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{{distinguish|Ruthenium}}
{{infobox rutherfordium}}
'''Rutherfordium''' is a [[synthetic element|synthetic chemical element]]; it has [[Chemical symbol|symbol]] '''Rf''' and [[atomic number]] 104. It is named after [[physicist]] [[Ernest Rutherford]]. As a synthetic element, it is not found in nature and can only be made in a [[particle accelerator]]. It is [[radioactive]]; the most stable known [[isotope]], <sup>267</sup>Rf, has a [[half-life]] of about 48 minutes.
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===Discovery===
Rutherfordium was reportedly [[discovery of the chemical elements|first detected]] in 1964 at the [[Joint Institute for Nuclear Research]] at [[Dubna]] ([[Soviet Union]] at the time). Researchers there bombarded a [[plutonium]]-242 target with [[neon]]-22 [[ion]]s; a [[spontaneous fission]] activity with half-life 0.3 ± 0.1 seconds was detected and assigned to <sup>260</sup>104. Later work found no isotope of element 104 with this half-life, so that this assignment must be considered incorrect.<ref name="93TWG">{{cite journal |title =Discovery of the transfermium elements. Part II: Introduction to discovery profiles. Part III: Discovery profiles of the transfermium elements |date = 1993 |author= Barber, R. C. |author2=Greenwood, N. N. |author3=Hrynkiewicz, A. Z. |author4=Jeannin, Y. P. |author5=Lefort, M. |author6=Sakai, M. |author7=Ulehla, I. |author8=Wapstra, A. P. |author9= Wilkinson, D. H. |journal = Pure and Applied Chemistry| volume = 65 |issue = 8 |pages = 1757–1814 |doi = 10.1351/pac199365081757|s2cid = 195819585 |doi-access= free }}</ref>
In :{{nuclide|plutonium|242}} + {{nuclide|neon|22}} → {{nuclide|rutherfordium|264−''x''}} → {{nuclide|rutherfordium|264−''x''}}Cl<sub>4</sub>
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|dm=IT
|year=2016
|re=<sup>258</sup>Db({{SubatomicParticle|link=yes|Electron}},{{SubatomicParticle|link=yes|Electron Neutrino}})<ref name="258Db">{{cite journal |
}}
{{isotopes summary/isotope
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|dm=SF
|year=1978
|re=<sup>244</sup>Pu(<sup>22</sup>Ne,4n), <br /><sup>248</sup>Cm(<sup>18</sup>Ne,4n)<ref>{{cite journal |
}}
{{isotopes summary/isotope
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|sym=Rf
|hl={{sort|00008.0|8 s}}
|ref=<ref>{{cite journal |
|dm=SF
|year=2008
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|dm=SF
|year=2007?
|re=<sup>266</sup>Db({{SubatomicParticle|link=yes|Electron}},{{SubatomicParticle|link=yes|Electron Neutrino}})?<ref name="Rf266">{{cite journal |doi=10.1103/PhysRevC.76.011601 |date=2007 |issue=1 |page=011601 |volume=76 |journal=Physical Review C |title=Synthesis of the isotope 282113 in the Np237+Ca48 fusion reaction |author=Oganessian, Yu. Ts. | display-authors=1 |bibcode = 2007PhRvC..76a1601O |last2=Utyonkov |first2=V. |last3=Lobanov |first3=Yu. |last4=Abdullin |first4=F. |last5=Polyakov |first5=A. |last6=Sagaidak |first6=R. |last7=Shirokovsky |first7=I. |last8=Tsyganov |first8=Yu. |last9=Voinov |first9=A.
}}
{{isotopes summary/isotope
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|sym=Rf
|hl={{sort|02880.0|48 min}}
|ref=<ref name=
|dm=SF
|year=2004
|re=<sup>271</sup>Sg(—,α)<ref name="springerlink1">{{cite book |author=Hofmann, S. |title=The Euroschool Lectures on Physics with Exotic Beams, Vol. III Lecture Notes in Physics |publisher=Springer |date= 2009 |pages=203–252 |doi=10.1007/978-3-540-85839-3_6 |volume=764|chapter=Superheavy Elements
}}
{{isotopes summary/isotope
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===Stability and half-lives===
Out of isotopes whose half-lives are known, the lighter isotopes usually have shorter half-lives; half-lives of under 50 μs for <sup>253</sup>Rf and <sup>254</sup>Rf were observed. <sup>256</sup>Rf, <sup>258</sup>Rf, <sup>260</sup>Rf are more stable at around 10 ms, <sup>255</sup>Rf, <sup>257</sup>Rf, <sup>259</sup>Rf, and <sup>262</sup>Rf live between 1 and 5 seconds, and <sup>261</sup>Rf, <sup>265</sup>Rf, and <sup>263</sup>Rf are more stable, at around 1.1, 1.5, and 10 minutes respectively. The heaviest isotopes are the most stable, with <sup>267</sup>Rf having a measured half-life of about 48 minutes.<ref name=
The lightest isotopes were synthesized by direct fusion between two lighter nuclei and as decay products. The heaviest isotope produced by direct fusion is <sup>262</sup>Rf; heavier isotopes have only been observed as decay products of elements with larger atomic numbers. The heavy isotopes <sup>266</sup>Rf and <sup>268</sup>Rf have also been reported as [[electron capture]] daughters of the [[dubnium]] isotopes <sup>266</sup>Db and <sup>268</sup>Db, but have short half-lives to [[spontaneous fission]]. It seems likely that the same is true for <sup>270</sup>Rf, a possible daughter of <sup>270</sup>Db.<ref name="270Rf">{{cite book|last=Stock|first=Reinhard|title=Encyclopedia of Nuclear Physics and its Applications|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zVrdAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT305|date=13 September 2013|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-3-527-64926-6|page=305|oclc=867630862}}</ref> These three isotopes remain unconfirmed.
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Rutherfordium is the first [[transactinide element]] and the second member of the 6d series of transition metals. Calculations on its [[ionization potential]]s, [[atomic radius]], as well as radii, orbital energies, and ground levels of its ionized states are similar to that of [[hafnium]] and very different from that of [[lead]]. Therefore, it was concluded that rutherfordium's basic properties will resemble those of other [[group 4 element]]s, below [[titanium]], [[zirconium]], and hafnium.<ref name="Rf263" /><ref name="Kratz03" /> Some of its properties were determined by gas-phase experiments and aqueous chemistry. The oxidation state +4 is the only stable state for the latter two elements and therefore rutherfordium should also exhibit a stable +4 state.<ref name="Kratz03" /> In addition, rutherfordium is also expected to be able to form a less stable +3 state.<ref name="Haire" /> The [[standard reduction potential]] of the Rf<sup>4+</sup>/Rf couple is predicted to be higher than −1.7 V.{{Fricke1975}}
Initial predictions of the chemical properties of rutherfordium were based on calculations which indicated that the relativistic effects on the electron shell might be strong enough that the [[p orbital|7p orbitals]] would have a lower energy level than the [[d orbital|6d orbitals]], giving it a [[valence electron]] configuration of 6d<sup>1</sup> 7s<sup>2</sup> 7p<sup>1</sup> or even 7s<sup>2</sup> 7p<sup>2</sup>, therefore making the element behave more like [[lead]] than hafnium. With better calculation methods and experimental studies of the chemical properties of rutherfordium compounds it could be shown that this does not happen and that rutherfordium instead behaves like the rest of the [[group 4 element]]s.<ref name="Haire" /><ref name="Kratz03">{{cite journal|doi=10.1351/pac200375010103 |url=http://stage.iupac.org/originalWeb/publications/pac/2003/pdf/7501x0103.pdf |title=Critical evaluation of the chemical properties of the transactinide elements (IUPAC Technical Report) |date=2003 |last1=Kratz |first1=J. V. |journal=Pure and Applied Chemistry |volume=75 |issue=1 |page=103 |s2cid=5172663 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726195721/http://stage.iupac.org/originalWeb/publications/pac/2003/pdf/7501x0103.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-26
In an analogous manner to zirconium and hafnium, rutherfordium is projected to form a very stable, [[refractory]] oxide, RfO<sub>2</sub>. It reacts with halogens to form tetrahalides, RfX<sub>4</sub>, which hydrolyze on contact with water to form oxyhalides RfOX<sub>2</sub>. The tetrahalides are volatile solids existing as monomeric tetrahedral molecules in the vapor phase.<ref name="Kratz03" />
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