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Although 3...a6 was known earlier, it became popular after it was played by [[Paul Morphy]].
Steinitz did not approve of this move.
In [[1889]] he wrote "on principle this ought to be disadvantageous as it drives the bishop where it wants to go", but this is not the prevailing opinion, and today 3...a6 is played
After 3...a6,
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| Main line after 9.h3
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Now 7...d6 8.c3 O-O 9.h3 (preventing 9...Bg4, which can be awkward for White) enter the main lines of the so-called "closed" Ruy Lopez, which can be considered the main line of the opening.
White aims to play d4 followed by
Black will try to prevent this knight maneuver by expanding on the queenside, taking action in the centre, or putting pressure on e4.
Black has a variety of choices here, the most commonly played options being 9...Na5 (the '''Chigorin Variation''', freeing the pawn to go to c5), 9...Nb8 (the '''Breyer Variation''', rerouting the knight to d7), 9...h6 (the '''Smyslov Variation'''), 9...Bb7 (the '''Zaitsev Variation''', preparing to put more pressure on e4 after 10.d4 Re8 11.Nbd2 Bf8), 9...Nd7, and 9...Be6.
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=====Marshall Attack=====
One of Black's more aggressive alternatives is the '''Marshall Attack''': after 3...a6 4.Ba4 Nf6 5.O-O Be7 6.Re1 b5 7.Bb3 O-O 8.c3 Black plays 8...d5, sacrificing a pawn with 9.exd5 Nxd5 10.Nxe5 Nxe5 11.Rxe5. In exchange, Black has an attack on White's king: 11...c6 12.d4 Bd6 13.Re1 Qh4 14.g3 Qh3. This attack can be quite treacherous for White. In game 8 of the World Championship in 2004 between [[Vladimir Kramnik]] and [[Péter Lékó]], Kramnik succumbed to Black's attack. White often avoids the Marshall Attack by playing one of the anti-Marshall systems, 8.a4 or 8.h3 instead of 8.c3.
The Marshall Attack was introduced by [[Frank Marshall]] in a famous game against [[Capablanca]] in [[1918]].
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