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delete poor quality reference. This book has been reviewed as containing "many errors of fact, misleading simplification of material and references that are frequently inadequate, inappropriate or dated.". See Barbara Watson Andaya in Crossroads: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Southeast Asian Studies Vol. 10, No. 1 (1996), pp. 152-155. Therefore, as per WP:HSC, this is not an RS. See https://www.jstor.org/stable/40860555%7Cdate=June 2022
→Origin: Deleted as: Johnstone does not really address the possibility of an Austranesian origin of the lateen, Shaffer is a bad reference and Hourani says that it is an open question, whilst his editor in the latest reprint notes that there is good evidence for a "Romano-Egyptian" origin of the lateen rig. Johnstone note the 4th century BC Kyrenia ship probably has a mast that is forward of amidships, so may well be fore and aft rigged.
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The sail might be a derivative of the older Austronesian triangular [[crab-claw sail]]. It developed from the fixed mast version of the crab-claw sail and is functionally identical, with the only difference being that the upper and bottom spars of the tanja sail do not converge into a point in the leading edge.<ref name="Campbell">{{cite journal |last1=Campbell |first1=I.C. |title=The Lateen Sail in World History |journal=Journal of World History |date=1995 |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=1–23 |jstor=20078617 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20078617}}</ref><ref name="Horridge1986">{{cite journal |last1=Horridge |first1=Adrian |title=The Evolution of Pacific Canoe Rigs |journal=The Journal of Pacific History |date=April 1986 |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=83–99 |doi=10.1080/00223348608572530 |jstor=25168892 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25168892}}</ref>
 
Early contact with [[Arab people|Arab]] ships in the Indian Ocean during Austronesian voyages is believed to have resulted in the development of the triangular Arabic [[lateen]] sail. Mahdi (1999) believed that in turn, Arab ships may have influenced the development of the Austronesian rectangular tanja sail.<ref name="Mahdi1999">{{cite book|author=Mahdi, Waruno|editor =Blench, Roger |editor2=Spriggs, Matthew|title =Archaeology and Language III: Artefacts languages, and texts|chapter =The Dispersal of Austronesian boat forms in the Indian Ocean|volume = 34|publisher =Routledge|series =One World Archaeology |year =1999|page=144-179|isbn =0415100542}}</ref> However, there are also historians who disagree with this. Johnstone, Shaffer, and [[George Hourani|Hourani]] considered this sail as a genuine invention of the Nusantaran people, which in turn influenced the Arabs to develop their lateen sail.<ref name="Hourani 1951" />{{rp|102-103}}<ref name="Johnstone 1980">{{Cite book|title=The Seacraft of Prehistory|last=Johnstone|first=Paul|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=1980|isbn=978-0674795952|location=Cambridge}}</ref>{{rp|191-192}} A research by Lynn White concludes that the Arab and Indian lateen sail may have been an adaptation of the lateen sail from the Portuguese ships ([[caravel]]), which arrived post-1498.<ref>White, Lynn (1978), "The Diffusion of the Lateen Sail". ''Medieval Religion and Technology. Collected Essays'', University of California Press, pp. 255-260.</ref> According to H. Warington Smyth, the Malay tanja sail is an adaptation and development of the primitive square sail, with boom at the head and the foot. The Malay tilted the sail forward, to bring the tack right to the deck, turning the sail into the most powerful of lifting sails on a wind.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Smyth|first=H. Warington|date=May 16, 1902|title=Boats and Boat Building in the Malay Peninsula|journal=Journal of the Society of Arts|volume=50|pages=570–588|via=JSTOR}}</ref>
 
==Characteristics==
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