Europe PMC Curcuma longa (Turmeric).">Curcuma longa (Turmeric).">
Nothing Special   »   [go: up one dir, main page]

Europe PMC requires Javascript to function effectively.

Either your web browser doesn't support Javascript or it is currently turned off. In the latter case, please turn on Javascript support in your web browser and reload this page.

This website requires cookies, and the limited processing of your personal data in order to function. By using the site you are agreeing to this as outlined in our privacy notice and cookie policy.

Stable Isotope Ratio Analysis for the Authentication of Natural Antioxidant Curcuminoids from Curcuma longa (Turmeric).

Author information

Affiliations

  • 1. Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via Edmund Mach 1, 38098 San Michele all'Adige, Trento, Italy.
      Authors
    • Perini M 1
    • Pianezze S 1
    • Ziller L 1
    • Larcher R 1
    (4 authors)
  • 2. Indena S.p.A., Via Don Minzoni 6, 20049 Settala, Milan, Italy.
      Authors
    • Pace R 2
    (1 author)

ORCIDs linked to this article

Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland), 16 Feb 2023, 12(2):498
https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12020498 PMID: 36830056 PMCID: PMC9952763

This article is in the Europe PMC Open access subset. Refer to the copyright information in the article for licensing details.
Free full text in Europe PMC

Abstract 

Curcuminoid complex, a mixture of curcumin, demethoxycurcumin and didemethoxycurcumin, is one of the most popular antioxidants of natural origin, and it has a multitude of other health benefits. It is threatened by the proliferation of counterfeit products on the market containing synthetic curcuminoids whose addition is difficult to identify as they present the three curcuminoid forms in the correct ratios. Consequently, the necessity to detect this fraudulent practice is escalating. Carbon-14 analysis is the most effective available method, but it is also expensive and difficult to implement. This paper describes the first attempt to characterize natural curcuminoids and their synthetic form, used as an adulterant, through the analysis of stable isotope ratios of carbon and hydrogen (expressed as δ13C and δ2H). Carbon values greater than -28.6‱ and hydrogen values greater than -71‱ may indicate the addition of synthetic curcuminoids to the natural ones.

Free full text 

Logo of antioxLink to Publisher's site
Antioxidants (Basel). 2023 Feb; 12(2): 498.
Published online 2023 Feb 16. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12020498
PMCID: PMC9952763
PMID: 36830056

Stable Isotope Ratio Analysis for the Authentication of Natural Antioxidant Curcuminoids from Curcuma longa (Turmeric)

Matteo Perini,1 Silvia Pianezze,1,* Luca Ziller,1 Roberto Larcher,1 and Roberto Pace2
Alessandra Napolitano, Academic Editor
Author information Article notes Copyright and License information Disclaimer

Abstract

Curcuminoid complex, a mixture of curcumin, demethoxycurcumin and didemethoxycurcumin, is one of the most popular antioxidants of natural origin, and it has a multitude of other health benefits. It is threatened by the proliferation of counterfeit products on the market containing synthetic curcuminoids whose addition is difficult to identify as they present the three curcuminoid forms in the correct ratios. Consequently, the necessity to detect this fraudulent practice is escalating. Carbon-14 analysis is the most effective available method, but it is also expensive and difficult to implement. This paper describes the first attempt to characterize natural curcuminoids and their synthetic form, used as an adulterant, through the analysis of stable isotope ratios of carbon and hydrogen (expressed as δ13C and δ2H). Carbon values greater than −28.6‰ and hydrogen values greater than −71‰ may indicate the addition of synthetic curcuminoids to the natural ones.

Keywords: curcuminoids, authentication, synthetic, Curcuma longa, stable isotope ratio analysis

1. Introduction

Curcuminoids are natural polyphenolic compounds isolated from turmeric roots (Curcuma longa and other Curcuma species (spp.) [1]), a perennial member of the Zingiberaceae (Ginger) family. They are cultivated primarily in India and in parts of Southeast Asia and are used as a medical herb due to their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimutagenic, antimicrobial, and anti-cancer properties [1]. While curcuminoids are typically present in turmeric in concentrations between 1% and 6% [2], they comprise more than 90% of the weight (w/w) in the purified extract. The extract, known as “Curcuminoids” or simply “Curcumin,” is a mixture of curcumin (1,7-bis [4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl]-1,6-heptadiene-3,5-dione) [1], also called diferuloylmethane (about 75–80% w/w), demethoxycurcumin (about 15–20% w/w), and didemethoxycurcumin, also known as bisdemethoxycurcumin (below 5% w/w) [3,4]. Curcuminoids have been the top-selling antioxidant herbal item in the U.S. natural and health food channel since 2013 [5]. Due to its chemical structure [6], there is a considerable amount of consumer interest in its potential as a powerful antioxidant that can neutralize free radicals, promote heart, brain, and cognitive health, enhance digestive and liver function, and boost physical performance and mood [7,8,9]. The increase in demand, which is projected to reach $94.3 million by 2022, and the shortage of available ingredients, which has been influenced not only by demand but also by occasional poor harvests and the variable quality of turmeric roots, have led to the adulteration of the curcuminoids.

As reported by Girme et al., the natural curcuminoid extract is increasingly purposely blended with the cheaper synthetic curcumin to obtain a product that is less expensive to produce [10]. This adulterated curcuminoid extract has not been tested for safety and pharmacological activity, and curcumin-containing dietary supplements have recently been blamed for causing acute hepatitis [11], probably due to the use of synthetic curcumin and other toxic food contaminants [7,8,9]. Due to safety concerns, the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has denied the “Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS)” designation for synthetic curcumin [12].

Two methods have recently been proposed to identify the fraudulent addition of synthetic curcumin to the natural extract. The first is based on the high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) and high-performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array (HPLC-PDA) quantification of CIMP-1 (1E, 4Z)-5-hydroxy-1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl) hexa-1,4-dien-3-one, a key intermediate in the synthesis of curcumin of synthetic origin [10]. The second is the identification of the by-product of the chemical synthesis of boron (10B), using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) [10]. However, these two approaches are highly dependent on the type of synthetic pathway used to produce synthetic curcumin.

The United States Pharmacopeia lists specific ratios between the concentrations of curcumin, demethoxycurcumin, and didemethoxycurcumin as a means for controlling curcuminoids [13]. Theoretically, the detection of the last two mentioned forms by liquid chromatography (LC) in turmeric extract can differentiate the natural product from the synthetic one, which lacks both compounds [14]. This type of test is easily rendered useless by a new sophisticated technique: the fraudulent dilution [13] of a natural curcuminoid extract with synthetic curcuminoids, containing the three forms in the right ratios, to obtain spiked curcuminoids. Since the onset of this issue, some analytical approaches to identify adulterated products have been proposed. The most popular and robust method is 14C radiocarbon dating, which is expensive, not easily accessible and provided by a limited number of laboratories [15]. The dating method can detect the presence of synthetic curcumin or curcuminoids by identifying the carbon isotopes derived from raw materials of petrochemical derivatives used in the synthetic ingredient.

In recent years, stable isotope ratio analysis (SIRA) found widespread use in food science [16], not only to trace the geographical origin of products, but also to guarantee their authenticity, differentiating between natural and synthetic or biosynthetic ingredients [17,18,19,20,21]. In the latter case, applications of the SIRA involved nutraceutical products or products with pharmacological properties that are increasingly in demand due to their natural origin [18,21,22]. The SIRA is based on the measurement of the ratio between the heavy and light isotopes of the elements carbon (13C/12C), nitrogen (15N/14N), sulfur (34S/32S), oxygen (18O/16O) and hydrogen (2H/1H). Chemically identical molecules may have completely different isotope ratios, that vary based on several factors. The carbon stable isotope ratio (δ13C) is influenced by the C3, C4 or CAM photosynthetic cycle of the plant from which the molecule derives, or by the fossil source used as a precursor for the chemical synthesis of the molecule. On one hand, as reported by O’Leary at al., while C4 plants have δ13C values between −14 and −12‰, C3 plants range from −29 to −25‰ [23]. On the other hand, fossil fuels, which are the primary source in the chemical synthesis of various molecules, have very low δ13C ranging from −42.5‰ to −25.5‰ [24]. Factors such as the isotopic fractionation, occurring during chemical synthesis, can instead explain the behavior of hydrogen isotopic ratio (δ2H), which has significantly more positive values in non-natural molecules (e.g., average +63‰ in synthetic vanillin) than in natural ones (e.g., average −32‰ in natural vanillin) [25].

This study investigates, for the first time, the possibility of identifying the fraudulent dilution of natural antioxidant curcuminoids with synthetic curcuminoids by using this powerful analytical approach. Samples of authentic natural curcuminoids, adulterant synthetic curcuminoids, and natural curcuminoids spiked with the synthetic form were analyzed for C and H stable isotope ratios using an isotope ratio mass spectrometer (IRMS) interfaced with an elemental analyzer (EA) and a pyrolyzer (P). Moreover, to ensure the natural and synthetic origin of the curcuminoids used and the percentage of synthetic adulterant added in the spike samples, a 14C analysis was performed using a fluid scintillation counter [26].

2. Material and Methods

2.1. Sampling

Twenty-one samples of authentic (natural origin) curcuminoids were provided by the producer INDENA S.p.A., Milan, Italy. The samples were produced in different years between 2009 and 2017. Six synthetic curcuminoids samples were purchased on the market. The extremely small number of global producers, all located in India, justifies this sample size. In addition, seven curcuminoid complexes spiked with different concentrations of synthetic curcuminoids were produced in the laboratory. The samples were lyophilized and ground into a powder.

2.2. Simultaneous Determination of the Three Curcuminoids Components

The three curcuminoid components (curcumin, demethoxycurcumin and didemethoxycurcumin) were measured following the method reported by Sahu et al. [27]. In brief, an HPLC system (Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan), consisting of two pumps LC 20AD, a photodiode array detector SPD-M20A, with an automatic sample injector, all from Shimadzu, was used. The output signal was monitored and integrated using LC solutions software (Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan). An Agilent Eclipse XDB-C18 analytical column (4.6 mm × 150 mm, 3.5 mm) was used for chromatographic analysis using a photodiode array (PDA) detection set at 425 nm. A 10 min gradient elution was used with a mixture of 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid and 0.1% formic acid (50:50 v/v) (solvent 1) and acetonitrile (solvent 2). The percentage of solvent 2 at the start of the gradient was 40% and was increased to 60% (6 min) and then again to 40% up to the end of the analytical run. The flow rate was 0.8 mL/min.

A mixture of acetonitrile and water (50:50) was used as a sample diluent. Methanol was used for the preparation of primary stocks solutions (1 mg/mL), accurately weighed curcumin, demethoxycurcumin and didemethoxycurcumin. These were used to prepare a series of calibration standards with appropriate concentrations, working standard (100 mg/mL) and quality control (QC) samples. Calibration curves (six points) were constructed between the concentration range of 10 and 80 mg/mL.

Fifteen mg of each curcuminoid sample under analysis were transferred to a 15 mL Borosil glass centrifuge tube and centrifuged in acetonitrile at 1500 rpm for 30 min. The supernatant layer (10 mL) was used for direct injection into the HPLC. An electronic balance (Mettler Toledo, Albstadt, Germany), a centrifuge (Thermo Scientific, Bremen, Germany) and an ultra sonicator (SONICA, Soltec, Milan, Italy) were used for sample preparation.

The content of curcumin, demethoxycurcumin and didemethoxycurcumin was expressed as a percentage.

2.3. 14C Analysis

The determination of biobased carbon content by analyzing the 14C content of pulverized food material was performed in accordance with DIN EN 16640:2017-05 [28].

Approximately 20 g of the sample material was combusted in a bomb calorimeter. The sample’s organic carbon content was completely oxidized to CO2. The CO2 was cleaned for additional oxygen and other gaseous components by using cold traps and dissolving in absorber fluid. After scintillator fluid had been added to the pure CO2 (cocktail with 6.8 g CO2), the sample cocktail was measured in two glass bottles in a liquid scintillation counter (LSC), i.e., Packard Canberra Tri-Carb 2770 TR/SL, as a repeated measure. The measurement time was approximately 1600 min. Each measurement lasted approximately 50 min, and each sample was measured approximately 10 to 20 times. The measurement was calibrated using 14C standards of 14C-free CO2 and CO2 of known 14C content. The results were determined by the background count rate and counting efficiency. The result is given in pmC, which can be converted to the content of biogenic carbon using the correction factor of 0.985 in accordance with DIN EN 16640:2017-05. The uncertainty of the method (calculated as two standard deviations when analyzing the same sample at least ten times under reproducible conditions) was 5%-modern.

2.4. Stable Isotope Analysis

The 13C/12C ratio was measured using an isotope mass spectrometer (IsoPrime, Isoprime Limited, Manchester, UK) after complete combustion in an elemental analyzer (VARIO CUBE, Isoprime Limited, Manchester, UK). The 2H/1H ratio was measured using an IRMS (Finnigan DELTA XP, Thermo Scientific, Bremen, Germany) coupled with a pyrolizer (Finningan DELTA TC/EA, high temperature conversion elemental analyzer, Thermo Scientific, Bremen, Germany). The amount introduced into the above-mentioned instruments to analyze the samples was 0.5 and 0.2 mg, respectively.

Based on the IUPAC protocol [29], 13C/12C and 2H/1H values are expressed in the delta scale (δ‰) against the international V-PDB (Vienna PeeDee Belemnite) standard according to Equation (1):

δref(iE/jE,sample)=R(iE/jE,   sample)R(iE/jE,   ref)−1
(1)

where ref is the international measurement standard, the sample is the analyzed sample, and iE/jE is the ratio of heavier to lighter isotopes. The delta values were multiplied by 1000 and expressed in “per mil” (‰) units or, according to the International System of Units (SI), in unit ‘milliurey’ (mUr).

The isotopic value δ13C was calculated against working in-house standards (caseins), which were themselves calibrated against international reference materials: fuel oil NBS-22 with δ13C = −30.03‰, sucrose IAEA-CH-6 with δ13C = −10.45‰ (International Atomic Energy Agency [IAEA], Vienna, Austria), and L-glutamic acid USGS 40 with δ13C = −26.39‰ (U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA, USA) for 13C/12C.

Before we carried out the analysis of δ2H, we left the sample to equilibrate with the laboratory air for two days; it was subsequently placed inside a vacuum dryer with P2O5 for 48 h and finally placed in a zero-blank autosampler to comply with the principle of identical treatment [30]. Keratins CBS (Caribou Hoof Standard, δ2H = −157 ± 2‰) and KHS (Kudu Horn Standard, δ2H = −35 ± 1‰) from the U.S. Geological Survey were used to obtain 2H/1H values through the creation of a linear equation and by adopting a comparative equilibration procedure [30]. We used these two keratinous standards because of the absence of any international organic reference material with a similar matrix to our samples (curcuminoids). The uncertainty of the method (calculated as two standard deviations when analyzing the same sample at least ten times under reproducible conditions) was 0.3‰ for δ13C and 4.0‰ for δ2H values.

2.5. Statistical Analysis

XLSTAT (XLSTAT, 2017) was used to statistically evaluate the data. The existence of differences was verified by regression analysis with a confidence level of 95%. A one-way ANOVA was performed to determine the spatially significant differences between variables. Tukey’s honest significant difference (HSD) test for unequal sample sizes was implemented to evaluate significant differences due to geographical origin. Probability (p) values of less than 0.05 were used to indicate a significance level.

3. Results and Discussion

Based on the 14C (14C-org.) results, all the samples matched the claimed content (natural or synthetic curcuminoids) (Table 1). Given the uncertainty of the analysis, samples with 14C values between 0%-modern and 5%-modern were classified as synthetic, while those with values higher than 85%-modern were classified as natural.

Table 1

δ2H and δ13C stable isotopic variability, 14C content and % of curcumin, demethoxycurcumin and didemethoxycurcumin of natural and synthetic curcuminoids from different geographical origins (India and China). The threshold value 95% for δ2H and δ13C of natural curcuminoids are reported.

Geographical Origin%
Curcumin		%
Demethoxy
Curcumin		%
Didemethoxy
Curcumin		Carbon 14 %δ2H
(‰. vs. V-SMOW)		δ13C
(‰. vs. V-PDB)
SyntheticIndia79.017.03.90.052−26.4
India78.018.03.9<258−26.3
India77.518.24.05.047−26.7
India77.617.83.9542−29.0
India79.017.13.8544−29.0
India78.018.13.7<262−28.4
Mean51−27.6
SD81.3
NaturalChina78.711.21.490.0−108−30.2
India76.213.82.296.2−86−30.7
China78.711.21.496.3−108−30.2
India71.416.42.997.2−83−29.3
China79.211.31.385.0−98−30.1
India71.416.42.997.2−86−29.4
India74.114.11.997.4−82−29.1
India74.214.42.797.9−92−29.8
India76.116.93.098.7−97−29.5
China71.715.77.299.7−95−30.6
China78.410.90.999.8−120−30.5
India78.514.61.3100.3−86−29.0
India78.311.41.397.4−83−30.4
India76.412.42.397−84−30.4
China79.016.32.6100.7−110−30.9
India72.016.02.897.8−83−29.4
India73.115.02.898.6−87−29.6
India75.612.02.699.7−90.2−28.9
China76.618.02.097.8−109.8−29.7
India78.915.01.998.3−87.5−29.1
India74.318.02.097.4−87.1−29.4
Mean−93−29.8
SD110.6
Limit 95%−71−28.6

All the samples analyzed, regardless of their synthetic or natural origin, had not dissimilar contents in the three forms: curcumin, demethoxycurcumin and didemethoxycurcumin (see Table 1). The quantification of curcuminoid forms was therefore not useful for discriminating against counterfeit products [13].

3.1. δ13C of Natural and Synthetic Curcuminoid Complex

The δ13C of the natural curcuminoid complex ranged between −30.7‰ and −29.0‰, with an average value of −29.8‰. This behavior is in line with the matrix botanical origin. Indeed, turmeric (Curcuma spp.) belongs to C3 plants, whose δ13C typically ranges from −29 to −25‰ [23]. Regarding the specific plant used, Khatri et al. reported a value of −25.68‰ for Curcuma domestica [31], whereas Marchese et al. determined the carbon isotope composition of Curcuma longa L. to be −27.77 ± 0.63 [32].

The gap between the typical δ13C value of Curcuma spp. and the natural curcuminoid complex could be explained by the fact that the different compounds have a characteristic isotope composition due to the different metabolic pathways involved in their synthesis [33]. The same behavior has already been observed in other molecules of vegetable origin, such as Monakolin K. In fact, the average value of the product resulting from the extraction from fermented red rice (RYR) is −25‰, while the average value of the Monakolin K produced by fermentation is −30‰ [21].

The results of the δ13C analysis of synthetic samples are presented in Table 1. The isotopic values of the analyzed synthetic curcuminoids samples ranged from −29‰ to −26‰, with an average value of −28‰. To understand why synthetic curcuminoids have this δ13C values, it is necessary to comprehend this molecule production technique. Synthetic curcumin and curcuminoids are synthesized starting from petroleum-derived compounds. Currently, many synthetic production routes to curcumin are variations of Pabon’s method (Figure 1), which originally used acetylacetone and vanillin [34]. Acetylacetone is industrially produced from petrochemicals. Natural vanillin is scarce and expensive to produce, but it can also be manufactured synthetically with petrochemicals at a much lower cost.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is antioxidants-12-00498-g001.jpg

Curcumin synthesis by condensation of acetylacetone and vanillin.

As reported by various authors [25,35,36], the range of δ13C values for synthetic vanillin is between −31.4‰ and −29.4‰, which is outside the range of natural vanillin from the Vanilla spp. (with a CAM [crassulacean acid metabolism] photosynthesis cycle), while acetylacetone derived from fossils probably exhibits the typical variability range between −32.5‰ and −23.3‰, as reported by Yeh et al. [37]. The isotopic value obtained in synthetic curcuminoids (average −28‰) is, therefore, justifiable based on the isotopic composition of the two aforementioned starting molecules. While some samples of synthetic curcuminoids have δ13C values (average = −26.5‰) that are significantly higher (p < 0.01) than those typical of natural curcuminoids, others have overlapping values (average = −28.8‰). Therefore, δ13C analysis does not always detect fraudulent additions of this adulterant to natural curcuminoids, but it could serve as a simple and rapid screening method. Furthermore, few laboratories still routinely carry out the δ2H analysis and it is therefore necessary to provide reference δ2H intervals in addition to δ13C ones, to carry out a more accurate data interpretation. Using a 95% probability level, it is possible to identify a threshold value of −28.6‰ for the δ13C of the natural curcuminoid complex. Higher δ13C values may indicate the addition of synthetic curcuminoids.

3.2. δ2H of Natural and Synthetic Curcuminoid Complex

The δ2H values found in the two sample types (natural and synthetic curcuminoid) are significantly different and can be used to clearly differentiate between the two products. The natural curcuminoid complex has highly negative values ranging from −120‰ to −82‰ (Table 1). The δ2H measured in the extract is strictly correlated with that of the source plant, whose isotopic composition mirrors that of the groundwater absorbed by the roots. According to Gat et al. [38], the isotopic signature of precipitation (rainfall) influences the hydrogen isotopic composition of groundwater. The Global Network of Isotopes in Precipitation (GNIP) database, administered by the International Atomic Energy Association (IAEA) and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), is recognized as a useful method to evaluate the correlation between the δ2H of rainwater and groundwater in the absence of direct measurement [39]. The GNIP database (http://www-naweb.iaea.org/napc/ih/documents/userupdate/Waterloo/, accessed on 1 January 2023) contains monthly weighted average precipitation (δ2Hp and δ18Op) from all continents and islands between 1960 and the present. The temperature and the amount of precipitation significantly influence the δ2H values of the water. Consequently, based on geographical parameters (latitude, altitude and distance from the source of evaporation), the δ2H can vary in the precipitation from approximately −60 to +1% worldwide [39]. While δ2H values range from −70 to −38‰ in China, they range from −38‰ to −6‰ in India. This data can explain the low δ2H value of natural curcuminoids and, in particular, the lower value found in Chinese samples (average −106‰) compared to Indian samples (average −87‰). In order to proceed with the percentage estimate of natural curcuminoids adulterated with synthetic curcuminoids, the evaluation of the geographical origin must be taken into consideration, as discussed in more detail in Section 3.3.

Synthetic curcuminoids had very high and positive δ2H values, ranging between +42‰ and +58‰. Considering the synthesis reaction illustrated in Section 3.1, it is evident that most of the hydrogens present in the molecule (eight out of ten) can be traced back to the vanillin molecules. As reported by Greule et al. and Perini et al., the biosynthetic pathways employed in the industrial production of this molecule (replacing the extremely time-consuming and expensive extraction from the orchid) result in a product with a specific hydrogen isotopic composition [25,36]. Positive values (ranging between +38‰ and +104‰) are characteristic of synthetic vanillin.

The significant difference (p < 0.01) in hydrogen isotopic composition between natural curcuminoids and their adulterant makes this parameter the most promising for detecting the fraudulent addition of synthetic curcuminoids to the natural product.

Using a 95% probability level, it is possible to identify a threshold value of −71‰ for the δ2H of natural curcuminoids. Higher values may indicate that a synthetic complex has been added to curcuminoids.

3.3. Natural Curcuminoids Complex Spiked with Different Concentrations of Synthetic Curcuminoids

The averages of δ2H (Figure 2) and δ13C (Figure 3) were used to quantify the percentage of synthetic curcuminoids added to the natural ones. For each parameter, a graph was created based on the standard deviation (multiplied by t-student) and increasing the percentage of the addition of synthetic curcuminoids to natural ones from 0% to 100%. The mean values of the mixture for each isotopic parameter were calculated as the sum of the mean values of the two groups, multiplied by the percentage contribution to the mixture. The standard deviation resulted from the sum of the standard deviation of the two groups multiplied by the percentage of contribution, according to the propagation of error law in the case of the sum of two or more variables. Seven natural curcuminoids added to the synthetic complex in increasing percentage (from 18% to 72%) were used to validate the graph. The values of these seven samples are shown as orange dots in Figure 2 for hydrogen and in Figure 3 for carbon. The nature of the adulterated samples was confirmed by 14C analysis. This 14C analysis confirmed the amount of added synthetic components derived from fossil sources in the examined sample (Table S1).

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is antioxidants-12-00498-g002.jpg

Variations in the δ2H values of natural curcuminoids with the addition of synthetic curcuminoids. The grey line defines the 95% threshold limit for authentic natural curcuminoids. Blue dots: mean value. Bars: 95% confidence limit. Orange dots: measured values of prepared mixtures.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is antioxidants-12-00498-g003.jpg

Variations in the δ13C values of natural curcuminoids with the addition of synthetic curcuminoids. The grey line defines the 95% threshold limit for authentic natural curcuminoids. Blue dots: mean value. Bars: 95% confidence limit. Orange dots: measured values of prepared mixtures.

The analysis of the δ2H was found to be an effective alternative to the analysis of 14C for the detection of fraudulent additions of synthetic complex to natural curcuminoids. With additions of synthetic curcuminoids between 20% and 30%, the δ2H exceeded the range of variability proposed in Section 3.2 for a natural product (Figure 2).

In adulterated samples with low concentrations of synthetic curcuminoids (between 20% and 30%), the δ13C (Figure 3) does not differ significantly from the estimated limit value in Section 3.1 (see Figure 3). Therefore, the δ13C alone cannot be considered as an effective parameter for the detection of synthetic curcuminoid additions; it must always be considered together with hydrogen analysis to correctly evaluate the product, by using the limit suggested in Section 3.2.

Finally, in samples containing substantial additions of synthetic curcuminoids (about 70%), both parameters demonstrated their effectiveness in identifying the presence of synthetic ingredients with significant deviations from the proposed limits.

4. Conclusions

The protection of natural antioxidant curcuminoids against a recent new type of adulteration consisting in the addition of synthetic curcuminoids requires the development of increasingly sophisticated, yet rapid and cost-effective, analytical techniques. The 14C analysis, despite its undeniable effectiveness, requires a large amount of sample (about 20 g), it is time-consuming (hours considering pretreatment and analyses) and it is performed by few accredited laboratories worldwide only. The isotope ratios of hydrogen and, in some cases, carbon, exhibit significantly different ranges of variability between natural curcuminoids and their synthetic adulterant. These outcomes allow for the identification of not only the sample origin (whether natural or synthetic), but also for the fraudulent addition of synthetic products to the natural complex (spiked samples). Consequently, the analysis of hydrogen isotope ratios can be an effective response because it is relatively quick, inexpensive, and routinely performed in laboratories around the world.

Acknowledgments

The authors wish to thank Roberto Pace for contributing to the sampling.

Supplementary Materials

The following supporting information can be downloaded at: https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/antiox12020498/s1. Table S1: δ2H and δ13C stable isotopic composition and 14C content of curcuminoids adulterated with different % of synthetic curcuminoids.

Funding Statement

This research received no external funding.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, M.P. and R.P.; Methodology, M.P.; Validation, S.P. and M.P.; Formal Analysis, L.Z. and S.P.; Investigation, S.P.; Resources, R.L.; Data Curation, M.P.; Writing—Original Draft Preparation, M.P. and S.P.; Writing—Review and Editing, R.L. and R.P.; Supervision, R.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

Data is contained within the article and Supplementary Material.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Footnotes

Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.

References

1. Hewlings S.J., Kalman D.S. Curcumin: A Review of Its Effects on Human Health. Foods. 2017;6:92. 10.3390/foods6100092. [Europe PMC free article] [Abstract] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
2. Christine E.A., André D.G., Benjamin K.K., Maxwell B.G.A., Séraphin K.-C. Biochemical Composition of Two Zinziberaceae: Ginger (Zingiber officinale roscoe) and Turmeric (Curcuma longa) Asian Food Sci. J. 2021;20:18–26. 10.9734/afsj/2021/v20i730317. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
3. Kowsalya R., Krishnaveni M. Extraction and Antibacterial Studies of Curcumin. J. Pure Appl. Microbiol. 2011;5:317–321. [Google Scholar]
4. Mukherjee S., Kar S.K. Herbs and Spices-New Processing Technologies. IntechOpen; London, UK: 2021. Curcuminoids: The Novel Molecules of Nature. [Google Scholar]
5. Smith T., Majid F., Eckl V., Morton Reynolds C. Herbal Supplement Sales in US Increase by Record-Breaking 17.3% in 2020. Herb. Gram. 2021;131:52–65. [Google Scholar]
6. Nagpal M., Sood S. Role of Curcumin in Systemic and Oral Health: An Overview. J. Nat. Sci. Biol. Med. 2013;4:3–7. [Europe PMC free article] [Abstract] [Google Scholar]
7. Ng T.P., Nyunt M.S.Z., Gao Q., Gwee X., Chua D.Q.L., Yap K.B. Curcumin-Rich Curry Consumption and Neurocognitive Function from 4.5-Year Follow-Up of Community-Dwelling Older Adults (Singapore Longitudinal Ageing Study) Nutrients. 2022;14:1189. 10.3390/nu14061189. [Europe PMC free article] [Abstract] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
8. Mazzanti G., Di Giacomo S. Curcumin and Resveratrol in the Management of Cognitive Disorders: What Is the Clinical Evidence? Molecules. 2016;21:1243. 10.3390/molecules21091243. [Europe PMC free article] [Abstract] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
9. Small G.W., Siddarth P., Li Z., Miller K.J., Ercoli L., Emerson N.D., Martinez J., Wong K.-P., Liu J., Merrill D.A., et al. Memory and Brain Amyloid and Tau Effects of a Bioavailable Form of Curcumin in Non-Demented Adults: A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled 18-Month Trial. Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry. 2018;26:266–277. 10.1016/j.jagp.2017.10.010. [Abstract] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
10. Girme A., Saste G., Balasubramaniam A.K., Pawar S., Ghule C., Hingorani L. Assessment of Curcuma longa Extract for Adulteration with Synthetic Curcumin by Analytical Investigations. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 2020;191:113603. 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113603. [Abstract] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
11. Suhail F.K., Masood U., Sharma A., John S., Dhamoon A. Turmeric Supplement Induced Hepatotoxicity: A Rare Complication of a Poorly Regulated Substance. Clin. Toxicol. 2020;58:216–217. 10.1080/15563650.2019.1632882. [Abstract] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
12. The Food and Drug Administration. [(accessed on 29 April 2022)];2019 Available online: https://www.fda.gov/media/130730/download.
13. Sarma N., Upton R., Rose U., Guo D.-A., Marles R., Khan I., Giancaspro G. Pharmacopeial Standards for the Quality Control of Botanical Dietary Supplements in the United States. J. Diet. Suppl. 2021;1:1–20. 10.1080/19390211.2021.1990171. [Abstract] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
14. Gafner S., Blumenthal M., Foster S., Cardellina J., Khan I.A., Upton R. Laboratory Guidance on Analytical Methods to Detect Adulterants in Commercial Botanical Materials: The next Phase of the ABC-AHP-NCNPR Botanical Adulterants Program. Planta Med. 2015;81:OA35. 10.1055/s-0035-1545117. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
15. Kita T., Imai S., Sawada H., Kumagai H., Seto H. The Biosynthetic Pathway of Curcuminoid in Turmeric (Curcuma longa) as Revealed by 13C-Labeled Precursors. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 2008;72:1789–1798. 10.1271/bbb.80075. [Abstract] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
16. Rossmann A. Determination of Stable Isotope Ratios in Food Analysis. Food Rev. Int. 2001;17:347–381. 10.1081/FRI-100104704. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
17. Van Leeuwen K.A., Prenzler P.D., Ryan D., Camin F. Gas Chromatography-Combustion-Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry for Traceability and Authenticity in Foods and Beverages. Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf. 2014;13:814–837. 10.1111/1541-4337.12096. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
18. Perini M., Pianezze S., Ziller L., Camin F. Characterization of L-Theanine in Tea Extracts and Synthetic Products Using Stable Isotope Ratio Analysis. J. Food Drug Anal. 2021;29:312–319. 10.38212/2224-6614.3349. [Europe PMC free article] [Abstract] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
19. Serra F., Reniero F., Guillou C.G., Moreno J.M., Marinas J.M., Vanhaecke F. 13C and 18O Isotopic Analysis to Determine the Origin of L-Tartaric Acid. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 2005;19:1227–1230. 10.1002/rcm.1918. [Abstract] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
20. Richling E., Höhn C., Weckerle B., Heckel F., Schreier P. Authentication Analysis of Caffeine-Containing Foods via Elemental Analysis Combustion/pyrolysis Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry (EA-C/P-IRMS) Eur. Food Res. Technol. 2003;216:544–548. 10.1007/s00217-003-0677-4. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
21. Perini M., Carbone G., Camin F. Stable Isotope Ratio Analysis for Authentication of Red Yeast Rice. Talanta. 2017;174:228–233. 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.05.057. [Abstract] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
22. Perini M., Paolini M., Pace R., Camin F. The Use of Stable Isotope Ratio Analysis to Characterise Saw Palmetto (Serenoa repens) Extract. Food Chem. 2019;274:26–34. 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.08.093. [Abstract] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
23. O’Leary M.H. Carbon Isotopes in Photosynthesis. Bioscience. 1988;38:328–336. 10.2307/1310735. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
24. Wang P., Zhou W., Xiong X., Wu S., Niu Z., Cheng P., Du H., Hou Y. Stable Carbon Isotopic Characteristics of Fossil Fuels in China. Sci. Total Environ. 2022;805:150240. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150240. [Abstract] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
25. Perini M., Pianezze S., Strojnik L., Camin F. C and H Stable Isotope Ratio Analysis Using Solid-Phase Microextraction and Gas Chromatography-Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry for Vanillin Authentication. J. Chromatogr. A. 2019;1595:168–173. 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.02.032. [Abstract] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
26. Passo C.J., Anderson R., Roberts D., Cook G.T. Performance of the Packard Tri-Carb® 2770TR/SL Liquid Scintillation Analyzer for 14C Dating. Radiocarbon. 1997;40:193–200. 10.1017/S003382220001804X. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
27. Sahu P.K., Panda J., Jogendra Kumar Y.V., Karunya Ranjitha S. A Robust RP-HPLC Method for Determination of Turmeric Adulteration. J. Liq. Chromatogr. Relat. Technol. 2020;43:247–254. 10.1080/10826076.2020.1722162. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
28. Deutsches Institut für Normung; Berlin, Germany: 2017. Biobasierte Produkte_-Gehalt an Biobasiertem Kohlenstoff_-Bestimmung des Gehalts an Biobasiertem Kohlenstoff Mittels Radiokarbonmethode; Deutsche Fassung EN_16640:2017. [Google Scholar]
29. Coplen T.B. Guidelines and Recommended Terms for Expression of Stable-Isotope-Ratio and Gas-Ratio Measurement Results. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 2011;25:2538–2560. 10.1002/rcm.5129. [Abstract] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
30. Wassenaar L.I., Hobson K.A., Sisti L. An Online Temperature-Controlled Vacuum-Equilibration Preparation System for the Measurement of δ2H Values of Non-Exchangeable-H and of δ18O Values in Organic Materials by Isotope-Ratio Mass Spectrometry. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 2015;29:397–407. 10.1002/rcm.7118. [Abstract] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
31. Khatri P.K., Larcher R., Camin F., Ziller L., Tonon A., Nardin T., Bontempo L. Stable Isotope Ratios of Herbs and Spices Commonly Used as Herbal Infusions in the Italian Market. ACS Omega. 2021;6:11925–11934. 10.1021/acsomega.1c00274. [Europe PMC free article] [Abstract] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
32. Marchese J.A., Ming L.C., Ducatti C., Broetto F., Silva E.T., Leonardo M. Carbon Isotope Composition as a Tool to Control the Quality of Herbs and Medicinal Plants. Photosynthetica. 2006;44:155–159. 10.1007/s11099-005-0174-z. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
33. Rossmann A., Butzenlechner M., Schmidt H.L. Evidence for a Nonstatistical Carbon Isotope Distribution in Natural Glucose. Plant Physiol. 1991;96:609–614. 10.1104/pp.96.2.609. [Abstract] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
34. Pabon H.J.J. A Synthesis of Curcumin and Related Compounds. Recl. Trav. Chim. Pays-Bas. 1964;83:379–386. 10.1002/recl.19640830407. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
35. Hansen A.-M.S., Fromberg A., Frandsen H.L. Authenticity and Traceability of Vanilla Flavors by Analysis of Stable Isotopes of Carbon and Hydrogen. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2014;62:10326–10331. 10.1021/jf503055k. [Abstract] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
36. Greule M., Tumino L.D., Kronewald T., Hener U., Schleucher J., Mosandl A., Keppler F. Improved Rapid Authentication of Vanillin Using δ13C and δ2H Values. Eur. Food Res. Technol. 2010;231:933–941. 10.1007/s00217-010-1346-z. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
37. Yeh H.-W., Epstein S. Hydrogen and Carbon Isotopes of Petroleum and Related Organic Matter. Geochim. Et Cosmochim. Acta. 1981;45:753–762. 10.1016/0016-7037(81)90046-6. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
38. Gat J.R. Oxygen and Hydrogen Isotopes in the Hydrologic Cycle. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 1996;24:225–262. 10.1146/annurev.earth.24.1.225. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
39. Van der Veer G., Voerkelius S., Lorentz G., Heiss G., Hoogewerff J.A. Spatial Interpolation of the Deuterium and Oxygen-18 Composition of Global Precipitation Using Temperature as Ancillary Variable. J. Geochem. Explor. 2009;101:175–184. 10.1016/j.gexplo.2008.06.008. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Articles from Antioxidants are provided here courtesy of Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)

Full text links 

Read article at publisher's site: https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12020498

Read article for free, from open access legal sources, via Unpaywall: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/12/2/498/pdf?version=1676528323Unpaywall

Citations & impact 

Impact metrics

2
Citations
Jump to Citations

Article citations

Similar Articles 

To arrive at the top five similar articles we use a word-weighted algorithm to compare words from the Title and Abstract of each citation.