Abstract

1. Introduction

Differential diagnosis of benign and malignant biliary stenosis can be difficult in the clinical practice. Histology of biopsy specimens is often indeterminate. Laboratory markers (serum bilirubin > 75μmol/L, carbohydrate antigen 19-9 > 400U/mL) and the length of stenosis (>15mm) can be helpful but are not specific enough [1]. One study of altered bile composition in benign biliary strictures (after liver transplantation) has been published [2]. Few other studies evaluated bile acids in patients with cancer in the biliary tree [3–5]. Other authors looked at the biomarkers which can help in differentiation between benign and malignant biliary stenosis in other body fluids for the sample matrix [6–8]. The biological basis of benign and malignant biliary stenosis differs significantly. One can assume that different compositions and/or concentrations of bile acids can impact on these processes. The aim of our study was to evaluate 23 different bile acids in liver bile of consecutive patients to analyze whether patients with malignant biliary stenosis have a different concentration of bile acids from the concentration of bile acids of patients with benign stenosis or without stenosis. This observation could have relevance in the differential diagnosis.

2. Materials and Methods

3. Results

Serum total bilirubin was significantly higher in patients with malignant biliary stenosis compared with nonstenotic controls (p = 0.005; see Table 1). Significant relationship (r > 0.7) was found between several pairs of bile acids (GLCA-GDCA, GLCA-TLCA, GCDCA-GDCA, GCDCA-GCA, CDCA-CA, GUDCA-TUDCA, GDCA-TDCA, TCDCA-TCA, and TMCA-THCA). Significantly lower bile acid concentrations in malignant biliary stenosis compared to controls without stenosis were found for GLCA (p = 0.032), GUDCA (p = 0.032), GCDCA (p = 0.006), GDCA (p = 0.031), GHCA (p = 0.005), TUDCA (p = 0.044), and TDCA (p = 0.036). Significant difference between benign and malignant stenosis was found for cholic acid (CA) (p = 0.022, Figure 1). Other results did not reach statistical significance. Concentrations of serum C-reactive protein and 15 bile acids in primary bile in the investigated groups are listed in Table 1. The remaining 8 bile acids were not detectable or their concentrations were <2.5μmol/L. Total bile acid concentrations are listed in Table 1. They were higher in malignant stenosis compared to benign stenosis (p = 0.027) and controls without stenosis (p < 0.001).

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Figure 1

Bile cholic acid in benign (n = 7) and malignant (n = 21) biliary stenosis and controls without stenosis with (control A; n = 25) or without (control B; n = 20) choledocholithiasis (mean + Std.Dev.). Significant difference between benign and malignant stenosis was found (p = 0.022).

Bile UDCA was detectable in 14/73 persons (19%). Out of those, 7 patients were not treated and 7 subjects were treated with peroral UDCA (daily dose 500-1500mg; median 500, IQR 500-875). Bile UDCA was lower in the nontreated group (40.0 ± 44.7 vs. 186.2 ± 182.9μmol/L), yet this difference did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.128, type 2 error beta 0.632). Bile UDCA did not correlate tightly enough either with bile GUDCA (r = 0.513, p < 0.001) or with bile TUDCA (r = 0.388, p < 0.001). Correlation between bile GUDCA and bile TUDCA was significant (r = 0.835, p < 0.001). Seven patients treated with peroral UDCA had significantly higher concentrations of bile GUDCA (p < 0.001) and bile TUDCA (p < 0.001) compared to those without treatment with peroral UDCA. Treatment with peroral UDCA did not influence significantly the concentration of other bile acids in primary liver bile.

4. Discussion

Our current pilot case-control study has shown a new original insight. Bile acid concentrations were significantly lower in malignant biliary stenosis compared to controls without stenosis. There was a significant difference of cholic acid between benign and malignant stenosis. The number of analyzed bile acids is unique. Such a detailed analysis might enable precise mapping of different pathological situations.

One study of altered bile composition in benign biliary strictures (after liver transplantation) was published [2]. Bile salts, phospholipids, and cholesterol were significantly lower in 14/111 patients (13%) who developed nonanastomotic biliary strictures after liver transplantation. Patients who developed biliary stenosis were characterized by a reduced biliary secretion of bile salts and phospholipids and a decreased biliary phospholipid/bile salt ratio. Four bile salts were investigated (cholate, deoxycholate, chenodeoxycholate, and ursodeoxycholate): there were no significant differences in the absolute amounts of the various bile salts between patients who later developed and those who have not developed nonanastomotic biliary strictures [2].

Few other studies analyzed bile acids in patients with cancer of the biliary tree [3–5]. Lankisch et al. [4] published a bile proteomic analysis enabling differentiation of cholangiocarcinoma from primary sclerosing cholangitis and choledocholithiasis. Subsequently, a US patent was submitted [9]. Voigtländer et al. from the same research group [10] published a paper on early diagnosis of cholangiocarcinoma. In this study, combined bile and urine proteome analysis was first established on 87 patients with known diagnosis and then applied to a group of 45 patients without established diagnosis at the time of sample analysis. Thus, validation of the diagnostic method was carried out in a prospective study cohort [10]. Park et al. [3] analyzed five bile acids (cholic, deoxycholic, chenodeoxycholic, lithocholic, and ursodeoxycholic acid) in the biliary tract cancer group, bile duct stone group, and controls. Total bile acid concentration was lower in the cancer group than in the biliary stone and control groups. This result was similar when disease localisation was limited to the bile duct or gallbladder. Although the presence of bile duct obstruction explains some of the differences in total concentration and composition of bile acids, there are other contributing mechanisms. Park et al. stated that alteration of bile acid transport might decrease bile acid excretion and can lead to accumulation of carcinogenic bile acids in the bile duct epithelium [3].

A key question that must be addressed is what is the cause and what is the consequence. Bile salts are potentially cytotoxic [11, 12] and antiapoptotic and might cause cholangiocyte injury and induce periductal fibrosis [13]. Bile acids due to their signalling properties have differential effects on cholangiocyte intracellular regulation, and they can initiate inverse effects on cholangiocyte secretion, proliferation, and survival; e.g., taurocholic and taurolithocholic acids can stimulate, whilst ursodeoxycholic acid may reduce the proliferative effect of other bile acids [2, 14–16]. In an experimental study in rats, intrahepatic accumulation of bile acids did not induce carcinogenesis directly but facilitated a cocarcinogenic effect due to stimulation of bile duct proliferation, enhanced inflammation (increased expression of interleukin-6), and reduction in farnesoid X receptor-dependent chemoprotection (downregulation of FXR) [17].

Although the pharmacokinetics of UDCA have been studied since its approval for its use in primary biliary cholangitis, limited work has been published on modelling the metabolism of UDCA and its two major conjugates, a glycine conjugate, GUDCA, and a taurine conjugate, TUDCA [18]. In our study, seven patients treated with peroral UDCA had significantly higher concentrations of bile GUDCA and bile TUDCA.

Our current project is a pilot study, and our data must be interpreted with caution. We are not able to provide any final explanation for the difference found. Nevertheless, we can hypothesize that long-standing low concentrations of cholic acid can contribute to biliary mucosal instability as one of initial steps in tumorous biology. Unlike us, Jusakul et al. [5] investigated the bile acid profile in gallbladder bile from patients who underwent liver resection for cholangiocarcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, and benign biliary diseases. They found markedly elevated cholic and chenodeoxycholic acid in cholangiocarcinoma with high total serum bilirubin. The authors revealed a different pattern of bile acid concentration in cancer patients compared to patients with benign biliary diseases. Accumulation of certain bile acids may be involved in carcinogenesis according to these authors [5].

We are aware of possible limits of this pilot study. The number of patients was limited, especially those with benign stenosis. The control group was rather heterogenic, with or without previous cholecystectomy, some patients underwent repeated ERCPs with or without papillotomy, common bile duct stones were of different aetiology, and not all bile samples were sterile. Patients with malignant stenosis and subjects without stenosis and without choledocholithiasis have both low levels of cholic acid. This observation does not rule out the possible utility of concentration of cholic acid in differential diagnosis between benign and malignant stenosis.

5. Conclusions

Analysis of bile acids might be helpful in the differential diagnosis of malignant and benign biliary stenosis. More patients must be enrolled in the future studies so that the real diagnostic yield of bile acids can be determined.

Acknowledgments

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