Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/yóh₁r̥

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Beekes mentions a possible derivation from *(H)yeh₁- (“to send”).^[1]

Noun

*yóh₁r̥ n (oblique stem *yéh₁n-)^[2]

year
Synonyms: *ǵʰéyōm, *wétos

Inflection

Athematic, acrostatic
	singular	collective
nominative	*yóh₁r̥	*yéh₁ōr
genitive	*yéh₁n̥s	*ih₁nés
	singular	dual	plural	collective
nominative	*yóh₁r̥	*yóh₁rih₁	*yóh₁r̥h₂	*yéh₁ōr
vocative	*yóh₁r̥	*yóh₁rih₁	*yóh₁r̥h₂	*yéh₁ōr
accusative	*yóh₁r̥	*yóh₁rih₁	*yóh₁r̥h₂	*yéh₁ōr
genitive	*yéh₁n̥s	*?	*yéh₁noHom	*ih₁nés
ablative	*yéh₁n̥s	*?	yéh₁n̥mos, yéh₁n̥bʰos	*ih₁nés
dative	*yéh₁ney	*?	yéh₁n̥mos, yéh₁n̥bʰos	*ih₁néy
locative	yéh₁n̥, yéh₁ni	*?	*yéh₁n̥su	ih₁én, ih₁éni
instrumental	*yéh₁n̥h₁	*?	yéh₁n̥mis, yéh₁n̥bʰis	*ih₁néh₁

Derived terms

*yéh₁r-o-m
- Proto-Germanic: *jērą^[2] (see there for further descendants)
*yóh₁r-o-s, *yóh₁r-eh₂
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *jā́ˀras, *jāˀrā́ˀ
  - Old Lithuanian: jōrė
  - Proto-Slavic: *jaro n, *jara f, *jarъ m (“summer; spring”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: ὥρᾱ (hṓrā), ὥρη (hṓrē) — Ionic (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic: *jōros
  - ⇒ Proto-Italic: *hōrnos (< earlier *hojōrnos < *ho- (“this”) + *jōros + *-nos, cf. hodiē (“today”)^[3])
    - Latin: hōrnus (“this year's, grown this year”)

Descendants

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *yáHr̥ ~ *yáHas
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *yáHr̥ ~ *yáHas
  - ⇒ Sanskrit: पर्यारिणी (paryāríṇī, “calving after a year”)
- Proto-Iranian: *yáHr̥ ~ *yáHah
  - Avestan: 𐬫𐬁𐬭𐬆 (yār^ə) ~ 𐬫𐬃 (yā̊), 𐬫𐬁 (yā))
  - ⇒ Proto-Iranian: *dušyārah (“bad year, drought”) (+ *duš-)
    - Avestan: 𐬛𐬎𐬲𐬌𐬌𐬁𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬌𐬀 (dužiiāⁱriia, “bad year, drought, harvest bringing bad seasons”)
    - Parthian: [script needed] (dušyār, “drought”), [script needed] (dižyārīft, “famine”)
    - Old Persian: 𐎯𐏁𐎹𐎠𐎼𐎶 (dušiyāram, “bad year, drought, ill-crop”)
      - Persian: دچار (dočâr)
  - ⇒ Proto-Iranian: *Hhuyārah (“good year, non-drought year”) (+ *Hhu-)
    - Avestan: 𐬵𐬎𐬌𐬌𐬁𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬌𐬀 (huiiāⁱriia, “good year, non-drought year, harvest bringing good seasons”)

References

^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “ὥρα”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume II, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1681-1682: “for the semantics, we may compare MoHG Geschick 'fate' from schicken 'to send'.”
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Guus Kroonen (2013) “*jēra-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 273
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “hōrnus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 289-290

[1] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “ὥρα”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume II, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1681-1682: “for the semantics, we may compare MoHG Geschick 'fate' from schicken 'to send'.”

[Kroonen_2013-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Guus Kroonen (2013) “*jēra-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 273

[3] De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “hōrnus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 289-290

[1]

[2]

[3]