Al-Salt

Ba a san lokacin da aka fara zama ba, amma an yi imanin cewa sojojin Makidoniya ne suka gina shi a zamanin Alexander the Great. An san birnin da sunan Saltus a zamanin Byzantine kuma shi ne wurin zama na bishop. A wannan lokacin, an ɗauki birnin a matsayin babban wurin zama a Gabashin Kogin Urdun. Mongols ne suka lalata matsugunnin sannan suka sake gina shi a zamanin Sarkin Mamluk sultan Baibars (1260-1277).

Salt ya kasance wuri mafi muhimmanci a yankin da ke tsakanin kwarin Urdun da hamada ta gabas. Saboda tarihinta a matsayin muhimmiyar hanyar kasuwanci tsakanin hamada ta gabas da yamma, ta kasance wuri mai mahimmanci ga yawancin sarakunan yankin.

Rumawa, Rumawa da Mameluks duk sun ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban birnin, amma ya kasance a ƙarshen 19th da farkon karni na 20, lokacin da Ottoman ya kafa babban birnin gudanarwa na yanki a cikin Salt kuma ya ƙarfafa zama daga wasu sassansu. daular, Salt ya ji daɗin lokacin da ya fi wadata.

A cikin 1596, a lokacin daular Usmaniyya, an lura da Salt a cikin kidayar cewa yana cikin nahiya Salt a cikin liwa na Ajlun, tare da yawan musulmi na gidaje 40 da ’yan mata 5; da kuma Kirista yawan gidaje 25. Mazauna kauyen sun biya kayyadadden haraji na kashi 25% akan kayayyakin amfanin gona daban-daban; da suka hada da alkama, sha'ir, itatuwan zaitun / gonakin inabi, awaki da kudan zuma, baya ga kudaden shiga lokaci-lokaci da adadin kasuwa; jimlar 12,000 akçe.^[2]

A ƙarshen karni na 18, Salt shine kawai wurin zama na dindindin a yankin Balqa, lamarin da ya ci gaba har zuwa ƙarni na 19.^[3] Kabilar Badawiyya ce ta mamaye sauran yankin Balqa.^[3] Ita ce birni mafi haɓaka da cibiyar kasuwanci ta Transjordan daga ƙarni na 18 har zuwa farkon shekarun Masarautar Transjordan.^[3] Ruwan sha na birnin ya samu ne daga magudanan ruwa guda biyu masu yawa, wanda kuma ya shayar da lambunan garin da ke gefen rafin Wadi Shu'ayb. Yana kusa da gangaren wani tudu mai juzu'i, wanda a samansa ya tsaya wani kagara, da kuma gefen ƙwari biyu masu zurfi masu zurfi, waɗanda ke ba da kariya ta dabi'a daga cin zarafi daga ƙabilun Bedouin maƙwabta. Mazaunan Salt sun yi shawarwari da kabilun, wadanda suka bai wa mutanen garin damar shiga gonakin alkamansu a filayen Balqa na gabas, a madadin ba wa ‘yan kabilar damar shiga manyan kasuwannin garin.^[3] An kulla yarjejeniyoyin rabon amfanin gona tare da ƙabilu inda mazauna garin Salt za su yi sansani a Amman da Wadi Wala a cikin bazara har zuwa lokacin girbi kuma suna ba da kyauta na shekara ga babbar kabilar Balqa.^[4] Har zuwa kusan 1810s, ƙabilar da ta fi girma ita ce Adwan, wanda aka fi sani da "sarakunan Balqa".^[4] Daga nan sai Banu Sakhr suka ci Adwan suka karbo fidda daga Salt.^[4]

Kare birnin da keɓewar ƙasar da a zahiri ke ƙarƙashin ƙabilu Badawiyya ya kuma baiwa mazauna birnin damar yin watsi da matakin da hukumomin Ottoman suka yi ba tare da wani sakamako ba.^[4] Matafiya na yammacin Turai a farkon karni na 19 sun ba da rahoton cewa, shugaban garin yana da iko daidai da kowane daga cikin gwamnonin lardunan Ottoman Syria da sarkin ya nada.^[5]

A farkon karni na 19, yawancin mutanen garin sun kasance na dangin Fakhoury, Akrad, Awamila da Qatishat. Kowane dangi yana karkashin jagorancin shehinsa, daya ko biyu daga cikinsu zai yi aiki a matsayin shaihun al-balad (shugaban birni), wanda ke cikin kagara kuma shi ne ke kula da kare Salt daga harin Badawiyya.^[4] Yawan mutanen ya kunshi kusan iyalai musulmi dari hudu da kuma kiristoci tamanin.^[4] Bisa ga abubuwan lura na Buckingham a cikin 1820s, kusan Kiristoci 100 a Salt sun kasance baƙi daga Nazarat waɗanda suka ƙaura zuwa garin don guje wa zaluncin Jazzar Pasha, gwamnan Ottoman na Acre.^[6] Dangantakar Musulmi da Kirista ta kasance cikin aminci kuma al'ummomin biyu sun yi rayuwa iri daya, sutura da harshen Larabci.^[7] Salt an shirya shi gida-gida, kowanne daga cikin manyan dangi uku ne ke iko da shi, kuma yana dauke da masallatai da dama, coci da shaguna kusan ashirin a wannan lokacin.^[4][8]Salt ya yi hidima ga karkarar da ke kewaye har zuwa Karak, wanda ba shi da kasuwa har zuwa ƙarshen karni na 19, kuma kayayyaki a kasuwarsa sun samo asali har zuwa Taya da Masar.^[9] Tana fitar da zabibi, ganyen sumac ga masana'antun fata na Urushalima, qili (wani nau'in toka, wani muhimmin sinadari na sabulun Nabulsi) zuwa Nablus, da gashin gashin jimina da Badawiyya ya kawo wa Dimashƙu.^[9][10] Nablus shine abokin tarayya na farko na Salt,^[4] kuma Salt yayi aiki a matsayin cibiyar Transjordanian na dangin Tuqan na Nablus.^[11] Ko da yake yawancin mazaunan manoma ne, akwai kuma masu sana'a da kuma ƴan kasuwa kaɗan, waɗanda 'yan kasuwa ne suka ba su aikin a Nablus, Nazarat da Damascus.^[8][10]

A shekara ta 1834 jama'ar gari da makiyaya sun gwabza tare domin fatattakar sojojin lardin Masar mai cin gashin kansa karkashin jagorancin Ibrahim Pasha, karo na farko da aka rubuta na tawaye na Makiyaya a Falasdinu.^[11] An sake dawo da mulkin Ottoman a cikin Levant a cikin 1840, amma Salt ya kasance yanki ne kawai na Daular.^[12] A cikin 1866-1867, gwamnan Damascus Mehmed Rashid Pasha (1866-1871) ya tsawaita wa'adin mulkin Tanzimat da gyare-gyare na zamani a Transjordan.^[12] Ya jagoranci wata babbar runduna ta ’yan kabilar Badawawa daga Rwala, Wuld Ali da Banu Hasan, ’yan iskan Hauran, masu hawan dutsen Druze da sojoji na yau da kullun, dakaru da dakaru zuwa ga Salt, inda ya tsaya awa uku a arewacin birnin.^[12] Daga nan ne kuma ya ba da shawarar yafewa mazauna Salt saboda hada kai da Adwan da Banu Sakhr a kan hukuma.^[12] Birnin ya shirya wata tawaga ta manya Musulmi da Kirista wadanda suka yi shawarwari kan shigar daular Usmaniyya cikin Salt ba tare da hamayya ba a ranar 17 ga Agusta.^[12] Rashid Pasha ya gyara katangar da ta lalace inda ya yi garkuwa da sojoji 400. Ya nada Kurd Faris Agha Kadru na Damascene a matsayin hakimin gunduma na farko na gishiri kuma ya kafa zaɓaɓɓen majalisar gudanarwa wanda ya ƙunshi manyan iyalai na Salt.^[12] Rashid Pasha ya kwace dimbin hatsi da dabbobi daga garin a matsayin diyya na bashin haraji.^[12]

Zaman gishiri ya kasance a ƙarshen karni na 19 lokacin da 'yan kasuwa suka zo daga Nablus don faɗaɗa kasuwancin su zuwa gabas bayan Kogin Jordan. Sakamakon kwararar sabbin shigowa wannan lokaci ya ga saurin fadada Gishiri daga ƙauye mai sauƙi zuwa birni mai kyawawan gine-gine masu yawa, da yawa an gina su cikin salon Nablusi daga dutsen gida mai kyan gani mai launin zuma. Yawancin gine-gine daga wannan zamanin sun rayu har zuwa 2009.

Bayan yakin duniya na daya, garin shine wurin da Herbert Samuel, Babban Kwamishinan Falasdinawa na Burtaniya, ya zabi ya ba da sanarwarsa cewa Birtaniyya tana goyon bayan kungiyar Hejazi Hashemite da ke mulki a Gabashin Bankin Falasdinu na tilas (Jordan na yanzu). Wannan fata ta zama gaskiya a cikin 1921 lokacin da Abdullah I ya zama Sarkin Transjordan. Salt ya zama kamar birni ne da za a zaɓa a matsayin babban birnin sabuwar masarauta tun da yawancin masana'antu da kasuwanci suna gudana ta cikin Salt. A wannan lokacin Salt ba shi da manyan makarantu. Koda jin haka sai Abdullah ya dauki birnin a matsayin hedkwatar masarautarsa ​​mai tasowa amma daga baya ya canza ra'ayinsa ya koma gidanshi da tawagarsa zuwa Amman a lokacin da aka samu sabani tsakaninsa da manyan Salt. Amman a wancan lokacin wani karamin gari ne mai mutane 20,000 kacal wanda ya sami ci gaba cikin sauri.

Kididdiga ta kasar Jordan a shekarar 1961 ta samu mutane 16,176 a Al-Salt,^[13] wadanda 2,157 Kirista ne.^[14]

Karamar Hukumar Salt ta kasu zuwa gundumomi tara:

Salt ya shahara a ƙasar Jordan saboda ƙasa mai albarka da ingancin girbin 'ya'yan itace da kayan marmari, musamman zaituni, tumatir, inabi & peach. Lallai ana hasashe cewa sunan garin ya samar da tushen sultan, wani nau'in zabibi.

Ana tunanin cewa sunan Salt ya fito ne daga birnin Saltos na Daular Rum.

Wadi Shu'aib (kwarin Jethro) yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan wuraren noma a cikin birnin Gishiri, kwarin da ke da manyan wuraren noma. Ana kiran ta da sunan daya daga cikin annabawa a Musulunci (kamar Kiristanci da Yahudanci), Shoaib (Jethro), wanda shi ne surukin Musa kuma daya daga cikin zuriyar Ibrahim (Ibrahim). Yawancin gonaki masu zaman kansu suna cikin wannan kwari; amfanin gona na farko su ne inabi, zaitun da itatuwa masu ba da 'ya'ya.

Salt ya ƙunshi makarantu da yawa, gami da makarantar sakandare ta farko ta Jordan tun daga 1918, da kuma makarantu masu zaman kansu da yawa waɗanda suka koma shekarun 1800, kamar Makarantar Latin da Makarantar Katolika. Har ila yau, gida ne na Cibiyar Kula da Kurame ta Kasa Mai Tsarki, cibiyar ba da riba mai zaman kanta ga masu fama da nakasa. Garin yana da jami'o'i guda biyu da ke kewaye da shi: Jami'ar Al-Balqa` Applied University da aka kafa a 1997 da Jami'ar Al-Ahliyya Amman (Jami'ar Amman National University) da ke kan babbar hanyar da ta hada Amman zuwa Salt.

A karshen karni na 19 da farkon karni na 20, lokacin da Ottoman suka kafa sansanin gudanarwa na yanki a cikin Salt kuma suka karfafa matsuguni daga wasu sassan daular, matsayin birnin ya karu, 'yan kasuwa da yawa sun isa kuma, tare da sababbin dukiyar da suka samu. ya gina kyawawan gidaje waɗanda har yanzu ana iya sha'awar Salt a yau.

Waɗannan kyawawan gine-ginen dutsen yashi na rawaya sun haɗa da salo iri-iri. Yawanci, suna da rufin gida, tsakar gida da halaye masu tsayi, tagogi masu ruɗi. Wataƙila mafi kyawun gidan na Abu Jaber, wanda aka gina tsakanin 1892 zuwa 1906, wanda ke da rufin bango, wanda masu fasahar Italiya suka zana, kuma ana kyautata zaton shine mafi kyawun misali na gidan ‘yan kasuwa na ƙarni na 19 a yankin.

Salt wanda aka gina shi a kan gungun tsaunuka guda uku, yana da wasu wuraren ban sha'awa da dama, ciki har da kaburburan Romawa da ke wajen birnin da kuma kagara da wurin da garin yake a farkon karni na 13 na Ayyubid, wanda Al-Mu'azzam Isa ya gina, yayan Saladin ne jim kadan bayan miladiyya 1198.

Gidan kayan tarihi na Salt na Archaeological & Folklore yana baje kolin kayayyakin tarihi tun daga zamanin Chalcolithic zuwa zamanin Musulunci da kuma wasu abubuwa da suka shafi tarihin yankin. A cikin gidan kayan tarihi na gargajiya akwai baje kolin kayan gargajiya na Badawiyya da kayan gargajiya da na yau da kullun. Ƙananan gidan kayan gargajiya da makarantar sana'a suna ba da fasahar gargajiya na yumbu, saƙa, bugu na siliki da rini.

A cikin birnin As-Gishiri da kewaye akwai wuraren ibadar musulmi da yawa a kaburburan annabawa Shu'ayb, Ayyoub, Yusha da Jadur, sunayen larabci na mutanen Littafi Mai Tsarki Jethro, Ayuba, Joshua da Gad. Wadannan wurare na aikin hajjin musulmi an san su da An-Nabi Shu'ayb, An-Nabi Ayyub, An-Nabi Yusha' bin Noon, da 'Ayn al-Jadur ("Spring of Jadur"), bi da bi, a Turanci kuma a matsayin Annabi... Haramin.

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  Tsaunukan da ke kewaye da Gishiri a cikin bazara

1. ↑ "Cultural sites in Africa, Arab Region, Asia, Europe, and Latin America inscribed on UNESCO's World Heritage List". UNESCO (in Turanci). 2021-07-27. Retrieved 2021-07-28.
2. ↑ Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 169
3. ↑ ^{3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3} Rogan 2002, p. 27.
4. ↑ ^{4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7} Rogan 2002, p. 28.
5. ↑ van der Steen 2014, p. 189.
6. ↑ van der Steen 2014, pp. 180–181, 248.
7. ↑ van der Steen 2014, p. 248.
8. ↑ ^{8.0 8.1} van der Steen 2014, p. 140.
9. ↑ ^{9.0 9.1} van der Steen 2014, p. 181.
10. ↑ ^{10.0 10.1} Rogan 2002, p. 29.
11. ↑ ^{11.0 11.1} Rood 2004, p. 127.
12. ↑ ^{12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6} Rogan 2002, p. 49.
13. ↑ Government of Jordan, Department of Statistics, 1964, p. 13
14. ↑ Government of Jordan, Department of Statistics, 1964, pp. 115-116