Neolithic Revolution

Neolithic Revolution

Iri	Juyin Juya Hali process (en)
Bangare na	Neolithic (en)
Kwanan watan	8 millennium "BCE" –  2 millennium "BCE"
Wuri	Fertile Crescent (en)

Juyin Halitta, ko Juyin Aikin Noma (Na Farko, shine babban sauyi na al'adun mutane da yawa a lokacin zamanin Neolithic daga salon farauta da hunting zuwa aikin noma da matsuguni, wanda hakan ya sa yawan jama'a ke karuwa.^[1] Waɗannan al'ummomin da aka zaunar da su sun ƙyale mutane su lura da gwaji da tsire-tsire, koyan yadda suke girma da bunƙasa. Wannan sabon ilimin ya haifar da shuka tsiro zuwa amfanin gona.^[2]

Bayanan archaeological sun nuna cewa gidaje na nau'o'in shuke-shuke da dabbobi daban-daban sun faru a wurare daban-daban a dukan duniya, tun daga zamanin Holocene shekaru 11,700 da suka wuce. Shi ne juyin juya hali na farko a duniya wanda aka tabbatar a tarihi a harkar noma. Neolithic revolution ya na ƙunsar nau'ikan abinci da ake samu, wanda ya haifar da raguwar ingancin abinci mai gina jiki na ɗan adam idan aka kwatanta da wanda aka samu a baya daga kiwo.^[3]

Neolithic revolution ya ƙunshi fiye da ɗaukar ƙayyadaddun dabarun samar da abinci. A cikin ƙarni na gaba ta canza ƙananan ƙungiyoyin mafarauta waɗanda suka mamaye tarihin ɗan adam zuwa ƙungiyoyin zaman jama'a (marasa ƙauyuka ) waɗanda aka gina a ƙauyuka da ƙarkara. Wadannan al'ummomi sun canza yanayin yanayinsu ta hanyar noman abinci na musamman, tare da ayyuka irin su ban ruwa da sare dazuzzuka wadanda ke ba da damar samar da rarar abinci. Sauran ci gaban da aka samu sosai a wannan zamanin sune kiwon dabbobi, gina tukwane, kayan aikin dutse masu gogewa, da kuma gidaje masu kusurwa. A cikin yankuna da yawa, karɓar aikin gona ta al'ummomin zamanin da ya haifar da saurin haɓakar yawan jama'a, lamarin da aka sani da canjin alƙaluma na Neolithic.

Wadannan ci gaban, wani lokacin da ake kira Neolithic package, ya ba da asalin tushen gwamnatocin tsakiya da tsarin siyasa, akidu masu matsayi, tsarin ilimin da ba a ba da izini ba (misali rubuce-rubuce), ƙauyuka masu yawa, ƙwarewa da rarraba aiki, ƙarin ciniki, ci gaban da ba za a iya ɗauka ba. fasaha da gine-gine, da kuma mafi girman mallakar dukiya.^[4] Sanin wayewar farko ta haɓaka a Sumer a kudancin Mesofotamiya ( c. 6,500 BP ); fitowar ta kuma ta sanar da farkon zamanin Tagulla.

Dangantakar abubuwan da aka ambata na Neolithic da aka ambata zuwa farkon aikin noma, jerin abubuwan da suka faru, da kuma alaƙar da ke tsakanin juna a wurare daban-daban na Neolithic ya kasance batun muhawarar ilimi, kuma ya bambanta daga wuri zuwa wuri, maimakon kasancewa sakamakon dokokin duniya. na zamantakewa juyin halitta. Levant ya ga farkon ci gaban Neolithic revolution daga kusan 10,000 BC, sai kuma shafuka a cikin Crescent mai fadi.

Mafarauta suna da buƙatun rayuwa daban-daban da salon rayuwa daga masana aikin gona. Mafarauta sau da yawa sun kasance masu tafiya da ƙaura, suna zaune a matsuguni na wucin gadi da cikin ƙananan ƙungiyoyin ƙabilu, kuma suna da iyakacin hulɗa da na waje. Abincinsu ya kasance daidai da daidaito ko da yake ya dogara sosai akan abin da yanayin zai iya samar da kowace kakar. Sabanin haka, saboda ragi da tsarin samar da abinci da noma ke samarwa ya ba da damar tallafa wa ɗimbin jama'a, masu aikin gona sun zauna a cikin matsuguni na dindindin a matsugunan da ke da yawan jama'a fiye da yadda rayuwar mafarauta za ta iya tallafawa. Bukatar yanayi na al'ummomin noma don tsarawa da daidaita albarkatu da ma'aikata sun karfafa rarraba aiki, wanda a hankali ya haifar da ƙwararrun ma'aikata da ƙungiyoyi masu rikitarwa. Ci gaban hanyoyin sadarwa na kasuwanci don musayar ragi kayayyaki da sabis ya sa masana aikin gona su yi hulɗa da ƙungiyoyin waje, wanda ya haɓaka musayar al'adu wanda ya haifar da haɓakar wayewa da haɓakar fasaha.

Koyaya, karuwar yawan jama'a da wadatar abinci ba lallai ba ne su yi daidai da ingantacciyar lafiya. Dogaro da ƙayyadaddun kayan amfanin gona iri-iri na iya yin illa ga lafiya har ma tare da ba da damar ciyar da mutane da yawa. Masara ba ta da ƙarancin wasu muhimman amino acid (lysine da tryptophan) kuma tushen baƙin ƙarfe ne mara kyau. Acid phytic da ke ƙunshe da shi na iya hana sha na gina jiki. Sauran abubuwan da watakila suka shafi lafiyar masu noma na farko da dabbobinsu na gida, da an ƙara yawan ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin cuta masu alaƙa da sharar ɗan adam da gurɓataccen abinci da ruwan sha. Taki da ban ruwa na iya kara yawan amfanin gona amma kuma da sun inganta yaduwar kwari da kwayoyin cuta a cikin muhallin gida yayin da ajiyar hatsi ya jawo karin kwari da beraye.^[5]

1. ↑ Jean-Pierre Bocquet-Appel (29 July 2011). "When the World's Population Took Off: The Springboard of the Neolithic Demographic Transition". Science. 333 (6042): 560–561. Bibcode:2011Sci...333..560B. doi:10.1126/science.1208880. PMID 21798934. S2CID 29655920.
2. ↑ Pollard, Elizabeth; Rosenberg, Clifford; Tigor, Robert (2015). Worlds together, worlds apart. Vol. 1 (concise ed.). New York: W.W. Norton & Company. p. 23. ISBN 978-0-393-25093-0.
3. ↑ Compare:Lewin, Roger (18 February 2009) [1984]. "35: The origin of agriculture and the first villagers". Human Evolution: An Illustrated Introduction (5 ed.). Malden, Massachusetts: John Wiley & Sons (published 2009). p. 250. ISBN 978-1-4051-5614-1. Retrieved 20 August 2017. [...] The Neolithic transition involved increasing sedentism and social complexity, which was usually followed by the gradual adoption of plant and animal domestication. In some cases, however, plant domestication preceded sedentism, particularly in the New World.
4. ↑ "Wizard Chemi Shanidar". EMuseum. Minnesota State University. Archived from the original on 18 June 2008.
5. ↑ The Cambridge World History of Food. Cambridge University Press. p. 46.