The extent to which physiotherapists and occupational therapists endorse a humanistic, holistic a... more The extent to which physiotherapists and occupational therapists endorse a humanistic, holistic approach to health care was addressed in a survey of attitudes of practicing occupational therapists (N = 378) and physiotherapists (N = 558). A 22-item questionnaire including aspects of therapist's knowledge and techniques, holistic approach, client characteristics, client/therapist relationship, and approaches to professional practice was employed. The findings indicate that the professional practices reflecting the new public health model prevailed. This model emphasizes client/therapist interaction, the client's own ability to change and improve, and holistic attitudes towards health care, along with the therapist's knowledge and skills. However, comparative analyses of the two therapy groups reveal that although both groups support a humanistic approach to client care, occupational therapists promote the client's resources and coping skills to a greater extent, place more emphasis on the client in terms of the client's capacity for recovery and coping abilities, were more involved with the social, personal, and psychological problems of the client, and place less emphasis on treatment methods and techniques than physiotherapists. Demographic variables including gender, age, and workplace setting (public/private) were found to be significantly related to views of professional practice. Recommendations for the training of therapists and the implications for practitioners are made and suggestions for further research are given.
Child Health Questionnaire (CHQ) is a North American self-administered instrument to assess physi... more Child Health Questionnaire (CHQ) is a North American self-administered instrument to assess physical and psychosocial health status for children (CHQ-CF) and their parents (CHQ-PF). We have determined reliability and validity of the CHQ on 45 children with JCA, who were treated as outpatients. Reliability (Cronbach's alpha) ranged between .86 and .94 for the dimensions of the CHQ-CF and between .69 and .94 for the CHQ-PF. Significant correlations (p<.01) were obtained between 7 of the CHQ dimensions and the Child Health Assessment Questionnaire (CHAQ) categories, and were particularly strong in the physical domain. Evidence of validity was found through significant correlations (p<0.01) between the CHQ and disease variables. Correlations between parents' and children's responses ranged between .366 and .786. CHQ was found to be valid and reliable for children with JCA and their parents. It seems particularly important to recommend that the children themselves are asked about their perceptions of health status and quality of life.
British Journal of Occupational Therapy, Dec 1, 1994
In recent years, the biomedical approach in the delivery of health care has been challenged by th... more In recent years, the biomedical approach in the delivery of health care has been challenged by the ‘new public health’ model which promotes a humanistic, holistic approach to health care. Whilst occupational therapy has traditionally embraced this latter approach, evidence suggests that within the profession there is concern that technical advances (for example, the introduction of increasingly sophisticated equipment) have eroded many of the characteristics of a humanistic orientation to therapy. The extent to which occupational therapists endorse this new model was addressed in a survey of attitudes of practising occupational therapists (n = 378). A 22-item questionnaire, including aspects of therapist's knowledge and techniques, client characteristics, client-therapist relationships and approaches to professional practice, was modified and adapted for use with occupational therapists. The findings indicated that attitudes reflecting the new public health model — emphasising client-therapist interaction, client responsibility and holistic attitudes toward health care — prevailed, together with the therapist's knowledge and skills. Age and years of professional experience yielded significant differences, with older (30 or more years of age) and more professionally experienced (6 or more years) therapists endorsing a humanistic approach to therapy to a greater extent and with a greater emphasis on promoting the resources of the client than their younger and less professionally experienced counterparts. Recommendations for the education of occupational therapists and for professional practice are made, together with suggestions for further research.
Previous studies suggest that group size effects on conformity are obtained in unambiguous but no... more Previous studies suggest that group size effects on conformity are obtained in unambiguous but not in ambiguous stimulus situations. The purpose of the present experiment was to examine this suggested interaction between stimulus ambiguity and group size. These two independent variables were varied in a 2 × 4 factorial design. Under the guise of a learning experiment 140 females were exposed to social pressure by use of a Crutchfield apparatus. ANOVA on the conformity scores indicated a strong linear group size effect (p < .001), but no significant interaction. It was concluded that the group size effect can be obtained in ambiguous stimulus situations, and suggested that methodological differences might account for previous failures to find this effect. The well-known effect of stimulus ambiguity on conformity was replicated in the experiment.
Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, Jun 1, 1974
Abstract 1. Administered the Rotter Internal-External Locus of Control (IE) Scale to more than 1,... more Abstract 1. Administered the Rotter Internal-External Locus of Control (IE) Scale to more than 1,500 students in Australia, Japan, New Zealand, Sweden, and the US. Scores were categorized by sex and country and analyzed by a# 2* 5 analysis of variance. A Sex main ...
Impaired functional capacity and degenerative musculoskeletal disorder is one of the most prevale... more Impaired functional capacity and degenerative musculoskeletal disorder is one of the most prevalent causes for morbidity and suffering. With the consequent costs to individuals and society, it is important to consider possibilities for increased self-care. The question is to what extent ...
... Lena M. Nilsson and Lena A. Nordholm ... Several different stroke rehabilitation programmes h... more ... Lena M. Nilsson and Lena A. Nordholm ... Several different stroke rehabilitation programmes have been developed and propagated by physiotherapists (eg Brunnstrom, 1970; Bobath, 1978; John-stone, 1978; Carr and Shepherd, 1982; Davies, 1985). ...
Aim: 1) To assess the reliability and validity of the Swedish version of the Child Health Questio... more Aim: 1) To assess the reliability and validity of the Swedish version of the Child Health Questionnaire (CHQ), 2) to determine the correlation between children's and parents’ responses to the CHQ, and 3) to describe and compare responses to the CHQ of four diagnostic groups. Methods: A total of 199 Swedish children aged 9–16 with diagnoses of asthma (n=53), diabetes (n=48), short stature (n=51) and juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA, n=47) and their parents answered the CHQ and relevant validation instruments at a clinic check‐up. Coefficient alphas were determined for all dimensions of the instrument, and all but four had acceptable to very good reliability (0.75–0.94). Results: Concerning construct validity, the CHQ correlated significantly with appropriate dimensions of the validation instruments. In general, there were significant correlations between the children's and parents’ responses. Comparisons between the diagnostic groups showed several significant differences. The short stature group had the highest quality of life and the JCA group the lowest. There were no sex differences, but children who had not reached puberty scored better on the dimensions of mental health and self‐esteem. Conclusion: The Swedish version of the CHQ is a reliable and valid instrument. Furthermore, it is recommended to ask children themselves about their health‐related quality of life.
Educational and Psychological Measurement, Oct 1, 1975
Statistics used to estimate the population correlation ratio were reviewed and evaluated. The sam... more Statistics used to estimate the population correlation ratio were reviewed and evaluated. The sampling distributions of Kelley's ε2 and Hays' ω2 were studied empirically by computer simulation within the context of a three level one-way fixed effects analysis of variance design. These statistics were found to have rather large standard errors when small samples were used. As with other correlation indices, large samples are recommended for accuracy of estimation. Both ε2 and ω2 were found to be negligibly biased. Heterogeneity of variances had negligible effects on the estimates under conditions of proportional representativeness of sample sizes with respect to their population counterparts, but combinations of heterogeneity of variance and unrepresentative sample sizes yielded especially poor estimates.
The extent to which physiotherapists and occupational therapists endorse a humanistic, holistic a... more The extent to which physiotherapists and occupational therapists endorse a humanistic, holistic approach to health care was addressed in a survey of attitudes of practicing occupational therapists (N = 378) and physiotherapists (N = 558). A 22-item questionnaire including aspects of therapist's knowledge and techniques, holistic approach, client characteristics, client/therapist relationship, and approaches to professional practice was employed. The findings indicate that the professional practices reflecting the new public health model prevailed. This model emphasizes client/therapist interaction, the client's own ability to change and improve, and holistic attitudes towards health care, along with the therapist's knowledge and skills. However, comparative analyses of the two therapy groups reveal that although both groups support a humanistic approach to client care, occupational therapists promote the client's resources and coping skills to a greater extent, place more emphasis on the client in terms of the client's capacity for recovery and coping abilities, were more involved with the social, personal, and psychological problems of the client, and place less emphasis on treatment methods and techniques than physiotherapists. Demographic variables including gender, age, and workplace setting (public/private) were found to be significantly related to views of professional practice. Recommendations for the training of therapists and the implications for practitioners are made and suggestions for further research are given.
Child Health Questionnaire (CHQ) is a North American self-administered instrument to assess physi... more Child Health Questionnaire (CHQ) is a North American self-administered instrument to assess physical and psychosocial health status for children (CHQ-CF) and their parents (CHQ-PF). We have determined reliability and validity of the CHQ on 45 children with JCA, who were treated as outpatients. Reliability (Cronbach&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39;s alpha) ranged between .86 and .94 for the dimensions of the CHQ-CF and between .69 and .94 for the CHQ-PF. Significant correlations (p&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;.01) were obtained between 7 of the CHQ dimensions and the Child Health Assessment Questionnaire (CHAQ) categories, and were particularly strong in the physical domain. Evidence of validity was found through significant correlations (p&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;0.01) between the CHQ and disease variables. Correlations between parents&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39; and children&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39;s responses ranged between .366 and .786. CHQ was found to be valid and reliable for children with JCA and their parents. It seems particularly important to recommend that the children themselves are asked about their perceptions of health status and quality of life.
British Journal of Occupational Therapy, Dec 1, 1994
In recent years, the biomedical approach in the delivery of health care has been challenged by th... more In recent years, the biomedical approach in the delivery of health care has been challenged by the ‘new public health’ model which promotes a humanistic, holistic approach to health care. Whilst occupational therapy has traditionally embraced this latter approach, evidence suggests that within the profession there is concern that technical advances (for example, the introduction of increasingly sophisticated equipment) have eroded many of the characteristics of a humanistic orientation to therapy. The extent to which occupational therapists endorse this new model was addressed in a survey of attitudes of practising occupational therapists (n = 378). A 22-item questionnaire, including aspects of therapist's knowledge and techniques, client characteristics, client-therapist relationships and approaches to professional practice, was modified and adapted for use with occupational therapists. The findings indicated that attitudes reflecting the new public health model — emphasising client-therapist interaction, client responsibility and holistic attitudes toward health care — prevailed, together with the therapist's knowledge and skills. Age and years of professional experience yielded significant differences, with older (30 or more years of age) and more professionally experienced (6 or more years) therapists endorsing a humanistic approach to therapy to a greater extent and with a greater emphasis on promoting the resources of the client than their younger and less professionally experienced counterparts. Recommendations for the education of occupational therapists and for professional practice are made, together with suggestions for further research.
Previous studies suggest that group size effects on conformity are obtained in unambiguous but no... more Previous studies suggest that group size effects on conformity are obtained in unambiguous but not in ambiguous stimulus situations. The purpose of the present experiment was to examine this suggested interaction between stimulus ambiguity and group size. These two independent variables were varied in a 2 × 4 factorial design. Under the guise of a learning experiment 140 females were exposed to social pressure by use of a Crutchfield apparatus. ANOVA on the conformity scores indicated a strong linear group size effect (p < .001), but no significant interaction. It was concluded that the group size effect can be obtained in ambiguous stimulus situations, and suggested that methodological differences might account for previous failures to find this effect. The well-known effect of stimulus ambiguity on conformity was replicated in the experiment.
Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, Jun 1, 1974
Abstract 1. Administered the Rotter Internal-External Locus of Control (IE) Scale to more than 1,... more Abstract 1. Administered the Rotter Internal-External Locus of Control (IE) Scale to more than 1,500 students in Australia, Japan, New Zealand, Sweden, and the US. Scores were categorized by sex and country and analyzed by a# 2* 5 analysis of variance. A Sex main ...
Impaired functional capacity and degenerative musculoskeletal disorder is one of the most prevale... more Impaired functional capacity and degenerative musculoskeletal disorder is one of the most prevalent causes for morbidity and suffering. With the consequent costs to individuals and society, it is important to consider possibilities for increased self-care. The question is to what extent ...
... Lena M. Nilsson and Lena A. Nordholm ... Several different stroke rehabilitation programmes h... more ... Lena M. Nilsson and Lena A. Nordholm ... Several different stroke rehabilitation programmes have been developed and propagated by physiotherapists (eg Brunnstrom, 1970; Bobath, 1978; John-stone, 1978; Carr and Shepherd, 1982; Davies, 1985). ...
Aim: 1) To assess the reliability and validity of the Swedish version of the Child Health Questio... more Aim: 1) To assess the reliability and validity of the Swedish version of the Child Health Questionnaire (CHQ), 2) to determine the correlation between children's and parents’ responses to the CHQ, and 3) to describe and compare responses to the CHQ of four diagnostic groups. Methods: A total of 199 Swedish children aged 9–16 with diagnoses of asthma (n=53), diabetes (n=48), short stature (n=51) and juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA, n=47) and their parents answered the CHQ and relevant validation instruments at a clinic check‐up. Coefficient alphas were determined for all dimensions of the instrument, and all but four had acceptable to very good reliability (0.75–0.94). Results: Concerning construct validity, the CHQ correlated significantly with appropriate dimensions of the validation instruments. In general, there were significant correlations between the children's and parents’ responses. Comparisons between the diagnostic groups showed several significant differences. The short stature group had the highest quality of life and the JCA group the lowest. There were no sex differences, but children who had not reached puberty scored better on the dimensions of mental health and self‐esteem. Conclusion: The Swedish version of the CHQ is a reliable and valid instrument. Furthermore, it is recommended to ask children themselves about their health‐related quality of life.
Educational and Psychological Measurement, Oct 1, 1975
Statistics used to estimate the population correlation ratio were reviewed and evaluated. The sam... more Statistics used to estimate the population correlation ratio were reviewed and evaluated. The sampling distributions of Kelley's ε2 and Hays' ω2 were studied empirically by computer simulation within the context of a three level one-way fixed effects analysis of variance design. These statistics were found to have rather large standard errors when small samples were used. As with other correlation indices, large samples are recommended for accuracy of estimation. Both ε2 and ω2 were found to be negligibly biased. Heterogeneity of variances had negligible effects on the estimates under conditions of proportional representativeness of sample sizes with respect to their population counterparts, but combinations of heterogeneity of variance and unrepresentative sample sizes yielded especially poor estimates.
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Papers by Lena Nordholm