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==Orthography==
The alphabet was developed to write both the Hmong Der (White Hmong, RPA: ''Hmoob Dawb'') and Mong Leng (Green/Blue Mong, RPA: ''Moob Leeg'') dialects. While these dialects have much in common, each has unique sounds. Consonants and vowels found only in <span style="background:#EEE8AA">HmongWhite DerHmong</span> (denoted with †) or <span style="background:#CAFF70">Green Mong</span> (denoted with ⁂) are color-coded respectively.<ref>
 
Phonology adapted from: {{Harvcoltxt|Golston|Yang|2001}} and {{Harvcoltxt|Smalley|Vang|Yang|1990|pp=48–51}}. See also: Mortensen, David. [https://web.archive.org/web/20060906061745/http://socrates.berkeley.edu/~dmort/mong_leng_phonology.pdf "Preliminaries to Mong Leng (Hmong Njua) Phonology"] ([https://www.webcitation.org/6GOueLaJm?url=http://web.archive.org/web/20060906061745/http://socrates.berkeley.edu/~dmort/mong_leng_phonology.pdf Archive]) Unpublished, [[UC Berkeley]]. 2004.</ref> Some writers make use of variant spellings. Much as with Tosk for [[Albanian language|Albanian]], HmongWhite DerHmong was arbitrarily chosen to be the "standard" variant.
 
===Consonants and vowels===
{| class="wikitable"
|+ConsonantsOcclusive and vowelsconsonants in the Romanized Popular Alphabet
|-
!rowspan="2"| Occlusives||colspan="4"|Nasals||colspan="9"|Stops||rowspan="2" |<br>l||colspan="2"|Affricates
|-
!scope="col"|ny
!ny !!n !! m!! ml!! p!! pl !!t !!style="background:#EEE8AA"|d† !! style="background:#CAFF70"|dl⁂!! r !!c !!k !!q !! tx !!ts
!scope="col"|n
!scope="col"| m
!scope="col"| ml
!scope="col"| p
!scope="col"| pl
!scope="col"|t
!scope="col" style="background:#EEE8AA"|d†
!scope="col" style="background:#CAFF70"|dl⁂
!scope="col"| r
!scope="col"|c
!scope="col"|k
!scope="col"|q
!scope="col"| tx
!scope="col"|ts
|-
| align=center | Unmodified || align=center | {{IPA|/ɲ/}} ||align=center | {{IPA|/n/}} || align=center | {{IPA|/m/}}|| align=center| {{IPA|/mˡ/}}|| align=center | {{IPA|/p/}}|| align=center| {{IPA|/pˡ/}}|| align=center | {{IPA|/t/}}|| style="background:#EEE8AA" align=center | {{IPA|/d/}}†|| style="background:#CAFF70" align=center| {{IPA|/tˡ/}}⁂|| align=center | {{IPA|/ʈ/}}|| align=center | {{IPA|/c/}}|| align=center | {{IPA|/k/}}|| align=center | {{IPA|/q/}}|| align=center | {{IPA|/l/}}|| align=center | {{IPA|/ts/}}|| align=center | {{IPA|/ʈʂ/}}
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{| class="wikitable"
|+Fricative consonants in the Romanized Popular Alphabet
!rowspan="2"|Fricatives||colspan="2"|Labial||colspan="3"|Coronal||colspan="2"|Dorsal||colspan="1"|Glottal
|-
!scope="col"| f
! f !! v !! x !! s !! z !! y !! xy !! h
!scope="col"| v
!scope="col"| x
!scope="col"| s
!scope="col"| z
!scope="col"| xy
!scope="col"| y
!scope="col"| h
|-
| align=center | || align=center | {{IPA|/f/}} || align=center | {{IPA|/v/}} || align=center | {{IPA|/s/}} || align=center | {{IPA|/ʂ/}} || align=center | {{IPA|/ʐ/}} || align=center | {{IPA|/ʝç/}} || align=center | {{IPA|/çʝ/}} || align=center | {{IPA|/h/}}
|}
 
{| class="wikitable"
|+Vowels in the Romanized Popular Alphabet
|-
! rowspan="2"|Vowels!! colspan="6" | Monophthongs!! colspan="3" |Nasalized!! colspan="5" |Diphthongs
|-
!scope="col"| i
! i !!e !! a!! o !!u !!w !! ee !!style="background:#CAFF70"|aa⁂ !!oo !!ai !! aw !!au !!style="background:#EEE8AA"|ia†!! ua
!scope="col"|e
!scope="col"| a
!scope="col"| o
!scope="col"|u
!scope="col"|w
!scope="col"| ee
!scope="col" style="background:#CAFF70"|aa⁂
!scope="col"|oo
!scope="col"|ai
!scope="col"| aw
!scope="col"|au
!scope="col" style="background:#EEE8AA"|ia†
!scope="col"| ua
|-
| align=center | || align=center | {{IPA|/i/}} ||align=center | {{IPA|/e/}} || align=center | {{IPA|/a/}}|| align=center | {{IPA|/ɔ/}}|| align=center | {{IPA|/u/}}|| align=center | {{IPA|/ɨ/}}|| align=center | {{IPA|/ẽ/}}|| style="background:#CAFF70" align=center | {{IPA|/ã/}}⁂|| align=center | {{IPA|/ɔ̃/}}|| align=center | {{IPA|/ai/}}|| align=center | {{IPA|/aɨ/}}|| align=center | {{IPA|/au/}} || style="background:#EEE8AA" align=center | {{IPA|/iə/}}† || align=center | {{IPA|/uə/}}
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===Tones===
RPA indicates tone by letters written at the end of a syllable,<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Clark|2000|p=47}}</ref> likesimilarly to [[Gwoyeu Romatzyh]] or [[Standard Zhuang|Zhuang]], rather than with diacritics like those used in the [[Vietnamese alphabet]] or [[Pinyin]]. Unlike Vietnamese and Chinese, all Hmong syllables end in a vowel, which means that using consonant letters to indicate tone will be neither confusing nor ambiguous.
 
{|class="wikitable"
|+Tone representation in Romanized Popular Alphabet
! Tone
!scope="col"| Tone
!scope="col"| Example<ref>Examples taken from: Heimbach, Ernest H. White Hmong-English Dictionary [White Meo-English Dictionary]. 2003 ed. Ithaca, NY: Cornell Southeast Asia Program Publications, 1969. Note that many of these words have multiple meanings.</ref>
!scope="col"| Orthographic Spelling
|-
|scope="row"| High
| {{IPA|/pɔ́/}} 'ball'
|align=center| ''po'''b'''''
|-
|scope="row"| Mid
| {{IPA|/pɔ/}} 'spleen'
|align=center| ''po''
|-
|scope="row"| Low
| {{IPA|/pɔ̀/}} 'thorn'
|align=center| ''po'''s'''''
|-
|scope="row"| High falling
| {{IPA|/pɔ̂/}} 'female'
|align=center| ''po'''j'''''
|-
|scope="row"| Mid rising
| {{IPA|/pɔ̌/}} 'to throw'
|align=center| ''po'''v'''''
|-
|scope="row"| [[creaky voice|Creaky]]
| {{IPA|/pɔ̰/}} 'to see'
|align=center| ''po'''m'''''{{sup|1}}
|-
|scope="row"| Low falling [[breathy voice|breathy]]
| {{IPA|/pɔ̤/}} 'grandmother'
|align=center| ''po'''g'''''
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*[http://www.moob.org/ Mong Literacy] – includes lessons on writing Mong Leng with RPA
*http://www.hmongrpa.org/
*[http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/wiarchives.uw-sc-zq Father Yves Bertrais papers, 1950-2007]
 
[[Category:Phonetic alphabets]]
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[[Category:Romanization]]
[[Category:West Hmongic languages]]
[[Category:Writing systems introduced in the 1950s]]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanized_Popular_Alphabet"