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** [[Forro Creole|Forro]]: Forro is becoming the language of social networks.{{Citation needed|date=September 2022}} Spoken on [[São Tomé Island]], [[São Tomé and Príncipe]].
** [[Principense Creole|Principense]]: Almost extinct. Spoken on [[Príncipe Island]], [[São Tomé and Príncipe]].
** [[Saramaccan language|Saramaccan]]: An English-Portuguese creole spoken in [[Suriname]] and [[French Guiana|French Guyana]]
*<big>'''Indo-Portuguese'''</big>
**<big>Indo-Portuguese</big>
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**<big>Malayo-Portuguese</big>
***[[Kristang language|Kristang]]: spoken in [[Malaysia]] and emigrant communities in [[Singapore]] and [[Perth, Western Australia]].
***[[Mardijker Creole]]: Extinct, formerly spoken by [[Mardijker people]] in the [[Kampung Tugu]] area of [[Jakarta]].
***[[Bidau Creole Portuguese|Português de Bidau]]: extinct.▼
***[[Portugis]]: Extinct, formerly spoken by Luso-Asian [[Moluccans]] on [[Ambon Island|Ambon]] and [[Ternate]] in the [[Maluku Islands]].
▲***[[Bidau Creole Portuguese|Português de Bidau]]:
==Africa==
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===Upper Guinea===
The oldest Portuguese creole are the so-called ''crioulos'' of Upper Guinea, born around the Portuguese settlements along the northwest coast of Africa. Portuguese creoles are the mother tongues of most people in [[Cape Verde]] and the [[ABC Islands (Leeward Antilles)|ABC Islands]]. In [[Guinea-Bissau]], the creole is used as lingua franca among people speaking different languages, and is becoming the mother tongue of a growing population. They consist of two languages:
* [[Guinea-Bissau Creole|Guinea-Bissau Creole (Kriol)]]: [[lingua franca]] of [[Guinea-Bissau]], also spoken in [[Casamance]], [[Senegal]] and in [[Gambia]].
** [[Casamance Creole|Casamance Creole (Kriyol)]]: a dialect of Guinea-Bissau creole, spoken mainly in [[Casamance]], [[Senegal]] and [[The Gambia]].
* [[Cape Verdean Creole|Cape Verdean Creole (Kriolu, Kriol)]]: a [[dialect continuum]] on the islands of [[Cape Verde]].
* [[Papiamento| Papiamento (Papiamentu)]], spoken in Aruba, Bonaire, and Curaçao.
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The numerous Portuguese outposts in India and Sri Lanka gave rise to many Portuguese creole languages, of which only a few have survived to the present. The largest group were the [[Norteiro Indo-Portuguese languages|Norteiro languages]], spoken by the [[Norteiro people]], the Christian Indo-Portuguese in the North [[Konkan]]. Those communities were centered on [[Baçaim]], modern [[Vasai]], which was then called the “Northern Court of [[Portuguese India]]” (in opposition to the "Southern Court" at [[Goa]]). The creole languages spoken in [[Baçaim]], [[Salsete]], [[Thane|Thana]], [[Chevai]], [[Mahim]], [[Tecelaria]], [[Dadar]], [[Parel]], [[Cavel]], [[Bandora (town)|Bandora]] (modern [[Bandra]]), [[Gorai]], [[Morol]], [[Andheri]], [[Versova (Mumbai)|Versova]], [[Malvan]], [[Manori]], [[Mazagão]], and [[Chaul]] are now extinct. The only surviving Norteiro creoles are:
*[[Daman and Diu Portuguese Creole]]: in [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]]. Spoken by about 4,000 people in Daman and 180 in Diu.
*[[Kristi language|Kristi]]: in [[Korlai]], [[Maharashtra]]. Spoken by about 800 people in 2015.
These surviving Norteiro creoles have suffered drastic changes in the last decades. Standard Portuguese re-influenced the creole of Daman in the mid-20th century.
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The creoles of the [[Coast of Coromandel]], such as of [[Mylapore|Meliapor]], [[Madras]], [[Tuticorin]], [[Cuddalore]], [[Karikal]], [[Pondicherry]], [[Tranquebar]], [[Manapar]], and [[Negapatam]], were already extinct by the 19th century. Their speakers (mostly the people of mixed Portuguese-Indian ancestry, known locally as [[Topasses]]) switched to [[English language|English]] after the British takeover.
Most of the creoles of the [[Coast of Malabar]], namely those of [[Cananor]], [[Tellicherry]], [[Mahé, India|Mahé]], Cochin (modern [[Kerala]]), and [[Quilon]]) had become extinct by the 19th century. In Cananor and Tellicherry, some elderly people still spoke some creole in the 1980s. The only creole that is still spoken (by a few Christian families only) is [[Vypin Indo-Portuguese language|Vypin Indo-Portuguese]], in the [[Vypin|Vypin Island]], near Kerala; the last native speaker of the language, William Rozario, died in 2010, but the language is still spoken and understood to some degree by the Luso-Asian community of [[Kochi]].
Christians, even in [[Calcutta]], used Portuguese until 1811. A Portuguese creole was still spoken in the early 20th century. Portuguese creoles were spoken in [[Bengal]], such as at [[Balasore]], [[Pipli]], [[Chandannagore]], [[Chittagong]], [[Midnapore]] and [[Hooghly (town)|Hooghly]].
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Significant Portuguese creoles flourished among the so-called [[Burgher people|Burgher]] and [[Sri Lanka Kaffir people|Kaffir]] communities of Sri Lanka:
*[[Sri Lanka Indo-Portuguese language|Sri Lanka Indo-Portuguese]]: around [[Batticaloa]] and [[Trincomalee]] ([[Portuguese Burghers]]) and [[Puttalam]] ([[Sri Lanka Kaffir people|Kaffirs]]). Spoken by about 2,220 people in 2011. Primarily derived from [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]] and Portuguese with influence and some vocabulary from [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Dutch language|Dutch]].
*[[Sri Lanka Kaffirs|Sri Lanka Kaffir Portuguese]]: a creole spoken by the Sri Lankan Kaffir community. The Kaffirs are descendants of soldiers and slaves from the African Great Lakes region, as well as Portuguese colonists and native Sinhalese and Tamils. The language reportedly differed from the main Sri Lanka Indo-Portuguese Creole spoken in Sri Lanka, and likely had influences from Bantu languages, although there are no records of the language, and the Kaffir community switched to Sri Lanka Indo-Portuguese.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-16 |title=Artscope {{!}} Online edition of Daily News - Lakehouse Newspapers |url=https://archive.today/20210316234524/http://archives.dailynews.lk/2009/07/08/art05.asp |access-date=2024-08-26 |website=archive.ph}}</ref>
=== Bangladesh ===
[[Bengali Portuguese Creole]] was spoken by Luso-Asians and Roman Catholics in Bangladesh until its extinction in the late 19th to early 20th century. Bangladeshi Luso-Asians who spoke Bengali Portuguese Creole were concentrated in [[Chittagong]], in the old Portuguese settlement of [[Firingi Bazar]], formerly the capital of the Portuguese Empire in Bengal. A smaller but still significant population of Bengali Portuguese Creole speakers was located in the smaller Firingi Bazar of Dhaka; the word [[Firingi]] is derived from the Persian word ''farang'' meaning foreigner.
In the past, Portuguese creoles were also spoken in [[Myanmar]] and [[Bangladesh]].{{citation needed|date=February 2021}}
==Southeast & East Asia==
{{Location map+|Southeast Asia
|width = 300
|float = right
|caption = Locations
|marksize = 15 <!--size in pixels-->
|places=
{{Location map~|Southeast Asia|label=[[Kristang language|Malacca]]|position=left|lat=2.
{{Location map~|Southeast Asia|label=[[Kristang language|Singapore]]|position=right|lat=1.35|long=103.81|mark=|marksize=}}
{{Location map~|Southeast Asia|label=[[Mardijker language|Jakarta]] |position=left|lat=-6.123916|long=106.924025|mark=|marksize=}}
{{Location map~|Southeast Asia|label=[[Macanese Patois|Macau]]|position=left|lat=22.1987|long=113.5439|mark=|marksize=}}
{{Location map~|Southeast Asia|label=[[Bidau Creole Portuguese|Bidau, Dili]] (extinct)|position=
{{Location map~|Southeast Asia|label=[[Flores Creole Portuguese|Larantuka]]|position=left|lat=-8.326926|long=122.997284|mark=|marksize=}}
}}
The earliest Portuguese creole in the region probably arose in the 16th century in [[Malacca]], [[Malaysia]], as well as in the [[Moluccas]].
=== Malaysia, Indonesia, Singapore and Timor-Leste ===
*[[Kristang language|Kristang (Cristão)]]: in [[Malacca]] ([[Malaysia]]) and [[Singapore]], with a further diaspora community in [[Perth]], [[Western Australia]] descended from both communities arising in more modern times. Derived primarily from Portuguese and [[Malay language|Malay]] with some vocabulary from [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Cantonese]], [[Dutch language|Dutch]], and [[Hokkien]].
*[[Mardijker language|Mardijker]] (extinct in the 19th century): by the [[Mardijker people]] of [[Batavia, Dutch East Indies|Batavia]] ([[Jakarta]])
**[[Papia Tugu language|Papiá Tugu]] (extinct in 1978): in [[Kampung Tugu]], Jakarta, [[Indonesia]].
*[[Portugis language|Portugis]] (extinct around 1950): in the [[Ambon Island|Ambon]], [[Ternate]] islands and [[
*[[Bidau Portuguese language|Bidau Portuguese]] (extinct in the 1960s): in the [[Bidau]] area of [[Dili]], [[East Timor]].
*[[Flores Creole Portuguese|Flores Portuguese]] (possibly extinct in the late 20th century): in the [[Larantuka]] and [[Maumere]] of Flores, Indonesia.
=== Thailand and Myanmar ===
Thai Portuguese Creole was spoken by Luso-Asians in the Bangkok neighborhoods of [[Kudi Chin]] and [[Immaculate Conception Church, Bangkok|Conception]], which were former Portuguese colonies settled by Luso-Asians. The Luso-Thai communities of Kudi Chin and Conception still exist, numbering around 2,000, but the language has not been recorded for centuries.
In Myanmar, Burmese Portuguese Creole was spoken by the [[Bayingyi people]], a Luso-Asian group descended from Portuguese mercenaries and adventurers to Burma in the 16th and 17th centuries who were enlisted into the Burmese army and settled there. The Bayingyi community still exists, but the language has not been recorded or spoken for centuries.
===Macau===
The Portuguese language was present in Portugal's colony [[Macau]] since the mid-16th century. A Portuguese creole, Patua, developed there. Macanese is primarily derived from [[Cantonese]] and Portuguese, with influence and vocabulary from [[Malay language|Malay]] and [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]]. It is nearly extinct in Macau, being spoken by an estimated 50 people in 2007, but more Macanese speakers likely exist among the diaspora.
*[[Macanese Patois|Macanese (Macaista, Patuá)]]: in [[Macau]] and, to a lesser extent, in [[Hong Kong]].
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*[[Saramaccan language|Saramaccan]] of Suriname.
*[[Cafundó language|Cupópia]] of Brazil is nearly extinct.
There is no consensus regarding the position of [[Saramaccan language|Saramaccan]], with some scholars classifying it as Portuguese creole with an English relexification. Saramaccan may be an English creole with Portuguese words, since structurally (morphology and syntax) it is related to the '''Surinamese creoles''' ([[Sranan Tongo|Sranan]], [[Ndyuka language|Ndyuka]] and [[Jamaican Maroon spirit-possession language|Jamaican Maroon]]), despite the heavy percentage of Portuguese origin words. Other English creole languages of Suriname, such as [[Paramaccan people|Paramaccan]] or [[Kwinti language|Kwinti]], have also Portuguese influences.{{Citation needed|date=December 2014}}
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Academic specialists compiled by linguist Volker Noll<ref>{{Cite book |last=Noll |first=Volker |title=Das Brasilianische Portugiesisch: Herausbildung und Kontraste |date=1999 |publisher=C. Winter |location=Heidelberg |language=de |trans-title=Brazilian Portuguese: Formation and Contrasts}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=O Português brasileiro: Formação e contrastes |url=https://www.travessa.com.br/o-portugues-brasileiro-formacao-e-contrastes/artigo/ddb98df7-bdbd-4b7c-929a-780431289d26 |access-date=2018-10-02 |website=travessa.com.br |language=pt}}</ref> affirm that the Brazilian linguistic phenomena are the ''"nativização"'', [[nativization]]/nativism of a most radically Romanic form. The phenomena in Brazilian Portuguese are Classical Latin and Old Portuguese heritage. This is not a creole form, but a radical Romanic form.<ref name=Origens /> Regardless of borrowings and minor changes, it must be kept in mind that Brazilian Portuguese is not a Portuguese creole, since both grammar and vocabulary remain "real" Portuguese and its origins can be traced directly from 16th century European Portuguese.<ref name="Naro2007" /> Some authors, like Swedish Parkvall,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Parkvall |first=Mikael |title=Crioulos de base Portuguesa |date=1999 |publisher=Associação Portuguesa de Linguística. |editor-last=d'Andrade |editor-first=Ernesto |location=Braga |page=223 |chapter=The Alleged Creole Past of Brazilian Vernacular Portuguese |editor-last2=Pereria |editor-first2=Dulce |editor-last3=Mota |editor-first3=Maria Antónia}}</ref> classify it as a '''[[semicreole]]''' in the concept defined by Holm:<ref>{{Citation |last=Holm |first=J. |title=American Black English and Afrikaans: Two Germanic Semicreoles |date=1991}}</ref> a semicreole is a language that has undergone “partial restructuring, producing varieties which were never fully pidginized and which preserve a substantial part of their lexifier’s structure (...) while showing a noticeable degree of restructuring”. Nevertheless, scholars like Anthony Julius Naro and Maria Marta Pereira Scherre demonstrated how every single phenomenon found in Brazilian Portuguese can also be found in regional modern European Portuguese and 1500s and 1600s European Portuguese, such as the epic poetry of [[Luís de Camões]], as well as other Romance languages such as [[Aranese|Aranese Occitan]], [[French language|French]], [[Italian language|Italian]] and [[Romanian language|Romanian]], classifying these phenomena as a natural Romance drift.<ref name="Naro2007">{{Harvcoltxt|Naro|Scherre|2007}}</ref> Vernacular Brazilian Portuguese is continuous with European Portuguese and its phonetics is more conservative in several aspects, characterizing the nativization of a [[koiné language|koiné]] formed by several regional European Portuguese variations brought to Brazil and its natural drift.<ref name="Naro2007" />
==
One Portuguese-based creole language spoken in North America is:
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