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Table 3

The major inflammatory pathways involved in colitis-associated colorectal cancer and their inhibitor drugs

Inflammatory pathwayTarget moleculesInhibitor drugsReferences
IL-6/STAT3 pathwayIL-6, STAT3Tocilizumab, siltuximab, ruxolitinib[99]
NF-kB pathwayNF-kB, TNF-αInfliximab, adalimumab, certolizumab[100, 101]
COX-2 pathwayCOX-2, PGE2Celecoxib[102, 103]
Wnt pathwayβ-Catenin, APCWnt inhibitors (e.g., PRI-724, LGK-974)[104]
TGF-β pathwayTGF-β, SMADGalunisertib, LY2157299[105, 106]
PI3K/Akt pathwayPI3K, AktPI3K inhibitors (e.g., GDC-0941, BKM120)[107, 108]
MAPK pathwayMEK, ERKMEK inhibitors (e.g., trametinib, selumetinib)[109, 110]