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{{More citations needed|date=May 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Use British English|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox government agency
| name = Office of the Rail Regulator
| native_name =
The '''Rail Regulator''' was a statutory office, created with effect from 1 December 1993 by section 1 of the [[Railways Act 1993]], for the independent economic regulation of the British railway industry.▼
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| formed = {{start date and age|1 December 1993}}
| dissolved = {{start date and age|4 July 2004}}
| agency_type = [[Non-ministerial government department]]
| keydocument1 = [[Railways Act 1993]]
| headquarters =
| jurisdiction = [[United Kingdom]]
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| superseding1 = [[Office of Rail Regulation]]
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| chief1_position = Rail Regulator
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▲The '''Rail Regulator''' was a statutory office holder, created with effect from 1 December 1993 by section 1 of the [[Railways Act 1993]], for the independent economic regulation of the British railway industry. The Rail Regulator was in charge of an executive agency called the '''Office of the Rail Regulator'''.
The office was abolished from 4 July 2004, using powers under the [[Railways and Transport Safety Act 2003]], when (in line with constitutional changes made to other economic regulatory authorities) the single-person regulator model was replaced by a nine-member corporate board called the [[Office of Rail Regulation]].
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==Regulators==
The first Rail Regulator was [[John Swift QC]],<ref name="Prosser1997">{{cite book|author=Tony Prosser|title=Law and the Regulators|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GCrpGc_RZn8C&pg=PA190|year=1997|publisher=Clarendon Press|isbn=978-0-19-876391-8|page=190}}</ref><ref name="Lodge2002">{{cite book|author=Martin Lodge|title=On Different Tracks: Designing Railway Regulation in Britain and Germany|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vNLngOsWlUIC&pg=PA131|year=2002|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-275-97601-9|page=131}}</ref> who held office from 1 December 1993 until 30 November 1998. Appointed by the Conservative [[Secretary of State for Transport]], [[John MacGregor, Baron MacGregor of Pulham Market|John MacGregor]] MP, Swift had little hope of being reappointed for a second five-year term by the new Labour party [[Secretary of State for the Environment, Transport and the Regions]] and Deputy Prime Minister [[John Prescott]] MP. Prescott had announced at the Labour Party conference in September 1998 that he intended to have a "spring clean of the regulators".
Because [[Nolan Principles of Public Life|Nolan rules]] on the making of public appointments take months, Prescott appointed [[Chris Bolt]], Swift's chief economic adviser, as regulator on an interim basis from 1 December 1998 on a seven-month contract, to allow him to go through the process for a full-term appointment.
Prescott's choice for regulator was [[Tom Winsor]], a lawyer and partner in a leading City of London law firm who had shown his impatience with the poor performance of [[Railtrack]], the owner and operator of the national railway infrastructure. Winsor held office from 5 July 1999 until 4 July 2004, during some turbulent years in British railway history. In the [[2015 New Year Honours|2015 New Year Honours List]], Winsor was knighted; the citation included the following passage: "As Rail Regulator from 1999 to 2004, he substantially reformed the [railway] industry leading to major improvements in railway performance, network integrity, industry development and passenger satisfaction".<ref>{{
==Jurisdiction==
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During the final Parliamentary stages of the passage of the Railways Act 2005, the Government sustained a defeat in the House of Lords over an amendment which would have protected passenger and train operators against a diminution of infrastructure quality or performance, or being held rigidly to their contracts for the provision of railway services which assumed no such diminution, if the [[Secretary of State for Transport]] restricted funds available to [[Network Rail]]. However, the amendment was reversed the same day in the House of Commons with a much weaker provision substituted for it. The House of Lords did not insist on their original amendment, and the legislation was passed without the protections which the train operators wanted. Critics regarded this as an unjustified interference in an inter-dependent contractual matrix, contrary to the legitimate expectations of private investors in the railway.{{Citation needed|date=June 2010}}
==International Rail Regulator==
'''International Rail Regulator''' was a statutory post in the [[United Kingdom]] created by the [[Railways Regulations 1998]], concerned with access to the British track and signalling network by international railway traffic.<ref name="GourvishGourvish2004">{{cite book|author1=Terence Richard Gourvish|author2=Terry Gourvish|author3=Mike Anson|title=British Rail 1974-1997: From Integration to Privatisation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vAlCWxoV1NYC&pg=PA424|date=29 January 2004|publisher=OUP Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-926909-9|page=424}}</ref>
The post – previously held by each of the holders of the statutory position of ''Rail Regulator'' – was abolished in 2005 and the functions and duties of the International Rail Regulator were assumed by the [[Office of Rail Regulation]]. In the period between the abolition of the Rail Regulator in 2004 and the abolition of the International Rail Regulator in 2005, the office of International Rail Regulator was held by the Chair of the Office of Rail Regulation.<ref name="Committee2005">{{cite book|author=Great Britain. Parliament. House of Lords. European Union Committee|title=Liberalising Rail Freight Movement in the EU: Report with Evidence, 4th Report of Session 2004-05|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fWHmABeu9nUC&pg=RA1-PA77|date=4 March 2005|publisher=The Stationery Office|isbn=978-0-10-400626-9|page=77}}</ref>
==References==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:History of rail transport in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Defunct public bodies of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Transport policy in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:1993 establishments in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:2004 disestablishments in the United Kingdom]]
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