Abstract

Introduction

Mayaro virus (MAYV, Togaviridae) and Orthobunyavirus oropoucheense (OROV, Peribunyaviridae) are mosquito-borne enzootic arboviruses involved in outbreaks of human febrile illness, mostly reported in northern South America, including the Amazon region in northern Brazil, and neighboring countries [1, 2]. Although most infections in humans are asymptomatic, symptomatic individuals mostly present mild acute febrile illness in a self-limiting clinical course. Few individuals will present intense and sometimes chronic arthralgia caused by MAYV, and meningitis or meningoencephalitis caused by OROV [3–5].

Recent reports show that both viruses circulate in urban areas of West-Central and Northeast regions of the country [5–9]. During outbreaks, MAYV and OROV are frequently detected in dipterans, such as Haemagogus janthinomys mosquitoes and Culicoides paraensis midges, respectively. Evidences of MAYV and OROV in urban areas raise concerns among the potential urbanization of their transmission cycles [2, 10].

Because domestic animals are commonly found in urban and peri-urban areas, they can be exposed to arboviruses to the same extent as humans. Even though domestic animals rarely act as amplifying hosts for most arboviruses, they may be important for surveillance, due to their exposure to arthropod vectors and proximity to wildlife and humans [2, 11, 12]. Several studies have demonstrated that some domestic animals, such dogs and horses, may act as useful sentinels for arbovirus’ circulation [12–14]. Previous studies conducted in West-Central Brazil have showed the exposure of domestic animals to several enzootic arboviruses, including MAYV and OROV, in addition to epidemic arboviruses such as Zika virus [12–14]. Here, we aim to assess the presence of neutralizing antibodies (NAb) for MAYV and OROV by plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) in plasma samples of several species of domestic animals from urban and peri-urban areas of the states of Mato Grosso and Mato Grosso do Sul, West-Central Brazil.

The study

We performed a cross-sectional serosurvey and convenience sampling in domestic animals from 17 subsites in urban and peri-urban areas of Campo Grande, capital of the state of Mato Grosso do Sul (MS) and Cuiabá, capital of the state of Mato Grosso (MT), located in West-Central Brazil, between April 2017 and March 2018 (Fig. 1). Animal sampling was approved by the Animal Ethics Committees in compliance with the requirements of Brazilian Law 11,794/2008, decree 6899/2009.

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Fig. 1

Subsites used for sampling of domestic animals in the West-Central region of Brazil

A total of 200 animals were sampled, including cattle (Bos indicus taurus, n=40; 20%), chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus, n=40; 20%), horses (Equus ferus caballus, n=35; 17,5%), dogs (Canis lupus familiaris, n=30; 15%), sheeps (Ovis aries, n=30, 15%), cats (Felis catus, n=20, 10%) and pigs (Sus scrofa domesticus, n=5, 2,5%). Sampled animals were grouped by species, sex and age group, and sampling sites included private and public shelters, ranches, campuses of local universities, state police equine facilities and equestrian societies, residential neighborhoods, zoonosis control centers and veterinary hospitals.

For detection of NAb for MAYV and OROV by PRNT, plasma samples were heat-inactivated and 2-fold serial diluted from 1:20 to 1:640 with standardized concentrations of MAYV (ATCC VR 66, strain TR 4675, GenBank #MK070492) and OROV (Strain BeAn 19,991, GenBank accession #KP052852.1, #KP052851.1, #KP052850.1). The PRNT was conducted in 6-well plates containing VERO CCL-81 cells. We used a conservative threshold for detection of NAb of 90%, and we considered seropositive only samples that presented PRNT₉₀ titers of 20 or greater [12, 13].

The short viremia period associated with arbovirus infection may result in underreporting of exposed animals if only molecular tools are used for diagnosis [12]. It is also worth mentioning that, in a previous study, MAYV and OROV RNA was not detected in these samples [11]. Therefore, serosurveys for the detection of NAb are a reliable approach to confirm enzootic arbovirus exposure during surveillance programs.

Overall, 5.5% of animals tested had NAb for MAYV and/or OROV. Seven animals presented NAb for MAYV, five (71,4%) cattle, one (14,3%) horse and one (14,3%) dog. Six animals had NAb for OROV, three (50%) cattle and three (50%) dogs. One dog and one cow presented NAb for both MAYV and OROV (Table 1).

M=Male; F=Female; - = age not recorded; PRNT⁹⁰: plaque reduction neutralization test with 90% neutralization threshold; MAYV: Mayaro virus; OROV: Oropouche virus; MT=State of Mato Grosso; MS=State of Mato Grosso do Sul; Juvenile=≤6 months-old; Subadult=6–12 months-old; Adult=>12 months.

Our findings suggest previous exposure of domestic animals to MAYV and OROV in Cuiaba and Campo Grande, populated cities located in the West-Central Brazil. Although the possibility of cross-reaction cannot be completely ruled out, evidences of MAYV and OROV infections in humans and vectors from the same area corroborate the results presented here [5, 7, 13–15]. Together, these findings reveal that MAYV and OROV have been circulating in populated areas of West-Central Brazil. Moreover, serum samples from humans and backyard chickens collected in 2019 in the hinterland of the state of Ceará, located in Northeast Brazil, showed hemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies to MAYV [16]. OROV detection in human, vectors and animal samples in populated areas is a major concern. Molecular detection of OROV in the states of Bahia and Minas Gerais, touristic and densely populated areas in Brazil, reveals the potential for transmission and dissemination to other areas in the country and elsewhere [5, 6].

Prediction models of risk areas and outbreak modeling indicate that different regions are favorable to the dispersion of OROV and MAYV throughout Brazil and other Latin American countries [1, 10, 17]. These data associated to recent detection of MAYV and OROV outside Amazon in the absence of outbreaks suggests that the circulation of these viruses in Brazil may be underreported in non-enzootic regions.

Conclusions

The findings presented here suggest that dogs, horses and cattle sampled in populated cities of West-Central Brazil have been exposed to MAYV and OROV. These results raise concern about the potential urbanization of MAYV and OROV in Brazil, and show that comprehensive data on the serological status of domestic animals’ populations can be important for arboviruses’ surveillance that ultimately may guide public policies.

Acknowledgements

Author contributions

FBdS and APC designed the study, HGD and APC performed the field investigation, HGD, DFM, IOG performed the laboratory investigation and formal analysis, FBdS and APC funded the study, HGD wrote the original draft, FBdS and APC revised the manuscript. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This study was supported by the Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), grant number 303146/2022-2 to FBS, Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ), grant numbers E-26/202.659/2019, E-26/211.344/2021, E-26/200.407/2023. To Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) - Finance Code 001 for Helver Dias’ fellowship. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

Data availability

All the data available is included in the manuscript.

Declarations

Footnotes

Contributor Information

Flávia Barreto dos Santos, Email: rb.zurcoif.coi@baivalf.

Alex Pauvolid-Corrêa, Email: rb.vfu@aerroc-dilovuap.

References