” of 14,220 Chinese prisoners to Taiwan and 7,574 North Korean prisoners to South Korea, the cost of which was a near doubling of the length of the war and numerous casualties on all sides.
Contrary to the popular belief that an American conspiracy was to blame, this outcome was unplanned. This talk examines how two separately conceived US policies—prisoner reindoctrination and voluntary repatriation—became intertwined and resulted in the rise of anti-Communist prisoners, who persuaded and coerced fellow POWs to renounce their homeland, effectively hijacking the war agenda.
The US government became hostage to its own moralistic but ultimately hypocritical policies and to Chinese prisoners and Chiang Kai-shek—a reality so embarrassing that the second half of the Korean War had to be forgotten by the American people.
Using archival documents and interviews with more than 80 POWs, #HijackedWar reveals the interplay between US policies, Chinese POWs, and Taiwan's agents.
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The Korean War lasted for three years, but the armistice negotiations occupied two of those years... more The Korean War lasted for three years, but the armistice negotiations occupied two of those years. At the center of the deadlock was the repatriation of 21,000 Chinese prisoners, which included 14,000 allegedly anti-Communist prisoners refusing repatriation. A core of bona fide anti-Communist prisoners- mostly battlefield defectors-established their control in the two largest Chinese camps early on. They persuaded, pressured, and coerced fellow prisoners to renounce Communist China. This paper narrates the perilous escapes of five defectors who later became major prisoner leaders. It analyzes how their divergent experiences under the Nationalist and Communist regimes shaped their ideologies and behaviors and how their defection influenced the outcomes of battles and prison struggles. It also discusses the possibility of voluntary decisions under political systems that involve forced participation and allow no exit.
韓戰延續三年,其中兩年雙方邊打邊談,而停戰談判的核心爭議是中國戰俘遣返問題。美國堅持「志願遣返」原則,允許部分戰俘不返回中國大陸,而中共堅決反對,因此戰爭又延續了約一年半。以中國人民志願軍叛逃者為核心的反共戰俘較早地控制了兩大中國戰俘營,對其他戰俘實施嚴密的人身控制、暴力脅迫與思想灌輸,以致大多數戰俘在1952年4至5月的「甄別」過程中表示反對遣返。本文疏理五名反共戰俘領袖的叛逃過程,分析他們在國共兩黨統治下的異同經歷如何影響他們的思想與行為,他們的叛逃對戰役、戰爭與戰俘營鬥爭所產生的影響;最後探討在「強制參與、無退出機制」的制度之下,個人真正表達「志願」的可能性。主要材料包括美軍審訊紀錄、美國和臺灣軍事外交檔案、戰俘回憶錄、個人檔案以及口述歷史訪問。
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張一夫先生,本名張更照,山西省東南晉城縣人氏,出生於1930年陰曆6 月9 日。1943 年他逃離家鄉,遠赴晉西南加入國軍,參與抗日與剿共戰鬥。抗戰勝利未幾,國共內戰硝煙又起。1945 年10 ... more 張一夫先生,本名張更照,山西省東南晉城縣人氏,出生於1930年陰曆6 月9 日。1943 年他逃離家鄉,遠赴晉西南加入國軍,參與抗日與剿共戰鬥。抗戰勝利未幾,國共內戰硝煙又起。1945 年10 月張一夫在上黨戰役中被俘,被編入中共太岳軍區汾東支隊,該部隊即「臨汾旅」的前身。作為司藥員,張一夫隨軍征戰晉南各地,參與了運城、臨汾、晉中和太原等重大戰役。1949 年夏季,他所在的解放軍六十軍一七九師南下西進,攻克西安、扶眉、咸陽、寶雞、秦嶺、廣元各地,最終於1949 年12 月底佔領成都。在隨後的剿匪戰鬥中,張一夫遠至四川西部的懋功。韓戰中他是「中國人民志願軍」的醫官,1951 年5 月戰役失利,被聯合國軍俘虜。1952 年4 月聯合國軍戰俘管理當局執行甄別以確定戰俘是否願意返回大陸,張一夫拒絕遣返,並終於1954 年1月與一萬四千多名「反共義士」來到臺灣。他先後在反共義士戰鬥團和特種作戰總隊服務,也曾被秘密派遣出征滇緬邊區。1974 年以中校軍銜退役,通過退役軍醫執業考試,行醫至2013 年5 月。
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Reviews by David Cheng Chang 常成
The Journal of Asian Studies, 2019
Maoist institutions and methods have outlived Mao. Temporarily downplayed and partially discredit... more Maoist institutions and methods have outlived Mao. Temporarily downplayed and partially discredited in the reform era, they have made a comeback with a vengeance in the new century. Many dormant institutions and practices have been revitalized and augmented with technology, partly thanks to Wall Street and Silicon Valley. The specter of a techno-totalitarian dystopia that is haunting China has its roots in Yan’an. To understand twentieth- and twenty-first-century China and the challenge it poses to the world, Gao Hua’s How the Red Sun Rose is essential reading.
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“樸素而深刻,率直卻入微” [Simple and profound, straightforward and subtle]. In 史家高華 [Historian Gao Hua], edi... more “樸素而深刻,率直卻入微” [Simple and profound, straightforward and subtle]. In 史家高華 [Historian Gao Hua], edited by Xiong Jingming 熊景明and Xu Xiao 徐曉, 2-9. Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press 中文大學出版社, 2012.
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Published in Hong Kong and now in its seventh [13th as of 2014] printing but banned in China, Nan... more Published in Hong Kong and now in its seventh [13th as of 2014] printing but banned in China, Nanjing University history professor Gao Hua’s Hong taiyang shi zenyang shengqi de is a historiographical tour de force, in terms of both sources and analysis. Unparalleled in scope and depth, and nuanced in approach, Gao Hua’s work offers the most complete and convincing account of the Rectification Movement (1942–1945) to date. By tracing the Rectification’s origins and discussing its long-term consequences (來龍去脈), Party historian Gao makes a major contribution to the study of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in general.
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USC是Universities Service Centre“大学服务中心”的缩写。1963
年由西方学者在香港设立,为当时不能进入大陆的国际中国研究学者
服务。1988年,中心移交香港中文大... more USC是Universities Service Centre“大学服务中心”的缩写。1963
年由西方学者在香港设立,为当时不能进入大陆的国际中国研究学者
服务。1988年,中心移交香港中文大学,于数年间成为当代中国研究资
料最完善的图书馆。中心的使用者包括中外学者以及对中国研究感兴
趣的民间人士。中心并组织学术活动,促进学术交流,提倡研究为社
会服务。因其理想的研究环境,具人情味的氛围,而被称为中国研究
者的家园。2020年初中心关闭.
今天,中心已经消失,我只能祈盼中心的精神——自由、开放、友爱、快乐——能随几代学人的文字和实践,开枝散叶,长久流传。
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韓國NGO訪問記。朴元淳、文鐘碩、吳雲泰等。
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Papers by David Cheng Chang 常成
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Korean War Prisoners Studies 韓戰戰俘研究 by David Cheng Chang 常成
#2xKoreanWars, #HijackedWar
The Korean War was in reality two wars: the first fought over territory from June 1950 to June 1951 and the second over prisoners of war from late 1951 to July 1953. While the first war restored the territorial status quo ante, the second war’s only visible outcome was the “defection” of 14,220 Chinese prisoners to Taiwan and 7,574 North Korean prisoners to South Korea, the cost of which was a near doubling of the length of the war and numerous casualties on all sides.
Contrary to the popular belief that an American conspiracy was to blame, this outcome was unplanned. This talk examines how two separately conceived US policies—prisoner reindoctrination and voluntary repatriation—became intertwined and resulted in the rise of anti-Communist prisoners, who persuaded and coerced fellow POWs to renounce their homeland, effectively hijacking the war agenda.
The US government became hostage to its own moralistic but ultimately hypocritical policies and to Chinese prisoners and Chiang Kai-shek—a reality so embarrassing that the second half of the Korean War had to be forgotten by the American people.
Using archival documents and interviews with more than 80 POWs, #HijackedWar reveals the interplay between US policies, Chinese POWs, and Taiwan's agents.
韓戰延續三年,其中兩年雙方邊打邊談,而停戰談判的核心爭議是中國戰俘遣返問題。美國堅持「志願遣返」原則,允許部分戰俘不返回中國大陸,而中共堅決反對,因此戰爭又延續了約一年半。以中國人民志願軍叛逃者為核心的反共戰俘較早地控制了兩大中國戰俘營,對其他戰俘實施嚴密的人身控制、暴力脅迫與思想灌輸,以致大多數戰俘在1952年4至5月的「甄別」過程中表示反對遣返。本文疏理五名反共戰俘領袖的叛逃過程,分析他們在國共兩黨統治下的異同經歷如何影響他們的思想與行為,他們的叛逃對戰役、戰爭與戰俘營鬥爭所產生的影響;最後探討在「強制參與、無退出機制」的制度之下,個人真正表達「志願」的可能性。主要材料包括美軍審訊紀錄、美國和臺灣軍事外交檔案、戰俘回憶錄、個人檔案以及口述歷史訪問。
Reviews by David Cheng Chang 常成
Chinese 中文 by David Cheng Chang 常成
年由西方学者在香港设立,为当时不能进入大陆的国际中国研究学者
服务。1988年,中心移交香港中文大学,于数年间成为当代中国研究资
料最完善的图书馆。中心的使用者包括中外学者以及对中国研究感兴
趣的民间人士。中心并组织学术活动,促进学术交流,提倡研究为社
会服务。因其理想的研究环境,具人情味的氛围,而被称为中国研究
者的家园。2020年初中心关闭.
今天,中心已经消失,我只能祈盼中心的精神——自由、开放、友爱、快乐——能随几代学人的文字和实践,开枝散叶,长久流传。
Papers by David Cheng Chang 常成
#2xKoreanWars, #HijackedWar
The Korean War was in reality two wars: the first fought over territory from June 1950 to June 1951 and the second over prisoners of war from late 1951 to July 1953. While the first war restored the territorial status quo ante, the second war’s only visible outcome was the “defection” of 14,220 Chinese prisoners to Taiwan and 7,574 North Korean prisoners to South Korea, the cost of which was a near doubling of the length of the war and numerous casualties on all sides.
Contrary to the popular belief that an American conspiracy was to blame, this outcome was unplanned. This talk examines how two separately conceived US policies—prisoner reindoctrination and voluntary repatriation—became intertwined and resulted in the rise of anti-Communist prisoners, who persuaded and coerced fellow POWs to renounce their homeland, effectively hijacking the war agenda.
The US government became hostage to its own moralistic but ultimately hypocritical policies and to Chinese prisoners and Chiang Kai-shek—a reality so embarrassing that the second half of the Korean War had to be forgotten by the American people.
Using archival documents and interviews with more than 80 POWs, #HijackedWar reveals the interplay between US policies, Chinese POWs, and Taiwan's agents.
韓戰延續三年,其中兩年雙方邊打邊談,而停戰談判的核心爭議是中國戰俘遣返問題。美國堅持「志願遣返」原則,允許部分戰俘不返回中國大陸,而中共堅決反對,因此戰爭又延續了約一年半。以中國人民志願軍叛逃者為核心的反共戰俘較早地控制了兩大中國戰俘營,對其他戰俘實施嚴密的人身控制、暴力脅迫與思想灌輸,以致大多數戰俘在1952年4至5月的「甄別」過程中表示反對遣返。本文疏理五名反共戰俘領袖的叛逃過程,分析他們在國共兩黨統治下的異同經歷如何影響他們的思想與行為,他們的叛逃對戰役、戰爭與戰俘營鬥爭所產生的影響;最後探討在「強制參與、無退出機制」的制度之下,個人真正表達「志願」的可能性。主要材料包括美軍審訊紀錄、美國和臺灣軍事外交檔案、戰俘回憶錄、個人檔案以及口述歷史訪問。
年由西方学者在香港设立,为当时不能进入大陆的国际中国研究学者
服务。1988年,中心移交香港中文大学,于数年间成为当代中国研究资
料最完善的图书馆。中心的使用者包括中外学者以及对中国研究感兴
趣的民间人士。中心并组织学术活动,促进学术交流,提倡研究为社
会服务。因其理想的研究环境,具人情味的氛围,而被称为中国研究
者的家园。2020年初中心关闭.
今天,中心已经消失,我只能祈盼中心的精神——自由、开放、友爱、快乐——能随几代学人的文字和实践,开枝散叶,长久流传。