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{{Redirect|Layar tanjong|for the cape in western Java|Tanjung Layar}}
{{short description|Oblique quadrilateral sail from south east Asia}}
[[File:Iranun Lanong warship by Rafael Monleón (1890).jpg|thumb|A [[lanong]] with three tanja sails of the [[Iranun people]]. of the [[Philippines]]]]
[[File:Micronesian canoes, Humboldt Forum 2021, Overview2.jpg|thumb|The "Luf Boat", a [[Micronesians|Micronesian]] [[catamaran]] with tanja sails in the [[Humboldt Forum]], obtained in 1903 from Luf Island, [[Hermit Islands]], [[Bismarck Archipelago]]]]
'''Tanja sail''' ([[Malay language|Malay]]: ''layar tanjak'') or '''tanja rig''' is a type of sail commonly used by the [[Austronesian peoples|Austronesian people]], particularly in [[Maritime Southeast Asia]]. It is also known as the '''tilted square sail''', '''canted rectangular sail''', '''rectangular balance lug''', or '''[[Lug sail#Types|balance lug sail]]''' in English.<ref name="hawkins">{{cite book|author=Hawkins, Clifford W.|title =Praus of Indonesia|publisher =Nautical Books|year =1982|page=47}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Liebner |first1=Horst |title=Remarks on the terminology of boatbuilding and seamanship in some languages of Southern Sulawesi |journal=Indonesia Circle. School of Oriental & African Studies. Newsletter |date=November 1992 |volume=21 |issue=59–60 |pages=18–44 |doi=10.1080/03062849208729790}}</ref><ref name="Hourani 1951">{{Cite book|title=Arab Seafaring in the Indian Ocean in Ancient and Early Medieval Times|last=Hourani|first=George Fadlo|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1951|location=New Jersey}}</ref>{{rp|102-103}}<ref name="needham volume 4 part 3 4642">Needham, Joseph (1971). ''Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part III: Civil Engineering and Nautics''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</ref>{{Rp|608}} In historical sources, a tanja sail is sometimes incorrectly to referred to as a [[Lateen Sail|lateen sail]] or simply [[square sail]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Charting the Course of Early Modern Southeast Asia|last=Reid|first=Anthony|publisher=Silkworm Books|year=2000|isbn=9747551063}}</ref>
 
==Etymology==
[[File:Samudra Raksa dari belakang, dengan layar terkembang seperti sayap angsa.jpg|thumb|[[Samudra Raksa]] [[Point_of_sail#Running_downwind|running before the wind]], with "[[goosewing]]" sail configuration (receiving wind from aft).]]▼
Also called '''tanjaq''', '''tanjak''', '''tanja'''<nowiki/>', '''tanjong''', or '''tanjung''' sail. The [[Mandar people]] call it ''sombal tanjaq'' because when the wind blows the lower part of the sail (''peloang'') would "''mattanjaq''" (lit. "kick").<ref name="hawkins" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gatra.com/rubrik/budaya/294600-padewakang-kapal-rempah-pertama-nusantara|title=Padewakang the Spice Ship of Nusantara|last=Haryadi|first=Rohmat|date=13 November 2017|website=Gatra|access-date=20 June 2018}}</ref> In colonial British records, it is sometimes written as "lyre ''tanjong''", a misspelling of ''layar tanjong'' (''layar'' means "sail" in [[Malay language|Malay]]; ''layag'' in [[Philippine languages]]).<ref name="folkard">{{cite book|author=Folkard, H.C.|title =The Sailing Boat: A Treatise on English and Foreign Boats|publisher =Longman, Green, Longman, and Roberts|year =1863|pages=216, 221, 222|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=CV4BAAAAQAAJ&q=lyre&pg=PA221}}</ref><ref name="hawkins" />
 
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There are several different theories regarding the origin of tanja sail.
 
The sail might be a derivative of the older Austronesian triangular [[crab-claw sail]]. It developed from the fixed mast version of the crab-claw sail and is functionally identical, with the only difference being that the upper and bottom spars of the tanja sail do not converge into a point in the leading edge.<ref name="Campbell">{{cite journal |last1=Campbell |first1=I.C. |title=The Lateen Sail in World History |journal=Journal of World History |date=1995 |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=1–23 |jstor=20078617 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20078617}}</ref><ref name="Horridge1986">{{cite journal |last1=Horridge |first1=Adrian |title=The Evolution of Pacific Canoe Rigs |journal=The Journal of Pacific History |date=April 1986 |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=83–99 |doi=10.1080/00223348608572530 |jstor=25168892 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25168892}}</ref>{{rp|98-99}}
 
Early contact with [[Arab people|Arab]] ships in the Indian Ocean during Austronesian voyages is believed to have resulted in the development of the triangular Arabic [[lateen]] sail. Mahdi (1999) believed that in turn, Arab ships may have influenced the development of the Austronesian rectangular tanja sail.<ref name="Mahdi1999">{{cite book|author=Mahdi, Waruno|editor =Blench, Roger |editor2=Spriggs, Matthew|title =Archaeology and Language III: Artefacts languages, and texts|chapter =The Dispersal of Austronesian boat forms in the Indian Ocean|volume = 34|publisher =Routledge|series =One World Archaeology |year =1999|page=144-179|isbn =0415100542}}</ref> However, there are also historians who disagree with this. Johnstone, Shaffer, and [[George Hourani|Hourani]] considered this sail as a genuine invention of the Nusantaran people, which in turn influenced the Arabs to develop their lateen sail.<ref name=":Shaffer">Shaffer, Lynda Norene (1996). ''Maritime Southeast Asia to 1500.'' M.E. Sharpe.</ref>{{rp|13}}<ref name="Hourani 1951" />{{rp|102-103}}<ref name="Johnstone 1980">{{Cite book|title=The Seacraft of Prehistory|last=Johnstone|first=Paul|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=1980|isbn=978-0674795952|location=Cambridge}}</ref>{{rp|191-192}} A research by Lynn White concludes that the Arab and Indian lateen sail may have been an adaptation of the lateen sail from the Portuguese ships ([[caravel]]), which arrived post-1498.<ref>White, Lynn (1978), "The Diffusion of the Lateen Sail". ''Medieval Religion and Technology. Collected Essays'', University of California Press, pp. 255-260.</ref> According to H. Warington Smyth, the Malay tanja sail is an adaptation and development of the primitive square sail, with boom at the head and the foot. The Malay tilted the sail forward, to bring the tack right to the deck, turning the sail into the most powerful of lifting sails on a wind.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Smyth|first=H. Warington|date=May 16, 1902|title=Boats and Boat Building in the Malay Peninsula|journal=Journal of the Society of Arts|volume=50|pages=570–588|via=JSTOR}}</ref>
 
==Characteristics==
[[File:Paduakan ships of Celebes (1863).png|thumb|1863 illustration of ''[[padewakang]]'' ships in [[Sulawesi]] with furled and unfurled tanja sails]]
Tanja sail can be distinguished by its canted/oblique design. The sail face is [[Asymmetry|asymmetrical]] in shape and most of the area is elongated to the sides, rather than upward like those of [[lug sail]].
[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Halmahera Pakata Tobelo (voorgrond) en rorehe TMnr 10010571.jpg|thumb|A ''[[kora-kora]]'' from [[Halmahera]], [[Maluku Islands]] (c. 1920) with a tanja sail]]
The 3rd century book "''Strange Things of the South''" (南州異物志) by Wan Chen (萬震) describes large ships which originates from ''K'un-lun'' (Southern country, either [[Java]] or [[Sumatra]]). The ships called ''[[K'un-lun po]]'' (or ''K'un-lun bo''). He explains the ship's sail design as follows:▼
 
Tanja sail can be distinguished by its canted/oblique design. The sail face is [[Asymmetry|asymmetrical]] in shape and most of the area is elongated to the sides, rather than upward like those of [[lug sail]]. Tanja sails were rigged similarly to crab claw sails and also had spars on both the head and the foot of the sails; but they were square or rectangular with the spars not converging into a point.<ref name="Campbell" /><ref name="Horridge1986" /> They are generally mounted on one or two (rarely three) bipod or tripod masts, usually made from thick [[bamboo]].<ref name="Pelras"/><ref name="Burningham">{{cite book |last1=Burningham |first1=Nick |editor1-first=Angela|editor1-last= Schottenhammer |chapter=Shipping of the Indian Ocean World |title=Early global interconnectivity across the Indian Ocean world. Volume 2: Exchange of ideas, religions, and technologies |date=2019 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=9783319978017 |pages=141–202}}</ref><ref name="Chaudhuri">{{cite book |last1=Chaudhuri |first1=K.N. |title=Trade and Civilisation in the Indian Ocean: An Economic History from the Rise of Islam to 1750 |date=1985 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521285421 |page=152}}</ref> The masts have curved heads with grooves for attaching the [[halyard]]s. The lower part of two of the bamboo poles of the mast assembly have holes that are aligned and slotted across a piece of timber, functioning as a hinge. The forward part of the mast assembly had a forelock. By unlocking it, the masts can be lowered across the ship.<ref name="Pelras"/>
<blockquote>The four sails do not face directly forward, but are set obliquely, and so arranged that they can all be fixed in the same direction, to receive the wind and to spill it. Those sails which are behind the most windward one receiving the pressure of the wind, throw it from one to the other, so that they all profit from its force. If it is violent, (the sailors) diminish or augment the surface of the sails according to the conditions. This oblique rig, which permits the sails to receive from one another the breath of the wind, obviates the anxiety attendant upon having high masts. Thus these ships sail without avoiding strong winds and dashing waves, by the aid of which they can make great speed.<br>— Wan Chen, "''[[Yiwu Zhi|Strange Things of the South]]''"<ref>''[[Yiwu Zhi|Strange Things of the South]]'', Wan Chen, from Robert Temple</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Manguin|first=Pierre-Yves|date=1993|title=Trading Ships of the South China Sea. Shipbuilding Techniques and Their Role in the History of the Development of Asian Trade Networks|journal=Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient|pages=253–280}}</ref>{{rp|262}}</blockquote>▼
 
Despite the similarity of its appearance to western square rigs, the tanja is a fore-and-aft rig functioning similar to a [[lugsail]]. The sail was suspended from the upper spar ("yard"), while the lower spar functioned like a boom.<ref name="Pelras"/> When set fore-and-aft, the spars extend forward of the mast by about a third. When running before the wind, they are set perpendicular to the hull, similar to a square rig.<ref name="Paine">{{cite book |last1=Paine |first1=Lincoln |title=The Sea and Civilization: A Maritime History of the World |date=2013 |publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group |isbn=9780307962256 |page=286}}</ref> The sail can be rotated around the mast (lessening the need for steering with the rudders) and tilted to move the center of pull forward or aft. The sail can even be tilted completely horizontally, lifting the bow above incoming waves. The sail is [[reefing|reefed]] by rolling it around the lower spar.<ref name="Pelras">{{cite book |last1=Pelras |first1=Christian |title=The Bugis |date=1997 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=9780631172314 |pages=258–259}}</ref>
The invention of this type of sail made sailing around western coast of Africa possible, because of its ability to sail against the wind.<ref name="Johnstone 1980" />{{rp|191-192}} As noted by Shaffer:<blockquote>"The Malays were also the first to use balance-lug sail, an invention of global significance. Balance-lugs are square sails set fore and aft and tilted down at the end. They can be pivoted sideways, which makes it possible to sail into the oncoming wind at an angle to tack against the wind — to sail at an angle first one way and then the other, in a zigzag pattern, so as to go in the direction from which the wind is blowing. Because of the way the sides of the sail were tilted, from a distance it looked somewhat triangular.... It is thus quite likely that the Malay balance-lug was the inspiration for the triangular [[lateen]] sail, which was developed by sailors living on either side of the Malays, the Polynesians to their east and the Arabs to their west.<br><br>Precisely when the Polynesians and the Arabs began using the lateen sail remains unknown, but it would seem to have been in the last centuries B.C.E. It is known that the Arabs in the vicinity of the Indian Ocean were accomplished sailors by the first century C.E. and both they and the Polynesians apparently had the lateen sail by then"<ref name=":Shaffer" />{{rp|13}}</blockquote>
 
In addition to the tanja sails, ships with the tanja rigs also have [[bowsprit]]s set with a quadrilateral [[headsail]], sometimes also canted as depicted in the [[Borobudur ship]]s.<ref name="Paine"/> In the colonial era, these were replaced by triangular western-style [[jib]]s (often several in later periods), and the tanja sails themselves were slowly replaced with western rigs like [[gaff rig]]s.<ref name="Pelras"/>
 
▲The 3rd century book "''Strange Things of the South''" (南州異物志) by Wan Chen (萬震) describes large ships which originates from ''K'un-lun'' (Southern country, either [[Java]] or [[Sumatra]]). The ships called ''[[K'un-lun po]]'' (or ''K'un-lun bo''). He explains the ship's sail design as follows:
 
▲<blockquote>The four sails do not face directly forward, but are set obliquely, and so arranged that they can all be fixed in the same direction, to receive the wind and to spill it. Those sails which are behind the most windward one receiving the pressure of the wind, throw it from one to the other, so that they all profit from its force. If it is violent, (the sailors) diminish or augment the surface of the sails according to the conditions. This oblique rig, which permits the sails to receive from one another the breath of the wind, obviates the anxiety attendant upon having high masts. Thus these ships sail without avoiding strong winds and dashing waves, by the aid of which they can make great speed.<br>— Wan Chen, "''[[YiwuNánzhōu Zhi|Yìwùzhì'' (''Strange Things of the South]]''")<ref>''[[Yiwu{{Cite Zhibook|Strangetitle=The ThingsGenius of theChina: South]]'',3000 WanYears Chenof Science, fromDiscovery Invention|last=Temple|first=Robert|publisher=Andre TempleDeutsch|year=2007|location=London}}</ref>{{rp|207}}<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Manguin|first=Pierre-Yves|date=1993|title=Trading Ships of the South China Sea. Shipbuilding Techniques and Their Role in the History of the Development of Asian Trade Networks|journal=Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient|pages=253–280}}</ref>{{rp|262}}</blockquote>
 
== Usage ==
Most Southeast Asian and Austronesian vessels used the tanja sail. This type of sail may have brought Austronesian sailors as far as [[Ghana]]West Africa sometime in the 8th1st centurymillennium CE,<ref name=":0">{{Cite bookjournal |last=Dick-Read |first=Robert |date=July 2006 |title=TheIndonesia Phantomand VoyagersAfrica: Evidencequestioning ofthe Indonesianorigins Settlementof insome of Africa's most famous icons |journal=The Journal for Transdisciplinary Research in AncientSouthern Africa Times|lastvolume=Dick-Read2 |firstissue=Robert1 |publisherpages=Thurlton23–45 |yeardoi=200510.4102/td.v2i1.307 |doi-access=free}}</ref>{{rp|41}} with its feasibility proved by an expedition carried out by [[Samudra Raksa|a replica ship using such sail]] in 2003,<ref name=":0" />{{rp|31-32}} and there is probability these sailorsailors reached the New World as early as 1420 CE.<ref>Text from Fra Mauro map, 10-A13, original Italian: "Circa hi ani del Signor 1420 una naue ouer çoncho de india discorse per una trauersa per el mar de india a la uia de le isole de hi homeni e de le done de fuora dal cauo de diab e tra le isole uerde e le oscuritade a la uia de ponente e de garbin per 40 çornade, non trouando mai altro che aiere e aqua, e per suo arbitrio iscorse 2000 mia e declinata la fortuna i fece suo retorno in çorni 70 fina al sopradito cauo de diab. E acostandose la naue a le riue per suo bisogno, i marinari uedeno uno ouo de uno oselo nominato chrocho, el qual ouo era de la grandeça de una bota d'anfora." [https://web.archive.org/web/20010306061134/http://geoweb.venezia.sbn.it/geoweb/Hsl/FraMauro/FMnumerico.html]</ref><ref>Carta IX, 1 April 1512. In Pato, Raymundo Antonio de Bulhão (1884). ''[https://archive.org/details/cartasdeaffonso03albugoog/page/n98/mode/2up?q Cartas de Affonso de Albuquerque, Seguidas de Documentos que as Elucidam tomo I]'' (pp. 29–65). Lisboa: Typographia da Academia Real das Sciencas. p. 64.</ref>{{Better source needed|date=March 2022|reason=The current source is insufficiently reliable ([[WP:NOTRS]]). Need proper academic source such as journal or book.}} Some examples of vessels that use tanja sails include:▼
▲[[File:Samudra Raksa dari belakang, dengan layar terkembang seperti sayap angsa.jpg|thumb|[[Samudra Raksa]] with "goosewing" sail configuration.]]
▲Most Southeast Asian and Austronesian vessels used the tanja sail. This type of sail brought Austronesian sailors as far as [[Ghana]] in the 8th century,<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Phantom Voyagers: Evidence of Indonesian Settlement in Africa in Ancient Times|last=Dick-Read|first=Robert|publisher=Thurlton|year=2005}}</ref> and there is probability these sailor reached the New World as early as 1420 CE.<ref>Text from Fra Mauro map, 10-A13, original Italian: "Circa hi ani del Signor 1420 una naue ouer çoncho de india discorse per una trauersa per el mar de india a la uia de le isole de hi homeni e de le done de fuora dal cauo de diab e tra le isole uerde e le oscuritade a la uia de ponente e de garbin per 40 çornade, non trouando mai altro che aiere e aqua, e per suo arbitrio iscorse 2000 mia e declinata la fortuna i fece suo retorno in çorni 70 fina al sopradito cauo de diab. E acostandose la naue a le riue per suo bisogno, i marinari uedeno uno ouo de uno oselo nominato chrocho, el qual ouo era de la grandeça de una bota d'anfora." [https://web.archive.org/web/20010306061134/http://geoweb.venezia.sbn.it/geoweb/Hsl/FraMauro/FMnumerico.html]</ref><ref>Carta IX, 1 April 1512. In Pato, Raymundo Antonio de Bulhão (1884). ''[https://archive.org/details/cartasdeaffonso03albugoog/page/n98/mode/2up?q Cartas de Affonso de Albuquerque, Seguidas de Documentos que as Elucidam tomo I]'' (pp. 29–65). Lisboa: Typographia da Academia Real das Sciencas. p. 64.</ref>{{Better source needed|date=March 2022|reason=The current source is insufficiently reliable ([[WP:NOTRS]]). Need proper academic source such as journal or book.}} Some examples of vessels that use tanja sails include:
 
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[[Category:Sailing rigs and rigging]]
[[Category:Indonesian inventions]]
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