Ulric Cross: Difference between revisions

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'''Philip Louis Ulric Cross''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|DSO|DFC}} (1 May 1917 – 4 October 2013) was a [[Trinidad and Tobago|Trinidadian]] jurist, diplomat and [[Royal Air Force]] (RAF) Navigatornavigator, recognised as possibly the most decorated [[Caribbean|West Indian]] of [[World War II]].<ref name=UWI>[http://sta.uwi.edu/DEF/Bios/UlricCross.html "Profile – Justice Ulric Cross".]</ref><ref name=CottonTree>[http://thecottontree.org/who-we-are/board/justice-ulric-cross "Justice P L Ulric Cross", The Cotton Tree Foundation.]</ref> He is credited with helping to prevent some two hundred bombers from being shot down in a raid over Germany in 1943.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2021/jul/14/trinidadian-war-hero-told-raf-superiors-he-was-african-royalty|title=Trinidadian war hero told RAF superiors he was African royalty|author=Robert Booth|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|date=14 July 2021}}</ref> He subsequently studied law at London's [[Middle Temple]], and went on to fulfil a distinguished international career as a jurist across Africa and within Trinidad and Tobago. He also served as a diplomat for Trinidad and Tobago to the United Kingdom.

Ulric Cross was born on 1 May 1917, in [[Belmont, Port of Spain]], [[Trinidad]], to Reginald Rufus and Maud Iris Cross.<ref name=CommonwealthSecretariat>[https://archive.today/20130705052255/http://www.thecommonwealth.org/Internal/185183/185198/185199/185203/justice_p__l__ulric_cross/ "Justice P. L. Ulric Cross", Commonwealth Secretariat]. Archived 5 July 2013 from www.thecommonwealth.org.</ref> He was the second child in a family of nine.<ref name=Endowment>[http://wwwarchives.newsday.co.tt/news2007/04/29/endowment-fund-for-cotton-tree-founder/0,56286.html "Endowment Fund for Cotton Tree founder"], ''[[Trinidad and Tobago Newsday|Newsday]]'', 29 April 2007. Retrieved 21 April 2023.</ref> At the age of 11, he came first in Trinidad's Government Exhibition Scholarship Examination, thus qualifying for five years of free secondary education,<ref name=Endowment /> and went on to attend [[Saint Mary's College, Trinidad and Tobago|St Mary's College]].<ref>[http://www.catholicnews-tt.net/joomla/archives-2009/43-feature/1023-fea011109 "CIC Hall of Fame – 1 November"], ''Catholic News'', 30 October 2009.</ref> He was devastated by his mother's death when he was just 13 years old.<ref name=Endowment /><ref>[http://caribbeantales-newz.com/telling-our-stories-by-any-means-necessary "Telling Our Stories By Any Means Necessary – Who Is Ulric Cross?"] Caribbean Tales, 30 April 2012.</ref><ref name=CTNT /> His academic focus was completely derailed, and so, after completing five years of college education, he left school. His first job was with the ''[[Trinidad Guardian]]'' as a copy editor. Then he worked for about four years as a clerk to Leo Pujadas, Solicitor. When Cross turned 21, he joined the Civil Service and worked for a while with the [[Trinidad Government RailwaysRailway]]. In this job, his close colleague was J. O'Neil "Scottie" Lewis.<ref name=Andre&Christian>[http://www.caribbeanaircrew-ww2.com/?p=15 "Philip Louis Ulric Cross", Caribbean aircrew in the RAF during WW2], quoting interview in Irving Andre and Gabriel Christian, ''For King and Country''.</ref>

In 1941, aged 24, Cross left Trinidad to join Britain's [[Royal Air Force]] (RAF) – being "young, adventurous and idealistic".<ref>{{cite news|first=Stephen|last=Bourne|author-link=Stephen Bourne (writer)|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/squadron-leader-ulric-cross-pilot-who-went-on-to-become-a-judge-and-diplomat-8872480.html |title=Squadron Leader Ulric Cross: Pilot who went on to become a judge and diplomat|newspaper='[[The Independent]]|date= 10 October 2013}}</ref> He served with [[RAF Bomber Command]] during World War II, attaining the rank of Squadron Leader.<ref>Julien Neaves, [httphttps://www.trinidadexpress.com/featured-news/A_Caribbean_veteran_rememberedlocal/a-caribbean-veteran-remembered/article_7ea3f69a-62b1-5ff6-88ba-124992729d8748a6cec46.html "A Caribbean veteran remembered"], ''Trinidad Express Newspapers'', 5 July 2011. Retrieved 8 May 2023.</ref> In June 1944 he was awarded the [[Distinguished Flying Cross (United Kingdom)|Distinguished Flying Cross]] and in January 1945, he was awarded the [[Distinguished Service Order]]<ref name=CottonTree /><ref>[[Martin Francis]], ''The Flyer: British Culture and the Royal Air Force 1939–1945'', Oxford University Press, 2008, p. 59.</ref> in recognition of his "fine example of keenness and devotion to duty" and "exceptional navigational ability".<ref name=UWI /> He

Cross was a member of the elite [[Pathfinder (RAF)|Pathfinder Force]] that perfected techniques for precision main force bombing. In his own words: "We did a lot of low-level daylight bombing. We flew at just 50 feet instead of the normal 25,000 feet. We dropped four 500-pound bombs. You flew in to your target at 50 feet and as you approached it you went up to 1,200 feet. You then did a shallow dive onto the target and released your bombs. The bomb had an 11-second delay, so you shot up to avoid the bomb blast. We went over in formation and we bombed in formation, but we came back independently." Cross flew 80 missions over [[Germany]] and [[occupied Europe]] as navigatorNavigator of a [[Mosquito bomber|Mosquito fighter-bomber]],<ref name=Andre&Christian /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.heroulriccross.com/the-day-i-almost-died/|title='The Day I Almost Died': Wwii Airman Ulric Cross Recalls|first=Sean|last=Douglas|newspaper=[[Trinidad Express]]|date=15 November 1999|page=11|via=Hero: The Extraordinary Life & Times of Mr. Ulric Cross|access-date=21 April 2023}}</ref><ref>[http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/opinion/obituaries/article3891736.ece "Pathfinder navigator who flew 80 sorties over occupied Europe and later became a judge and a High Commissioner"], ''[[The Times]]'', 11 October 2013.</ref> and was the model for the blackBlack character, Squadron Leader Charles Ford, in [[Ken Follett]]'s novel ''[[Hornet Flight]]''.<ref>David Brewster, [http://ken-follett.com/bibliography/hornet_flight/interviews/040303_ulric_cross.html "Hornet Flight – The black hornet: UK war novel character inspired by Ulric Cross"]. ''Trinidad Express'', 25 January 2004, reprinted on Ken Follett website.</ref><ref>[http://www.militarian.com/threads/trinidadians-in-the-raf.2461/ "Black Hornet", Trinidadians in the RAF], Militarian.</ref><ref>[[Cy Grant]], [http://www.itzcaribbean.com/caribbeanaircrew_ww2_raf.php "WWII Caribbean Air Crew Archive, A Permanent On-Line Archive of Caribbean Air Crew in the Royal Air Force, WW II"]. ItzCaribbean.com.</ref>

After the war, Cross studied law and he was [[called to the Bar]] under the aegis of the [[Middle Temple]], London, on 26 January 1949.<ref>{{cite book |year=1977 |title=Register of Admissions to the Honourable Society of the Middle Temple |url=http://archive.middletemple.org.uk/Shared%20Documents/MTAR/MTAR%204%20-%201945%20-%201953.pdf |volume=4 |location=London |access-date=1 May 2018 |archive-date=16 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116115423/http://archive.middletemple.org.uk/Shared%20Documents/MTAR/MTAR%204%20-%201945%20-%201953.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

He then returned to Trinidad where, from 1949 to 1953, he was Legal Adviser to the Comptroller of Imports and Exports, Trinidad and Tobago. He also lectured in Trade Union History and Trade Union Law at the Extra-Mural Department of the [[University of the West Indies]], located in Trinidad.<ref name=CommonwealthSecretariat /> He subsequently returned to London, and worked for some time as a producer for Talks Producerand withthe famed ''[[Caribbean Voices]]'' at the [[BBC]] (1953–1957).<ref name=CommonwealthSecretariat /><ref>Griffith, Glyne. ''The BBC and the Development of Anglophone Caribbean Literature, 1943-1958''</ref>

Then Ulric Cross'his career took an entirely different turn., Heand wenthe offwent to practise law in AfricaGhana, Cameroon and Tanzania for many years:. betweenBetween 1958 and 1960, he worked inclosely with [[GhanaKwame Nkrumah]] in Ghana, where heCross was Crown Counsel and Senior Crown Counsel, and lectured in Criminal Law at the [[Ghana School of Law]].<ref name=CommonwealthSecretariat /> Continuing his African journey, he served in [[West Region (Cameroon)|West Cameroon]] (1960–1966), where he was elevated to Senior Crown Counsel and Attorney General, was a Member of the Cabinet, the House of Chiefs and the House of Assembly Avocat-General at the Federal Court of Justice of the [[Republic of Cameroon]].<ref name=CommonwealthSecretariat /> In 1967, Cross became a High Court judge in [[Tanzania]], where from 1968 to 1970 he was Chairman of the Permanent Labour Tribunal.<ref name=CommonwealthSecretariat /> He also served as a Professorprofessor of Lawlaw at the [[University of Dar es Salaam]].

Once again Ulric, Cross returned to Trinidad, this time in 1971, to serve as a High Court judge.<ref name=CottonTree /> In 1979, he was elevated to the Court of Appeal.<ref>[[Bridget Brereton]], [http://www.ttlawcourts.org/jeibooks/books/independentcourtofappeal.pdf "Celebrating 50 Years of an Independent Court of Appeal of Trinidad and Tobago 1962–2012"], Judicial Education Institute of Trinidad and Tobago, 2015, p. 139.</ref> He then became Chairman of the Law Reform Commission of Trinidad and Tobago, from 1982 to 1983,<ref name=CottonTree />and in this position he made a significant contribution towards furthering the revision and development of the country’scountry's laws.<ref name=CottonTree /><ref>Carol Matroo, [http://wwwarchives.newsday.co.tt/news2013/10/06/pm-tt-has-lost-a-true-hero/0,184606.html "PM: TT has lost a true hero"], ''Newsday'', 6 October 2013. Retrieved 21 April 2023.</ref> On his death, [[Kamla Persad-Bissessar]], then Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago, acknowledged his years spent on the judiciary of Trinidad and Tobago, saying: "Some of his judgments changed the landscape of Trinidad and Tobago."<ref>[httphttps://www.trinidadexpress.com/news/PMlocal/pm-pays-tribute-to-Ulriculric-Crosscross/article_f0fb4d04-2265841615b1a-553e-880f-8a67eb300f97.html "PM pays tribute to Ulric Cross"], ''Trinidad Express Newspapers'', 5 October 2013. Retrieved 8 April 2023.</ref>

In the United Kingdom, from 1990 to 1993, Ulric Cross served as High Commissioner for Trinidad and Tobago at the [[Court of St James's]], UK, combining the position with that of Ambassador to both [[Germany]] and [[France]].<ref name=UWI /> Previously, he had been appointed Chairmanchairman of the [[Commonwealth Foundation]] in 1983.<ref name=CommonwealthSecretariat />

During his final return to Trinidad and Tobago, Ulric Cross in April 1993 co-founded --– with his colleague, Desmond Allum [[Senior Counsel|SC]] in April 1993 --– the charitable non-profit organization called the Cotton Tree Foundation (CTF),<ref>[http://thecottontree.org/ The Cotton Tree Foundation.]</ref> that still today works with some of the most deprived communities in Port-of-Spain in order to combat high levels of poverty and unemployment through counselling, self-help, education and training projects. On his 90th birthday in 2007, the Ulric Cross Cotton Tree Endowment Fund was launched,<ref name=Endowment /> expanding the work of the Cotton Tree Foundation to include a legal aid clinic, a community sports programme and an art and music programme.<ref>[http://wwwarchives.newsday.co.tt/news2007/05/02/cross-celebrates/0,56462.html "Cross celebrates"], ''Newsday'', 2 May 2007. 21 April 2023.</ref>

During these years also, as Squadron Leader Cross, he served as Presidentpresident of the [[Royal Air Forces Association]] Trinidad and Tobago Branch No. 1075 (established on 17 April 1953) from 2009 until his death in 2013.<ref>[http://wwwarchives.newsday.co.tt/features2012/05/23/cross-re-elected-to-lead-rafa/0,160603.html "Cross re-elected to lead RAFA"], ''Newsday'', 23 May 2012. Retrieved 21 April 2023.</ref> As President he was very active in the running of the Branch and inspired the vision to build a Military Veterans Complex for all veterans of military service on the Branch's property at 20 Queen's Park East, Belmont, Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago.<ref>[http://wwwarchives.newsday.co.tt/news2013/10/08/rafa-hails-justice-cross/0,184707.html "RAFA hails Justice Cross"], ''Newsday'', 8 October 2013. Retrieved 21 April 2023.</ref>

Ulric Cross was the recipient of many awards and accolades. In 2011, at Trinidad and Tobago’sTobago's 49th Independence Day celebrations,<ref>[http://wwwarchives.newsday.co.tt/editorial2011/09/01/in-their-honour/0,146548.html "In their honour"], ''Newsday'', 1 September 2011. Retrieved 21 April 2023.</ref> he received the [[Order of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago]], the nation's highest award,<ref>[http://www.news.gov.tt/index.php?news=9156 "48 National Awards – Four receive T&T's highest award"]. Government of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago, 30 August 2011.</ref> for distinguished and outstanding service in the sphere of law.<ref>[http://www.gisltd.tt/sites/default/files/National%20Awards%202011%20Awardees.pdf National Awards 2011.]</ref><ref name=Swamber>Keino Swamber, [http://www.trinidadexpress.com/news/OF_THE_HIGHEST_ORDER-128722723.html "Of the Highest Order"], ''Trinidad Express Newspapers'', 30 August 2011.</ref><ref>[http://www.guardian.co.tt/news/2011/08/31/highest-awards-sabga-cross-bhagwansingh-0 "Highest awards for Sabga, Cross, Bhagwansingh"], ''Trinidad Guardian'', 1 September 2011.</ref> In June 2011, the Piarco Air Station was renamed the Ulric Cross Air Station.<ref name=Swamber /><ref>Zahra Gordon, [http://www.trinidadexpress.com/featured-news/A_hero_s_honour__Justice_Ulric_Cross-126231778.html "A hero's honour: Justice Ulric Cross"], ''Trinidad Express Newspapers'', 27 July 2011.</ref> In July 2011 the President of Trinidad and Tobago. [[George Maxwell Richards]], presented Cross with the Heroes Foundation first heroes medallion,<ref name=Swamber /> and in 2012 a comic book entitled ''And Justice For All, The True Story Of A Local Hero'' was published in his honour by the Heroes Foundation, in their "Heroes of a Nation" series.<ref name=CTNT>[http://www.ctntworld.com/cnews2/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2974:heroes-foundation-features-ulric-cross&catid=137&Itemid=707 "Heroes Foundation Features Ulric Cross"], Caribbean New Media Group, 23 December 2012.</ref><ref>[http://www.guardian.co.tt/news/2012-12-23/cross-hero-heroes-foundation "Cross is a hero of the Heroes Foundation"], ''Trinidad Guardian'', Guardian Media, 23 December 2012.</ref>

Ulric Cross's remarkable life and career isachievements are chronicled in a feature film that has won several international awards. Directed by [[Frances-Anne Solomon]]<ref>Essiba Small, [http://www.trinidadexpress.com/woman-magazine/Frances-Anne-200681121.html "Frances-Anne Solomon Illuminating the history of Caribbean people"], ''Trinidad Express Newspapers'', 29 March 2013.</ref><ref>[http://pennantmediagroup.com/en/award-winning-filmmaker-producer-and-founder-of-caribbeantales-frances-anne-solomon-to-receive-heritage-award-at-the-2014-planet-africa-awards-gala/ "Award-winning filmmaker, producer and Founder of CaribbeanTales Frances-Anne Solomon, to receive Heritage Award at the 2014 Planet Africa Awards Gala"], Pennant Media Group, 5 November 2014.</ref> and entitled ''[[Hero: Inspired by the Extraordinary Life and Times of Mr. Ulric Cross]]'', it was first released in 2019.<!--dead refs<ref>Tambay A. Obenson, [http://www.indiewire.com/2014/04/feature-inspired-by-life-of-trinidadian-war-hero-lawyer-diplomat-ulric-cross-in-production-160509/ "Feature Inspired By Life Of Trinidadian War Hero, Lawyer, Diplomat, Ulric Cross, In Production"], IndieWire, 22 April 2014.</ref>--><!-- dead link<ref>Maya Cross-Lovelace, [http://francesannesolomon.net/heroforalltime/ "A HEROic Inspiration"], 26 April 2013.</ref>--><ref>[https://francesannesolomon.com/portfolio_page/hero/ ''Hero''], Frances-Anne Solomon website.</ref><ref>[https://www.facebook.com/pages/HERO-A-Feature-Documentary-inspired-by-the-Life-of-Ulric-Cross/502247603144792?ref=stream "HERO – A Feature Documentary inspired by the Life of Ulric Cross".]</ref><ref>Raphael John-Lall, [http://www.guardian.co.tt/business-guardian/2013-05-01/corporate-tt-not-investing-filmmaking "Corporate T&T not investing in filmmaking"], ''Guardian Media'', 2 May 2013.</ref><ref>[http://arcthemagazine.com/arc/2013/10/hero-film-extends-condolences-on-the-death-of-ulric-cross/ "HERO Film Extends Condolences on the Death of Ulric Cross"], ''ARC Magazine'', 13 October 2013.</ref><ref>[https://heroulriccross.com/ ''Hero''] at Caribbean Tales.</ref>

Cross hashad two daughters --— Nicola Cross, a filmmaker, and [[Sue Woodford-Hollick, Lady Hollick|Susan Woodford-Hollick]], an arts administrator --— and a son, Richard Finch, an educator who currently works in South Africa.<ref name="Guardian 5 October 2013" /><ref>{{cite news|url=http://archives.newsday.co.tt/2013/10/05/ulric-cross-ace-airman/|title=Ulric Cross, ace airman|date=5 October 2013|newspaper=Newsday}}</ref>

Ulric Cross died, aged 96, on 4 October 2013 at his home on Dere Street, Port of Spain, where, in his retirement, he lived with his daughter Nicola.<ref name="Guardian 5 October 2013">[http://guardian.co.tt/news/2013-10-05/ulric-cross-dies-96 "Ulric Cross dies at 96"], ''Trinidad and Tobago Guardian'', 5 October 2013.</ref><ref>Carla Bridglal, [https://archive.today/20131005100815/http://www.trinidadexpress.com/news/Ulric-Cross-dies-at-96-226540861.html "Ulric Cross dies at 96"], ''Trinidad Express Newspapers'', 4 October 2013.</ref><ref>[http://www.newsday.co.tt/news/0,184554.html "Ulric Cross dies"], ''Newsday'', 5 October 2013.</ref> A memorial service in his honour was held at [[Memorial Park, Port of Spain]], on 10 October 2013.<ref>[http://archives.newsday.co.tt/news2013/10/07/funeral-for-justice-cross-on-thursday/0,184654.html "Funeral for Justice Cross on Thursday"], ''Newsday'', 7 October 2013. Retrieved 21 April 2023.</ref><ref>Miranda La Rose, [http://wwwarchives.newsday.co.tt/news2013/10/12/decorated-world-war-veteran-ulric-cross-cremated/0,184915.html "Decorated World War veteran, Ulric Cross, cremated"], ''Newsday'', 12 October 2013. Retrieved 21 April 2023.</ref> Paying tribute to Cross at the service, the British High Commissioner said: "Without the help of servicemen from the Commonwealth (like Cross), the outcome of World War II would have been entirely different."<ref>Yvonne Baboolal, [http://guardian.co.tt/news/2013-10-12/carmona-hard-act-follow "Carmona: A hard act to follow"], ''Trinidad & Tobago Guardian'', 12 October 2013.</ref>

On 8 February 2014, a tribute to Ulric Cross was held in London by the Trinidad and Tobago High Commission at [[St Peter's Church, Eaton Square]],<ref>[http://www.tthighcommission.co.uk/attachments/article/97/LM_vol66_supplement.pdf "A Tribute to Justice Philip Louis Ulric Cross ORTT, CM, DSO, DFC"]. ''London Mission'', Trinidad and Tobago High Commission, Newsletter Supplement (including speeches delivered).</ref> where the High Commissioner, His Excellency Garvin Nicholas spoke, saying: "Justice Ulric Cross was a man who not only served Trinidad and Tobago tirelessly, but dedicated his existence to the preservation of justice and democracy on an international scale&nbsp;... His was a distinguished life, a life very well lived. Now more than ever, our society dearly needs role models like Justice Ulric Cross."<ref>[http://www.news.gov.tt/content/tt-high-commissioner-calls-new-generation-role-models#.V4icQdIrLZ4 "TT High Commissioner calls for a new generation of role models"], Government of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago, 8 February 2014.</ref>

* "The Administration of Legal Systems in Developing CountiresCountries" (Law and Development Seminar at the [[University of Papua New Guinea]])

<!--already in refs* [http://www.trinidadexpress.com/news/PM-pays-tribute-to-Ulric-Cross-226584161.html "PM pays tribute to Ulric Cross"], ''Trinidad Express Newspapers'', 5 October 2013.

* [httphttps://www.newsdaytelegraph.co.ttuk/news/0,184558obituaries/10365034/Ulric-Cross.html "Ulric Cross, ace airman" (obituary)], ''Newsday[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]'', 58 October 2013.-->

[[Category:Royal20th-century AirTrinidad Forceand personnelTobago of World War IIjudges]]

[[Category:PeopleRoyal fromAir PortForce personnel of SpainWorld War II]]