慣

See also: 惯

慣	U+6163, 慣 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6163

← 慢
[U+6162]

CJK Unified Ideographs

慤 →
[U+6164]

Translingual

Han character

慣 (Kangxi radical 61, 心+11, 14 strokes, cangjie input 心田十金 (PWJC), four-corner 9708₆, composition ⿰忄貫)

Descendants

惯

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 399, character 13
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 11111
Dae Jaweon: page 739, character 1
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2349, character 1
Unihan data for U+6163

Chinese

trad.		慣
simp.		惯

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (毌) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
毌	koːn, koːns
貫	koːn, koːns
樌	*koːns
鏆	*koːns
遦	*koːns
慣	*kroːns
摜	*kroːns
瑻	*kuːn
謴	*kuːns

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kroːns) : semantic 忄 (“heart”) + phonetic 貫 (OC *koːn, *koːns) – habit is what one does by heart.

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): guàn (guan⁴)

(Zhuyin): ㄍㄨㄢˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): gwaan³
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): koan
Northern Min (KCR): gu̿ing
Eastern Min (BUC): gáing / guáng
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): koàn / koàiⁿ / kùiⁿ

(Teochew, Peng'im): guang³ / guêng³ / guin³
Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁵kue

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: guàn
  - Zhuyin: ㄍㄨㄢˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: guàn
  - Wade–Giles: kuan⁴
  - Yale: gwàn
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: guann
  - Palladius: гуань (guanʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ku̯än⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: gwaan³
  - Yale: gwaan
  - Cantonese Pinyin: gwaan³
  - Guangdong Romanization: guan³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʷaːn³³/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: koan
  - Hakka Romanization System: guan
  - Hagfa Pinyim: guan⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /ku̯an⁵⁵/
Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: gu̿ing
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kuiŋ³³/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: gáing / guáng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kaiŋ²¹³/, /kuɑŋ²¹³/

Note:

gáing - vernacular (“accustomed”);
guáng - literary.

Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: koàn
  - Tâi-lô: kuàn
  - Phofsit Daibuun: koaxn
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Kaohsiung): /kuan²¹/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /kuan⁴¹/
  - IPA (Taipei): /kuan¹¹/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: koàiⁿ
  - Tâi-lô: kuàinn
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kvoaix
  - IPA (Xiamen, Kaohsiung): /kuãi²¹/
  - IPA (Taipei): /kuãi¹¹/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kùiⁿ
  - Tâi-lô: kuìnn
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kvuix
  - IPA (Xiamen): /kuĩ²¹/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /kuĩ⁴¹/

Note:

koàn - literary;
kòaiⁿ/kùiⁿ - vernacular.

(Teochew)
- Peng'im: guang³ / guêng³ / guin³
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kuàng / kuèng / kùiⁿ
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /kuaŋ²¹³/, /kueŋ²¹³/, /kũĩ²¹³/

Note:

guang3 - Shantou;
guêng3 - Chaozhou;
guin3 - dialectal usage (in 慣性).

Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai)
  - Wugniu: ⁵kue
  - MiniDict: kue^去
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ²kue
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /kue³⁴/

Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 慣
Mandarin	Beijing	/kuan⁵¹/
	Harbin	/kaun⁵³/
	Tianjin	/kuan⁵³/
	Jinan	/kuã²¹/
	Qingdao	/kuã⁴²/
	Zhengzhou	/kuan³¹²/
	Xi'an	/kuã⁴⁴/
	Xining	/kuã²¹³/
	Yinchuan	/kuan¹³/
	Lanzhou	/kuɛ̃n¹³/
	Ürümqi	/kuan²¹³/
	Wuhan	/kuan³⁵/
	Chengdu	/kuan¹³/
	Guiyang	/kuan²¹³/
	Kunming	/kuã̠²¹²/
	Nanjing	/kuaŋ⁴⁴/
	Hefei	/kʊ̃⁵³/
Jin	Taiyuan	/kuæ̃⁴⁵/
	Pingyao	/kuɑŋ³⁵/
	Hohhot	/kuæ̃⁵⁵/
Wu	Shanghai	/kue³⁵/
	Suzhou	/kue̞⁵¹³/
	Hangzhou	/kuõ⁴⁴⁵/
	Wenzhou	/ka⁴²/
Hui	Shexian	/kuɛ³²⁴/
Hui	Tunxi	/kuːə⁴²/
Xiang	Changsha	/kuan⁵⁵/
Xiang	Xiangtan	/kuan⁵⁵/
Gan	Nanchang	/kuan⁴⁵/
Hakka	Meixian	/kuan⁵³/
Hakka	Taoyuan	/kuɑn⁵⁵/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/kwan³³/
	Nanning	/kʷɛn³³/
	Hong Kong	/kwan³³/
Min	Xiamen (Hokkien)	/kuan²¹/ /kuãi²¹/ /kuĩ²¹/
	Fuzhou (Eastern Min)	/kuɑŋ²¹²/
	Jian'ou (Northern Min)	/kuiŋ³³/
	Shantou (Teochew)	/kuaŋ²¹³/ /kũi²¹³/
	Haikou (Hainanese)	/kuaŋ³⁵/

Middle Chinese: kwaenH

Rime
Character	慣
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	見 (28)
Final (韻)	刪 (70)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Closed
Division (等)	II
Fanqie	古患切
Baxter	kwaenH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kˠuan^H/
Pan Wuyun	/kʷᵚan^H/
Shao Rongfen	/kuɐn^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kwaɨn^H/
Li Rong	/kuan^H/
Wang Li	/kwan^H/
Bernard Karlgren	/kwan^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	guàn
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gwaan³

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*kˤro[n]-s/

(Zhengzhang): /*kroːns/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	慣
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	guàn
Middle Chinese	‹ kwæn^H ›
Old Chinese	/*kˁro[n]-s/
English	accustomed to
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	慣
Reading #	1/1
No.	4471
Phonetic component	毌
Rime group	元
Rime subdivision	3
Corresponding MC rime	慣
Old Chinese	/*kroːns/
Notes	爾雅作貫，貫轉註字

Definitions

慣

to be accustomed to; to be used to
to spoil; to overindulge
(literary, or in compounds) habit; custom
(literary, or in compounds) habitually; usually

Synonyms

(to be accustomed to):

Dialectal synonyms of 習慣 (“to get used to; to be accustomed to”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		習慣
Northeastern Mandarin	Taiwan	習慣
	Malaysia	習慣
	Singapore	習慣
Cantonese	Guangzhou	慣, 習慣
	Hong Kong	慣, 習慣
	Singapore (Guangfu)	慣
Hakka	Meixian	習慣, 慣
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	慣, 慣勢
Southern Min	Xiamen	慣勢
	Quanzhou	慣勢
	Zhangzhou	慣勢
	Taipei	慣勢, 習慣 GT
	Tainan	慣勢
	Kinmen	慣勢
	Penang (Hokkien)	慣勢
	Singapore (Hokkien)	慣勢
	Shantou	習慣, 慣
	Jieyang	慣勢
Wu	Shanghai	習慣
Note	GT - General Taiwanese (no specific region identified)

(to spoil):

edit

嬌／娇 (jiāo)
嬌慣／娇惯 (jiāoguàn)
嬌縱／娇纵 (jiāozòng)
寵愛／宠爱 (chǒng'ài)
放縱／放纵 (fàngzòng)
溺愛／溺爱 (nì'ài)

(habitually):

edit

動輒／动辄 (dòngzhé) (literary)
常常 (chángcháng)
常時／常时 (chángshí)
往往 (wǎngwǎng)
時常／时常 (shícháng)
時時／时时 (shíshí)
每每 (měiměi)
終古／终古 (zhōnggǔ) (literary)
經常／经常 (jīngcháng)

Compounds

Japanese

Kanji

慣

(Fifth grade kyōiku kanji)

Readings

Go-on: けん (ken)
Kan-on: かん (kan, Jōyō)
Kun: なれる (nareru, 慣れる, Jōyō)、ならす (narasu, 慣らす, Jōyō)、ならわし (narawashi, 慣)

Etymology

Kanji in this term
慣
かん Grade: 5
kan'on

From Middle Chinese 慣 (MC kwaenH).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [kã̠ɴ]

Affix

慣(かん) • (kan) ^{←くわん (kwan)^?}

used to; accustomed; custom; habit

Compounds

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 慣 (MC kwaenH).

Hanja

慣 (eumhun 버릇 관 (beoreut gwan))

hanja form^? of 관 (“custom; habit”)

Compounds

관례 (慣例, gwallye, “convention, precedent”)
관행 (慣行, gwanhaeng, “customary practice”)
습관 (習慣, seupgwan, “habit”)
관성 (慣性, gwanseong, “inertia”)
관용 (慣用, gwanyong, “common usage”)
관습 (慣習, gwanseup, “custom, convention”)
관용구 (慣用句, gwanyonggu, “idiom”)
구관 (舊慣, gugwan, “old custom”)
관용음 (慣用音, gwanyong'eum)

References

국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [1]

Vietnamese

Han character

慣: Hán Nôm readings: quen, quán

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