STK11 and KEAP1 mutations as prognostic biomarkers in an observational real-world lung adenocarcinoma cohort.
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Abstract
Introduction
Somatic mutations in STK11 and KEAP1, frequently comutated in non-squamous non-small cell lung cancer (NSQ NSCLC), have been associated with poor response to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB). However, previous reports lack non-ICB controls needed to properly ascertain the predictive nature of those biomarkers. The objective of this study was to evaluate the predictive versus prognostic effect of STK11 or KEAP1 mutations in NSQ NSCLC.Methods
Patients diagnosed with stage IIIB, IIIC, IVA or IVB NSQ NSCLC from a real-world data cohort from the Flatiron Health Network linked with genetic testing from Foundation Medicine were retrospectively assessed. Real-world, progression-free survival (rwPFS) and overall survival (OS) were calculated from time of initiation of first-line treatment.Results
We analysed clinical and mutational data for 2276 patients including patients treated with anti-programmed death-1 (PD-1)/anti-programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) inhibitors at first line (n=574). Mutations in STK11 or KEAP1 were associated with poor outcomes across multiple therapeutic classes and were not specifically associated with poor outcomes in ICB cohorts. There was no observable interaction between STK11 mutations and anti-PD-1/anti-PD-L1 treatment on rwPFS (HR, 1.05; 95% CI 0.76 to 1.44; p=0.785) or OS (HR, 1.13; 95% CI 0.76 to 1.67; p=0.540). Similarly, there was no observable interaction between KEAP1 mutations and treatment on rwPFS (HR, 0.93; 95% CI 0.67 to 1.28; p=0.653) or OS (HR, 0.98; 95% CI 0.66 to 1.45; p=0.913).Conclusion
Our results show that STK11-KEAP1 mutations are prognostic, not predictive, biomarkers for anti-PD-1/anti-PD-L1 therapy.Free full text
STK11 and KEAP1 mutations as prognostic biomarkers in an observational real-world lung adenocarcinoma cohort
Abstract
Introduction
Somatic mutations in STK11 and KEAP1, frequently comutated in non-squamous non-small cell lung cancer (NSQ NSCLC), have been associated with poor response to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB). However, previous reports lack non-ICB controls needed to properly ascertain the predictive nature of those biomarkers. The objective of this study was to evaluate the predictive versus prognostic effect of STK11 or KEAP1 mutations in NSQ NSCLC.
Methods
Patients diagnosed with stage IIIB, IIIC, IVA or IVB NSQ NSCLC from a real-world data cohort from the Flatiron Health Network linked with genetic testing from Foundation Medicine were retrospectively assessed. Real-world, progression-free survival (rwPFS) and overall survival (OS) were calculated from time of initiation of first-line treatment.
Results
We analysed clinical and mutational data for 2276 patients including patients treated with anti-programmed death-1 (PD-1)/anti-programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) inhibitors at first line (n=574). Mutations in STK11 or KEAP1 were associated with poor outcomes across multiple therapeutic classes and were not specifically associated with poor outcomes in ICB cohorts. There was no observable interaction between STK11 mutations and anti-PD-1/anti-PD-L1 treatment on rwPFS (HR, 1.05; 95%CI 0.76 to 1.44; p=0.785) or OS (HR, 1.13; 95%
CI 0.76 to 1.67; p=0.540). Similarly, there was no observable interaction between KEAP1 mutations and treatment on rwPFS (HR, 0.93; 95%
CI 0.67 to 1.28; p=0.653) or OS (HR, 0.98; 95%
CI 0.66 to 1.45; p=0.913).
Conclusion
Our results show that STK11-KEAP1 mutations are prognostic, not predictive, biomarkers for anti-PD-1/anti-PD-L1 therapy.
Introduction
Advances in precision medicine have significantly changed clinical decision-making in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Drugs for patients carrying an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) or B-Raf proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase (BRAF) p.V600E mutation or anaplastic lymphoma kinase or ROS proto-oncogene 1, receptor tyrosine kinase rearrangements, have significantly improved survival and established the importance of molecularly defined therapies.1 However, not all patients with NSCLC have benefited, as a fraction of patients carry such actionable mutations. More recently, immunomodulatory cancer drugs such as anti-programmed death-1 (PD-1) have shown significant clinical benefit in NSCLC,2 however, many patients do not show such benefit, highlighting the need for predictive biomarkers to guide patient stratification strategies.
Measuring tumour programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) protein expression using immunohistochemistry assays has been proposed as a rational and biologically sound approach to patient stratification.3 Indeed, multiple PD-L1 assays are approved as companion or complementary diagnostics in NSCLC. However, PD-L1 expression alone does not always correlate with response, and additional biomarkers are needed.
Tumour mutational burden (TMB), typically assessed by tallying up all non-synonymous mutations, has also been explored as an independent predictive biomarker of response to anti-PD-1 treatment.4 This measure serves as a proxy for the number of putative neoantigens that could be recognised by immune cells to trigger an immune response.
In addition to markers such as TMB and PD-L1, studies have assessed the role of frequently mutated genes in NSCLC as drivers of primary resistance to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB). Somatic mutations in serine/threonine kinase 11 (STK11) have been proposed as a potential mechanism of resistance to ICB in non-squamous (NSQ) NSCLC.5–7 However, earlier studies in cohorts treated with non-ICB therapies identified a trend towards poor prognosis for STK11 mutated patients or associations with a subset of STK11 mutations.8 9 STK11 has been linked to multiple cellular processes, notably in lipid, glucose and cholesterol metabolism via activation of 5' AMP-activated protein kinase,10 and has been associated with immune escape in a murine model.11 STK11 mutations co-occur with mutations in kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (KEAP1), which have also been associated with resistance to therapy.7 12–14 KEAP1 functions as a negative regulator of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2,15 and loss-of-function mutations may contribute to an overactive cytoprotective programme.
Genomic data sets from previous studies were conducted in patient subpopulations (eg, KRAS-mutated)5 12 or lacked both an ICB arm and a chemotherapy arm to ascertain the predictive nature of those biomarkers.6–9 13 Only Arbour et al12 examined the independent effects of STK11 versus KEAP1. Furthermore, controlled clinical studies often lack sufficient statistical power to dissect effects of specific mutations. Thus, those studies are challenging to translate into clinical practice to inform treatment options. To assess the predictive or prognostic nature of STK11 and KEAP1 mutations in NSQ NSCLC, we leveraged real-world data from the Flatiron Health Clinico-Genomic Database (CGDB), which includes patients with detailed clinical information and genomic testing by Foundation Medicine.
Materials and methods
Cohort selection
From the advanced NSCLC CGDB16 (April 2019 release; Flatiron Health, New York, New York, USA), we selected patients who had tumour-based genetic testing performed on the FoundationOne CDx or FoundationOne assay (Foundation Medicine, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA) from 1 January 2011, through 31 December 2018. To mitigate the risk of prior treatments affecting results, we focused our analyses on first-line treatment. To ensure that treatment sequencing was correct, we excluded patients with an advanced diagnosis before 1 January 2011, and those who had initiated first-line treatment after 90 days following their advanced diagnosis date. Patients were further selected to have an NSQ histology and by their first-line treatment, resulting in 2276 patients across five treatment classes (online supplementary table 1).
Supplementary data
Treatment grouping
First-line treatment data were aggregated in five broad treatment classes according to Flatiron Health rules. In summary, regimens that contained anti-PD-1 or anti-PD-L1 were considered ‘PD-1/PD-L1-based therapies’, those that contained EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) as ‘EGFR TKIs’ and those that contained anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) as ‘anti-VEGF-based therapies’. Regimens including a platinum-based and any other chemotherapeutic agent, but not drugs from the above-mentioned class, were classified as ‘platinum-based chemotherapy combinations’. Regimens with a single chemotherapeutic agent were considered ‘single-agent chemotherapies’. A full list of regimens and treatment classes is found in online supplementary table 2.
Genomic assay
We selected patient specimens profiled on bait sets DX1, T4b, T5a or T7 of the Foundation Medicine FoundationOne CDx or FoundationOne assay, as they are performed on tumour material (as opposed to blood) and they contain tumour protein STK11, KEAP1 and KRAS in their gene panel.
STK11 and KEAP1 mutations
We aggregated gene-specific alterations, filtering for missense mutations, truncations and deletions. For OncoPrint visualisation, all mutations were considered. For Cox proportional hazards and Kaplan-Meier modelling, patients were labelled as mutant for a gene if they had at least one qualifying (missense, truncation and deletion) mutation in that gene. OncoPrint plots were created using ComplexHeatmap R package.17 LollipotPlots for were created using maftools (online supplementary figure 1).18 STK11 mutations were grouped by exon 1–2 or exon 3–9 according to their position, using STK11 transcript id NM_000455. Other genomic alterations (deletions, fusions, splicing variants) in STK11 were considered separately (online supplementary table 3).
KRAS mutations
For simplicity, we labelled only patients who carried a missense mutation in the hotspot locus G12-13 as KRAS-mutated, whereas patients carrying other alterations were considered as KRAS-wild type (online supplementary table 3).
Time-to-event analysis
We used real-world endpoints: real-world, progression-free survival19 (rwPFS) and overall survival (OS),20 as previously defined. Briefly, the date of treatment initiation was taken as the start time and the event was censored at the date of last patient activity when no progression or mortality date was present. We performed time-to-event analysis on rwPFS and OS analysis using Cox proportional-hazards modelling in R. Kaplan-Meier curves were displayed using the R package survminer.
PD-L1 harmonisation
To obtain PD-L1 immunohistochemistry data for as many patients as possible, we harmonised the PD-L1 immunohistochemistry data from different tests by considering numerical values >50% tumour cell scoring as positive. Data were included from three PD-L1 antibody clones (28–8, 22c3 and SP142).
Results
Consistent with previous estimates, STK11 and KEAP1 mutations were found in 20% (454 of 2276 and 451 of 2276, respectively) of patients and were frequently comutated (231 patients carried both; online supplementary figure 2). Thirty per cent (674 of 2276) of patients had tumours that carried either STK11 and/or KEAP1 mutations (STK11-KEAP1) and were enriched for male patients (53.4% vs 42.3%, p<0.001, χ2 test), younger age at advanced diagnosis (64.9 vs 66.9 years, p<0.001, Student’s t-test), smoking history (96% vs 73.3%, p<0.001, χ2 test) and higher TMB (13.1 vs 7.94 mutations per megabase, p<0.001, Student’s t-test) (table 1). Those results were consistent even when excluding EGFR-mutated patients (online supplementary table 4). KRAS mutations were found in 39% (263 of 674) of STK11-KEAP1 patients (online supplementary figure 2). First-line treatment class was associated with STK11-KEAP1 mutational status, explained by the finding that EGFR mutations are mutually exclusive with STK11-KEAP1 and patients carrying EGFR mutations received EGFR TKIs (online supplementary figure 2 and table 5, online supplementary table 5). In a comparison of STK11-KEAP1 versus wild-type patients, excluding EGFR-mutated patients, first-line treatment was not associated with STK11-KEAP1 status (online supplementary table 4).
Table 1
Comparative table of STK11-KEAP1 mutated patients versus wild-type patients
| Characteristic | Mutant (n=674) | Wild-type (n=1602) | P value |
| Gender, N (%) | <0.001 | ||
| 314 (46.6) | 925 (57.7) | ||
| 360 (53.4) | 677 (42.3) | ||
| Age at advanced diagnosis, median (SD), years | 64.9 (9.89) | 66.9 (10.5) | <0.001 |
| Smoking, N (%) | <0.001 | ||
| 647 (96.0) | 1175 (73.3) | ||
| 26 (3.86) | 420 (26.2) | ||
| 1 (0.15) | 7 (0.44) | ||
| TMB score (SD) | 13.1 (11.1) | 7.94 (9.69) | <0.001 |
| First-line treatment, N (%) | <0.001 | ||
| 154 (22.8) | 317 (19.8) | ||
| 15 (2.23) | 296 (18.5) | ||
| 192 (28.5) | 382 (23.8) | ||
| 288 (42.7) | 544 (34.0) | ||
| 25 (3.71) | 63 (3.93) | ||
| PD-L1 status, N (%) | <0.001 | ||
| 150 (75.8) | 279 (60.8) | ||
| 48 (24.2) | 180 (39.2) |
EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor; PD-1, programmed death-1; PD-L1, programmed death ligand 1; TMB, tumour mutational burden; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor.
STK11 mutations were previously reported to be associated with low levels of T-cell inflammation and tumour PD-L1 expression.6 Consistent with previous reports, patients with STK11-KEAP1 mutations were enriched for negative PD-L1 staining (75.8% vs 60.8%, p<0.001, χ2 test; table 1), as were patients with EGFR mutations (online supplementary table 4).
We performed multivariate Cox proportional hazards modelling, including age at advanced diagnosis, gender, TMB (continuous variable) and STK11-KEAP1 mutational status for rwPFS for each treatment class independently. STK11 and KEAP1 mutations were both associated with shorter rwPFS across treatment classes (figure 1A). We then focused on anti-PD-1/PD-L1 and chemotherapy treatment classes and tested whether STK11-KEAP1 mutations showed a treatment-specific effect by including an interaction term (STK11-KEAP1 * treatment) in our previous Cox model. Consistent with the previous model, STK11 and KEAP1 mutations were prognostic and did not show different treatment-specific effects (figure 1B).
Effect of STK11 and KEAP1 somatic mutations on rwPFS in a first-line setting. (A) Forest plot of the HRs of mutations in STK11 or KEAP1 across different treatment classes. (B) Forest plot of the HRs of the interaction terms of STK11 or KEAP1 mutations and treatment (platinum chemotherapy vs PD-1/PD-L1). (C) Kaplan-Meier curves of PD-1/PD-L1-treated patients according to STK11-KEAP1 status. (D) Forest plot of the HRs of STK11 and KEAP1 in PD-1/PD-L1-treated patients. (E) Kaplan-Meier curves of platinum chemotherapy-treated patients according to STK11-KEAP1 status. (F) Forest plot of the HRs of STK11 and KEAP1 in platinum chemotherapy-treated patients. Stars above HRs indicate significance level (p value). ***0–0.001, **0.001–0.01, *0.01–0.05. EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor; PD-1, programmed death-1; PD-L1, programmed death ligand 1; rwPFS, real-world, progression-free survival; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; WT, wild-type.
We tested the independent contributions of STK11 and KEAP1 mutations to poor prognosis by testing them in a multivariate model including the interaction between mutations in the two genes. Both genes were associated with lower rwPFS, and KEAP1-only patients fared worse than patients with STK11-only mutations, while patients with double-mutational status had the worst outcomes (figure 1C–F). The interaction term was not associated with rwPFS, suggesting that STK11 and KEAP1 mutations have an additive effect. Those results were consistent across anti-PD-1/PD-L1 and chemotherapy treatment classes (figure 1C–F). Finally, we examined the differential prognostic significance of mutations located in exons 1–2 versus exons 3–9 of STK11 (online supplementary figure 4). We observed a consistent decrease in rwPFS in both groups of mutations.
We then performed an analogous analysis using OS as the endpoint and observed the prognostic nature of STK11-KEAP1 mutations to be highly consistent with observations for rwPFS (figure 2A–F).
Effect of STK11 and KEAP1 somatic mutations on OS in a first-line setting. (A) Forest plot of the HRs of mutations in STK11 or KEAP1 across different treatment classes. (B) Forest plot of the HRs of the interaction terms of STK11 or KEAP1 mutations and treatment (platinum chemotherapy vs PD-1/PD-L1). (C) Kaplan-Meier curves of PD-1/PD-L1-treated patients according to STK11-KEAP1 status. (D) Forest plot of the HRs of STK11 and KEAP1 in PD-1/PD-L1-treated patients. (E) Kaplan-Meier curves of platinum chemotherapy-treated patients according to STK11-KEAP1 status. (F) Forest plot of the HRs of STK11 and KEAP1 in platinum chemotherapy-treated patients. Stars above HRs indicate significance level (p value). ***0–0.001, **0.001–0.01, *0.01–0.05. EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor; PD-1, programmed death-1; PD-L1, programmed death ligand 1; rwPFS, real-world, progression-free survival; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; WT, wild-type.
We performed the analyses described above in KRAS-mutated patients to test the utility of STK11-KEAP1 mutations as a predictive biomarker for this patient population (online supplementary figure 3). STK11-KEAP1 mutations were associated with poor prognosis in this patient subset in both anti-PD-1/PD-L1-treated and chemotherapy-treated populations, consistent with our overall findings.
Discussion
Our comprehensive profiling of STK11 and KEAP1 mutations in NSQ NSCLC demonstrated that these mutations confer a poor prognosis, regardless of treatment class. Our results extend previous reports of patients with STK11 or KEAP1 mutations5–9 12 13 by examining a larger cohort across multiple treatment types, broader patient populations and examining the additive effect of STK11 and KEAP1.
There are some limitations to our study. Real-world data are retrospective and observational and thus may not offer the same robustness as prospective randomised clinical trials. Factors that influence clinical decision-making but are not explicitly captured by real-world data sets may exist and thus confound analyses. Other factors such as tumour evolutionary dynamics between specimen collection, diagnosis and treatment start or during treatment may influence the associations. Moreover, although the cohort was large, it might not be sufficiently powered to capture a low-effect-size interaction between STK11 and KEAP1 mutations.
In conclusion, our results provide evidence against previous reports suggesting that STK11-KEAP1 mutations are predictive biomarkers for anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy.5–7 12 Using a cohort of 2276 patients with NSCLC, we show that STK11 and KEAP1 mutations are associated with poor prognosis across all therapy classes and should not be used as a patient selection marker for ICB.
Footnotes
Correction notice: Figure 2 has been updated with correct panels D & F. The new corrected figure does not impact the interpretation of results nor any conclusion of the work.
Contributors: SP-C and AMW performed analyses. All authors participated in writing the article. Editorial assistance was provided by Michelle Utton-Mishra, PhD and Jay Rathi, MA, of Spark Medica, according to Good Publication Practice guidelines, funded by Bristol-Myers Squibb. All authors are BMS employees and shareholders. PD is a J&J shareholder, RD is a Merck and J&J shareholder.
Funding: This work was supported by Bristol-Myers Squibb.
Competing interests: All authors are BMS employees and shareholders. PD is a J&J shareholder, RD is a Merck and J&J shareholder.
Patient consent for publication: Not required.
Provenance and peer review: Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.
Data availability statement: Data may be obtained from a third party and are not publicly available. The Flatiron Health and Foundation Medicine Clinico Genomic Database includes deidentified patient- level data. (Flatiron Health, New York, NY, Foundation Medicine Inc, Cambridge, MA.)
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