że
Kashubian
editEtymology
editInherited from Proto-Slavic *je že (neuter acc. sg. of *jь že), from *je n sg (“it; that”, accusative) + *že (emphatic particle). Compare Old Polish że.
Pronunciation
editConjunction
editże
- coordinating conjunction; that
Further reading
edit- Stefan Ramułt (1893) “že”, in Słownik języka pomorskiego czyli kaszubskiego (in Kashubian), page 276
- Eùgeniusz Gòłąbk (2011) “że”, in Słownik Polsko-Kaszubski / Słowôrz Pòlskò-Kaszëbsczi[1]
- “że”, in Internetowi Słowôrz Kaszëbsczégò Jãzëka [Internet Dictionary of the Kashubian Language], Fundacja Kaszuby, 2022
Old Polish
editEtymology
editReduced form of iże, eże, inherited from Proto-Slavic *je že (neuter acc. sg. of *jь že), from *je n sg (“it; that”, accusative) + *že (emphatic particle).[1][2] Compare English that, Old Norse at, German dass, Ancient Greek ὅτι (hóti). First attested in 1396.
Pronunciation
editConjunction
editże
- introduces a subordinate clause; that
- because
- The meaning of this term is uncertain.
- 1930 [c. 1455], “Deut”, in Ludwik Bernacki, editor, Biblia królowej Zofii (Biblia szaroszpatacka)[2], section 21,5:
- Przistøpyøøcz kaplani synowye Levi, ktoresz to gest zwolil pan bog twoy, aby slvzili y blogoslavili ymyenyv gego, ze wszitka rzecz gich slovi syø kona a wszelkø rzecz cistø albo nyecistø sødzicz mayø (quos elegerit..., ut ministrent ei... et ad verbum eorum omne negotium... iudicetur)
- [Przystąpiąc kapłani, synowie Levi, ktoreż to jest zwolił Pan Bog twoj, aby służyli (jemu) i błogosławili imieniu jego, że wszytka rzecz jich słowy się kona a wszelką rzecz czystą albo nieczystą sędzić mają (quos elegerit..., ut ministrent ei... et ad verbum eorum omne negotium... iudicetur)]
Descendants
editReferences
edit- ^ Piotr Sobotka (2020) “Этимология, развитие и древние функции польского że в сравнительно-историческом освещении”, in Труды Института русского языка им. В. В. Биноградова (in Russian), Moscow,
- ^ Piotr Sobotka (2022) “Uwagi o żeby-zdaniach w języku polskim w kontekście pochodzenia i dziejów operatora żeby”, in Linguistica Copernicana (in Polish), number 19,
Further reading
edit- B. Sieradzka-Baziur, Ewa Deptuchowa, Joanna Duska, Mariusz Frodyma, Beata Hejmo, Dorota Janeczko, Katarzyna Jasińska, Krystyna Kajtoch, Joanna Kozioł, Marian Kucała, Dorota Mika, Gabriela Niemiec, Urszula Poprawska, Elżbieta Supranowicz, Ludwika Szelachowska-Winiarzowa, Zofia Wanicowa, Piotr Szpor, Bartłomiej Borek, editors (2011–2015), “że”, in Słownik pojęciowy języka staropolskiego [Conceptual Dictionary of Old Polish] (in Polish), Kraków: IJP PAN, →ISBN
- Boryś, Wiesław (2005) “iż”, in Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego (in Polish), Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie, →ISBN, page 201
Polish
editEtymology
editInherited from Old Polish że.
Pronunciation
edit- IPA(key): /ˈʐɛ/
Audio 1: (file) Audio 2: (file) Audio 3: (file) Audio 4: (file) - Rhymes: -ɛ
- Syllabification: że
- Homophone: -że
Conjunction
editże
- introduces a subordinate clause; that
- Synonym: iż
- Powiedział mi, że ta książka jest ciekawa. ― He told me that this book is interesting.
Usage notes
editCombined forms for this word are uncommon and often formed for stylization.
Declension
editParticle
editże
- intensifier
- Synonym: -że
Derived terms
editTrivia
editAccording to Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej (1990), że is one of the most used words in Polish, appearing 654 times in scientific texts, 503 times in news, 849 times in essays, 951 times in fiction, and 1357 times in plays, each out of a corpus of 100,000 words, totaling 4314 times, making it the 12th most common word in a corpus of 500,000 words.[1]
References
editFurther reading
edit- że in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
- że in Polish dictionaries at PWN
- “ŻE I”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century], 26.06.2020
- “ŻE II”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century], 06.12.2008
- Samuel Bogumił Linde (1807–1814) “że”, in Słownik języka polskiego
- Aleksander Zdanowicz (1861) “że”, in Słownik języka polskiego, Wilno 1861
- J. Karłowicz, A. Kryński, W. Niedźwiedzki, editors (1927), “że”, in Słownik języka polskiego (in Polish), volume 8, Warsaw, page 699
Silesian
editEtymology
editInherited from Old Polish że.
Pronunciation
editConjunction
editże
- coordinating conjunction; that
Particle
editże
- used to create the periphrastic aorist tense
Declension
editThis particle needs an inflection-table template.
Further reading
edit- że in silling.org
- Kashubian terms derived from Proto-Balto-Slavic
- Kashubian terms inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic
- Kashubian terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Kashubian terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European
- Kashubian terms inherited from Proto-Slavic
- Kashubian terms derived from Proto-Slavic
- Kashubian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Rhymes:Kashubian/ɛ
- Rhymes:Kashubian/ɛ/1 syllable
- Kashubian lemmas
- Kashubian conjunctions
- Old Polish terms derived from Proto-Balto-Slavic
- Old Polish terms inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic
- Old Polish terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Old Polish terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European
- Old Polish terms inherited from Proto-Slavic
- Old Polish terms derived from Proto-Slavic
- Old Polish terms with IPA pronunciation
- Old Polish lemmas
- Old Polish conjunctions
- Old Polish terms with uncertain meaning
- Old Polish terms with quotations
- Polish terms derived from Proto-Slavic
- Polish terms inherited from Proto-Slavic
- Polish terms derived from Proto-Balto-Slavic
- Polish terms inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic
- Polish terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Polish terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European
- Polish terms inherited from Old Polish
- Polish terms derived from Old Polish
- Polish 1-syllable words
- Polish terms with IPA pronunciation
- Polish terms with audio pronunciation
- Rhymes:Polish/ɛ
- Rhymes:Polish/ɛ/1 syllable
- Polish terms with homophones
- Polish lemmas
- Polish conjunctions
- Polish terms with usage examples
- Polish particles
- Silesian terms derived from Proto-Slavic
- Silesian terms inherited from Proto-Slavic
- Silesian terms derived from Proto-Balto-Slavic
- Silesian terms inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic
- Silesian terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Silesian terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European
- Silesian terms inherited from Old Polish
- Silesian terms derived from Old Polish
- Silesian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Rhymes:Silesian/ɛ
- Rhymes:Silesian/ɛ/1 syllable
- Silesian lemmas
- Silesian conjunctions
- Silesian particles