平安

Chinese

	flat; level; equal flat; level; equal; to make the same score; to tie; to draw; calm; peaceful	content; calm; still content; calm; still; quiet; to pacify; peace; how
trad. (平安)	平	安
simp. ^#(平安)	平	安
anagram	安平

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平安

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): píng'ān

(Zhuyin): ㄆㄧㄥˊ ㄢ
Cantonese (Jyutping): ping⁴ on¹
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): phìn-ôn

(Hailu, HRS): pin on^ˋ

(Meixian, Guangdong): pin² on¹
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): pêng-an

(Teochew, Peng'im): pêng⁵ ang¹

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: píng'ān
  - Zhuyin: ㄆㄧㄥˊ ㄢ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: píng-an
  - Wade–Giles: pʻing²-an¹
  - Yale: píng-ān
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: pyngan
  - Palladius: пинъань (pinʺanʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /pʰiŋ³⁵ ˀän⁵⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: ping⁴ on¹
  - Yale: pìhng ōn
  - Cantonese Pinyin: ping⁴ on¹
  - Guangdong Romanization: ping⁴ on¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /pʰɪŋ²¹ ɔːn⁵⁵/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: phìn-ôn
  - Hakka Romanization System: pin^ˇ on^ˊ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: pin² on¹
  - Sinological IPA: /pʰin¹¹ on²⁴/
- (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
  - Hakka Romanization System: pin on^ˋ
  - Sinological IPA: /pʰin⁵⁵ on⁵³/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: pin² on¹
  - Sinological IPA: /pʰin¹¹ ɔn⁴⁴/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: pêng-an
  - Tâi-lô: pîng-an
  - Phofsit Daibuun: peng'afn
  - IPA (Xiamen): /piɪŋ²⁴⁻²² an⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /piɪŋ²⁴⁻²² an³³/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /piɪŋ¹³⁻²² an⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Taipei): /piɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ an⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /piɪŋ²³⁻³³ an⁴⁴/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: pêng⁵ ang¹
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: phêng ang
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /pʰeŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ aŋ³³/

Middle Chinese: bjaeng 'an

Rime
Character	平	安
Reading #	2/2	1/1
Initial (聲)	並 (3)	影 (34)
Final (韻)	庚 (111)	寒 (61)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	III	I
Fanqie	符兵切	烏寒切
Baxter	bjaeng	'an
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/bˠiæŋ/	/ʔɑn/
Pan Wuyun	/bᵚiaŋ/	/ʔɑn/
Shao Rongfen	/biaŋ/	/ʔɑn/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/biajŋ/	/ʔan/
Li Rong	/biɐŋ/	/ʔɑn/
Wang Li	/bĭɐŋ/	/ɑn/
Bernhard Karlgren	/bʱi̯ɐŋ/	/ʔɑn/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	píng	ān
Expected Cantonese Reflex	ping⁴	on¹

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*breŋ [ʔ]ˤa[n]/

(Zhengzhang): /*beŋ qaːn/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	平	安	安	安
Reading #	2/3	1/3	2/3	3/3
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	píng	ān	ān	ān
Middle Chinese	‹ bjæng ›	‹ 'an ›	‹ 'an ›	‹ 'an ›
Old Chinese	/*breŋ/	/*[ʔ]ˁa[n]/	/*[ʔ]ˁa[n]/	/*[ʔ]ˁa[n]/
English	even (adj.)	peace(ful)	how	安息 Ānxī (Iranian country in the western regions, W. Hàn; from Aršaka = Arsaces, founder of the Arsacid dynasty)
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	平	安
Reading #	2/2	1/1
No.	9818	11
Phonetic component	平	安
Rime group	耕	元
Rime subdivision	0	1
Corresponding MC rime	平	安
Old Chinese	/*beŋ/	/*qaːn/

Adjective

平安

safe and sound; safe; peaceful
(literary, of one's mind) peaceful and at ease

Synonyms

(safe and sound):

edit

太平 (tàipíng)
安全 (ānquán)
安好 (ānhǎo) (chiefly in phatic expressions)
安寧／安宁 (ānníng)
安平 (ānpíng)
安然 (ānrán)
承平 (chéngpíng) (literary)

Antonyms

(antonym(s) of “safe and sound”): 危險／危险 (wēixiǎn), (Hokkien) 險厄／险厄

Derived terms

一路平安 (yīlùpíng'ān)
報竹平安／报竹平安
平安夜 (píng'ānyè)
平安就是福 (píng'ān jiù shì fú)
平安帖
平安火
平安無事／平安无事 (píng'ānwúshì)
平安竹報／平安竹报
平安紙／平安纸
平安險／平安险
平平安安 (píngpíng'ān'ān)
歲歲平安／岁岁平安
竹報平安／竹报平安 (zhúbàopíng'ān)
老少平安 (lǎoshào píng'ān)

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (平安):

→ Japanese: 平安(へいあん) (heian)
→ Korean: 평안(平安) (pyeong'an)
→ Vietnamese: bình yên (平安)

Others:

→ Zhuang: bingzan

Noun

平安

(～卦) A combination 二上三中二下 in the Lingqijing.

Proper noun

平安

(～區) Ping'an District (a district of Qinghai, China)
(～鄉) Ping'an (a township in Fengjie, Chongqing, China)
(～社區) Ping'an (a residential community of Dongsheng, Shishou, Jingzhou, Hubei, China)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
平	安
へい Grade: 3	あん Grade: 3
kan'on	on'yomi

Etymology

Coined as a compound of Middle Chinese-derived elements 平 (hei, “even, steady, flat”) +‎ 安 (an, “peace, ease”).

First cited to 728 CE in the Shoku Nihongi.^[1]

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) へーあん [hèéáń] (Heiban – [0])^[2]
IPA^(key): [he̞ːã̠ɴ]

Adjective

平(へい)安(あん) • (heian) -na (adnominal 平(へい)安(あん)な (heian na), adverbial 平(へい)安(あん)に (heian ni))

peaceful

Inflection

Inflection of 平安

Stem forms
Imperfective (未然形)	平安だろ	へいあんだろ	heian daro
Continuative (連用形)	平安で	へいあんで	heian de
Terminal (終止形)	平安だ	へいあんだ	heian da
Attributive (連体形)	平安な	へいあんな	heian na
Hypothetical (仮定形)	平安なら	へいあんなら	heian nara
Imperative (命令形)	平安であれ	へいあんであれ	heian de are
Key constructions
Informal negative	平安ではない平安じゃない	へいあんではないへいあんじゃない	heian de wa nai heian ja nai
Informal past	平安だった	へいあんだった	heian datta
Informal negative past	平安ではなかった平安じゃなかった	へいあんではなかったへいあんじゃなかった	heian de wa nakatta heian ja nakatta
Formal	平安です	へいあんです	heian desu
Formal negative	平安ではありません平安じゃありません	へいあんではありませんへいあんじゃありません	heian de wa arimasen heian ja arimasen
Formal past	平安でした	へいあんでした	heian deshita
Formal negative past	平安ではありませんでした平安じゃありませんでした	へいあんではありませんでしたへいあんじゃありませんでした	heian de wa arimasen deshita heian ja arimasen deshita
Conjunctive	平安で	へいあんで	heian de
Conditional	平安なら（ば）	へいあんなら（ば）	heian nara (ba)
Provisional	平安だったら	へいあんだったら	heian dattara
Volitional	平安だろう	へいあんだろう	heian darō
Adverbial	平安に	へいあんに	heian ni
Degree	平安さ	へいあんさ	heiansa

Classical conjugation of "平安なり" (ナリ活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)

Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形)	平安なら	へいあんなら	feiannara
Continuative (連用形)	平安に^[1] 平安なり^[2]	へいあんにへいあんなり	feianni feiannari
Terminal (終止形)	平安なり	へいあんなり	feiannari
Attributive (連体形)	平安なる	へいあんなる	feiannaru
Realis (已然形)	平安なれ	へいあんなれ	feiannare
Imperative (命令形)	平安なれ	へいあんなれ	feiannare
Key constructions
Negative	平安ならず	へいあんならず	feiannarazu
Contrasting conjunction	平安なれど	へいあんなれど	feiannaredo
Causal conjunction	平安なれば	へいあんなれば	feiannareba
Conditional conjunction	平安ならば	へいあんならば	feiannaraba
Past tense (firsthand knowledge)	平安なりき	へいあんなりき	feiannariki
Past tense (secondhand knowledge)	平安なりけり	へいあんなりけり	feiannarikeri
Adverbial	平安に	へいあんに	feianni
^[1]Without auxiliary verb. ^[2]With auxiliary verb.

abbreviation of 平(へい)安(あん)時(じ)代(だい) (Heian jidai, “the Heian period of Japanese history”)

References

^ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

2002, Ineko Kondō; Fumi Takano; Mary E Althaus; et. al., Shogakukan Progressive Japanese-English Dictionary, Third Edition, Tokyo: Shōgakukan, →ISBN.

Korean

Hanja in this term
平	安

Proper noun

平安 • (Pyeong'an) (hangeul 평안)

hanja form^? of 평안 (“Pyongan”)

Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term
平	安

Adjective

平安

chữ Hán form of bình yên (“tranquil; peaceful”).
chữ Hán form of bình an (“tranquil; peaceful”).

[KDJ-1] Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN

[DJR-2] Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[1]

[2]