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Maternal smoking and congenital malformations: an epidemiological study.

Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 01 Jun 1978, 32(2):102-107
https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.32.2.102 PMID: 355285 PMCID: PMC1060926

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Abstract 

In a case-control study undertaken in several hospitals in Connecticut, it was found that women who reported smoking more than 20 cigarettes a day during pregnancy had a relative risk of about 1.6 for congenital malformations in the offspring of that pregnancy compared with women who said they had not smoked at all during pregnancy. However, there was no significant increase in risk among women who reported smoking 20 or fewer cigarettes a day during pregnancy compared with those who said they had not smoked at all during pregnancy. The higher risk among moderate and heavy smokers could not be attributed to any of the potentially confounding variables considered in this study; furthermore, it was specific to smoking during pregnancy rather than before pregnancy, and increased with the average amount smoked a day. Nevertheless, because the increase in risk was modest, because response bias could exist in a study of this type, and because no other studies have examined in detail the smoking-congenital malformation hypothesis, further research is needed to determine whether the relationship between maternal smoking and congenital malformations in offspring is causal.

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Logo of jepicomh2Link to Publisher's site
J Epidemiol Community Health (1978). 1978 Jun; 32(2): 102–107.
PMCID: PMC1060926
PMID: 355285

Maternal smoking and congenital malformations: an epidemiological study.

J L Kelsey, T Dwyer, T R Holford, and M B Bracken
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Abstract

In a case-control study undertaken in several hospitals in Connecticut, it was found that women who reported smoking more than 20 cigarettes a day during pregnancy had a relative risk of about 1.6 for congenital malformations in the offspring of that pregnancy compared with women who said they had not smoked at all during pregnancy. However, there was no significant increase in risk among women who reported smoking 20 or fewer cigarettes a day during pregnancy compared with those who said they had not smoked at all during pregnancy. The higher risk among moderate and heavy smokers could not be attributed to any of the potentially confounding variables considered in this study; furthermore, it was specific to smoking during pregnancy rather than before pregnancy, and increased with the average amount smoked a day. Nevertheless, because the increase in risk was modest, because response bias could exist in a study of this type, and because no other studies have examined in detail the smoking-congenital malformation hypothesis, further research is needed to determine whether the relationship between maternal smoking and congenital malformations in offspring is causal.

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Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.
  • Andrews J, McGarry JM. A community study of smoking in pregnancy. J Obstet Gynaecol Br Commonw. 1972 Dec;79(12):1057–1073. [Abstract] [Google Scholar]
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  • Mulcahy R. Effect of age, parity, and cigarette smoking on outcome of pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1968 Jul 15;101(6):844–849. [Abstract] [Google Scholar]
  • UNDERWOOD P, HESTER LL, LAFFITTE T, Jr, GREGG KV. THE RELATIONSHIP OF SMOKING TO THE OUTCOME OF PREGNANCY. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1965 Jan 15;91:270–276. [Abstract] [Google Scholar]
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