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{{Infobox ethnic group
|group=Mari<br />мари<br />марийцы
|image = [[File:
|image_caption = Meadow Mari
|flag = <!--Flag of Mari UNPO.gif-->
|pop = {{circa}} 600,000
|region1 = {{flag|Russia}}<br />{{nbsp|4}}{{flag|Mari El}}
|pop1 =
|ref1 = <ref>[http://
|region2 = {{flag|Kazakhstan}}
|pop2 = 4,416 <small>(2009)</small>
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|ref6 = <ref>[http://pub.stat.ee/px-web.2001/Dialog/varval.asp?ma=RL0428&ti=RAHVASTIK+RAHVUSE%2C+SOO+JA+ELUKOHA+J%C4RGI%2C+31%2E+DETSEMBER+2011&path=../Database/Rahvaloendus/REL2011/07Rahvastiku_demograafilised_ja_etno_kultuurilised_naitajad/08Rahvus_Emakeel_ja_keelteoskus_Murded/&lang=2 RL0428: Rahvastik rahvuse, soo ja elukoha järgi, 31. detsember 2011] {{in lang|et}}</ref>
|langs = [[Mari language|Mari]], [[Russian language|Russian]]
|rels = '''Majority:''' <br /> [[File:OrthodoxCrossblack.svg|15px]] [[Russian Orthodoxy|Russian Orthodox Christianity]]<br />
|related = Other [[
}}
{{Infobox ethnonym|root=|person= |people= [[Mari people|Mari]]|language= [[Mari language|Marij]]|country=[[Mari El]]}}
The '''Mari''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|ɑːr|i}} {{respell|MAR-ee}}){{efn|{{lang-chm|мари}} {{IPA|chm|mɑˈɾi|}}; {{lang-
== Name ==
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== History ==
=== Early history ===
Some scholars have proposed that two tribes mentioned by the Gothic writer [[Jordanes]] in his ''[[Getica]]'' among the peoples in the realm of Gothic king [[Ermanaric]] in the fourth century
In 1552, the Mari territory was incorporated into Russia with the [[Siege of Kazan|Russian conquest of Kazan]] under [[Ivan the Terrible]]. While some Maris (mostly Hill Maris) assisted the Russian conquest, the majority of the Maris fought back in the so-called "[[Kazan rebellion of 1552–1556|Cheremis Wars]]". By the end of the 16th century, resistance was finally quelled, leaving a heavy toll on the Mari population. As a result of the ensuing influx of Russian settlers, and to escape forced Christianization (starting from {{circa}} 1700), Maris started to settle further east in present-day [[Bashkortostan]]. In the following centuries under tsarist Russia, the Maris were able to retain their ethnic and cultural identity, reinforced by repeated waves of returning to their [[Mari Native Religion|traditional pre-Christian religion]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Saarinen |first=Sirkka |year=2002 |chapter=Tscheremissisch |editor=Okuka, Miloš |title=Lexikon der Sprachen des europäischen Ostens |chapter-url=https://eeo.aau.at/wwwg.uni-klu.ac.at/eeo/Tscheremissisch.pdf |url=https://eeo.aau.at/eeo.aau.at/indexbc6e.html?title=Sprachenlexikon |access-date=4 July 2020 |series=Wieser Enzyklopädie des europäischen Ostens 10 |place=Klagenfurt |publisher=Alpen-Adria-Universität}}
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During the Soviet Era, the Mari Section was set up under the auspices of [[Narkomnats]], the [[Government of the Soviet Union#The People's Commissariats|Peoples Commissariat]] for [[Nationality|nationalities]]. Its task was to facilitate the close union of the Mari people with other people, to abolish anti-[[Russia]]n mistrust and to raise the "[[class consciousness]]" of Mari workers. In practice this involved facilitating grain requisitions by the Soviet state, the recruitment of soldiers for the [[Red Army]] and the implementation of [[Bolshevik]] control of the society.<ref>''The Sorcerer as Apprentice: Stalin as Commissar of nationalities, 1917–1924'', by Stephen Blank, Greenwood Press, London 1994 {{ISBN|978-0-313-28683-4}}</ref>
Until the 1930s, the Mari people had no cultural ties to Russia and were able to maintain its own culture and identity, as cultural interaction with Russia was "limited to the payment of tributes and taxes". However, intensive [[Russification]] policies were introduced during the Soviet era - the [[Mari language]] was eliminated from schools and only Russian was taught instead, many Mari people were resettled and sent to work in remote parts of the Soviet Union, and Mari communities were forcibly enlarged under the Soviet policy of eliminating "unpromising villages", leading to Russian settlement and greatly disempowering the indigenous population.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Vedernikova |first1=Elena |date=2014 |title=Impact of Native Culture and Religion on the Mari Language |journal=Journal of Estonian and Finno-Ugric Linguistics |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=185–203 |doi=10.12697/jeful.2014.5.2.09 |publisher=University of Tartu|doi-access=free }}</ref> The [[Mari Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic]] was subjected to one of the harshest Russification measures in the USSR.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shcherbak |first1=Andrey |date=2015 |title=Nationalism in the USSR: a historical and comparative perspective |journal=Nationalities Papers |volume=43 |issue=6 |pages=866–885 |doi=10.1080/00905992.2015.1072811 |s2cid=142662859 |url=https://wp.hse.ru/data/2013/12/12/1339827667/27SOC2013.pdf}}</ref> Furthermore, Bolshevik policies officially aimed at combating undue influence of nationalism in a multi-nation union, resulted in the murder of leading Mari figures, such as [[Sergei Chavain|Sergei Čavajn]] and [[Olyk Ipai]] and other teachers, scientists, artists, as well as religious and community leaders.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://library.ndsu.edu/grhc/articles/magazines/german/vadw_6_2006_1.html |title=Germans from Russia Heritage Collection |website=library.ndsu.edu |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022140241/http://library.ndsu.edu/grhc/articles/magazines/german/vadw_6_2006_1.html |archive-date=2013-10-22}}</ref><ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211205/S7irF6aMUZ8 Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20140124214620/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S7irF6aMUZ8 Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite web| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S7irF6aMUZ8| title = Victims of Stalin repression in Mari El | website=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
=== Russian Federation ===
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== Ethnic groups ==
The Mari people consists of four different groups: the [[Meadow Mari people|Meadow Mari]], who live along the left bank of the Volga, the [[Hill Mari people|Hill (Mountain) Mari]], who live along the right bank of the Volga, the [[Northwestern Mari people|Northwestern Mari]], who live in Southern part of Kirov Oblast and Eastern part of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, and [[Eastern Mari people|Eastern Mari]], who live in the Bashkortostan, Tatarstan, Udmurtia republics and Perm Krai and Sverdlovsk Oblast. There is also a small group of Mari people [[Mari in the Baltic States|Baltic Mari]] living in Estonia. In the 2002 Russian census, 604,298 people identified themselves as "Mari," with 18,515 of those specifying that they were Mountain Mari and 56,119 as Eastern Mari. Almost 60% of Mari lived in rural areas. <ref>Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года, {{cite web|url=http://www.perepis2002.ru/index.html?id%3D87 |title=Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года |access-date=2008-01-16 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719233704/http://www.perepis2002.ru/index.html?id=87 |archive-date=2011-07-19 }}</ref>
==Language==
{{main|Mari language}}
[[File:
The Mari have their own language, also called [[Mari language|Mari]], which is a member of the [[Uralic language family]]. It is written with a modified version of the Cyrillic alphabet. Linguists today distinguish four different dialects, which are not all mutually intelligible: [[Hill Mari]] (мары йӹлмӹ), concentrated mainly along the right Volga bank; [[Meadow Mari]] (марий йылме), spoken in the lowland regions of the [[Malaya Kokshaga River|Kokshaga]] and Volga rivers, which includes the city of [[Yoshkar-Ola]]; Eastern Mari, spoken east of the [[Vyatka River]]; and [[Northwestern Mari language|Northwestern Mari]] (маре йӹлмӹ) in the South-West of [[Kirov Oblast]] and North-East of [[Nizhny Novgorod Oblast]].
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== Religion ==
[[File:Монахи Михаило-Архангельского монастыря.jpg|thumb|Mari orthodox monks and novices. 1894]]
Maris have traditionally practiced a [[Shamanism|shamanistic faith]] that closely connected the individual with nature. According to those beliefs, nature exerts an influence over people. Nature is seen as a sacred, powerful, and living being with which people are fully intertwined. Nature also serves as a source of absolute good who always helps humans as long as they refrain from harming or opposing it.<ref>Шкалина, Галина. "Язычество народа Мари-феномен европейской культуры". "Етносфера".</ref> The indigenous religion of the Mari people is the most important element of their national identity and tradition; speaking of their faith, many Mari intellectuals
The [[Mari native religion]] also possesses a pantheon of gods who reside in the heavens, the most important of whom is known as the Great White God (Ош Кугу Юмо, ''Osh Kugu Yumo''). Other lesser gods include the god of fire (Тул Юмо, ''Tul Yumo'') and the god of wind (Мардеж Юмо, ''Mardezh Yumo''). The Mari also believe in a number of half-men, half-gods (керемет, ''
Many Mari today still practice paganism in [[Syncretism|syncretic]] forms, or purer forms adhering to organized [[neopagan]] Mari traditional religion organizations.<ref name="knorre"/> While most Mari today are members of the [[Russian Orthodox Church]], pagans still comprise a significant minority of around 25%. Mari paganism is divided into three groups - ''Chimari'' who are non-baptized Mari pagans and try to distance themselves from Christian traditions in favour of mainly pagan traditions, ''Marla Vera'' (also known as "dual faith") consisting of baptized Mari who follow pagan traditions while also attending Christian services and celebrating Christian feasts.<ref name="knorre"/> Lastly, there is a neopagan revivalist movement called ''Kugu Sorta'' which rejects Christianity altogether in favour of "pure" pagan faith. About 60% of Mari pagans belong to the syncretic ''Marla Vera'' group, while the remaining 40% is composed of ''Chimari'' and ''Kugu Sorta'' pagans.<ref name="knorre"/>
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== Genetics ==
[[File:PCA and genetic distances of Uralic-speaking populations.png|thumb|PCA and genetic distances of Uralic-speaking populations]]
The most common [[Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup|Y-chromosomal haplogroup]] among Mari people is [[Haplogroup N-M231|N]], which is frequently found within [[Uralic languages|Uralic-speaking]] peoples and has its roots in East Eurasia. According to the data gathered by Kristiina Tambets and others in their 2018 study, 46.4% of Mari men have
A 2002 study about [[Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup|mtDNA]] haplogroups in the Volga-Ural region found that 40% of the Maris belong to the [[Haplogroup H (mtDNA)|haplogroup H]]. About one in four carry the [[Haplogroup U (mtDNA)|haplogroup U]] (14% have the subclade [[Haplogroup U (mtDNA)#Haplogroup U5|U5]] and about 10% have [[Haplogroup U (mtDNA)#Haplogroup U4|U4]]).<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bermisheva |first1=M. A. |last2=Tambets |first2=K. |last3=Villems |first3=R. |last4=Khusnutdinova |first4=E. K. |date=2002 |title=Diversity of Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroups in Ethnic Populations of the Volga–Ural Region |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1023/A:1021677708482 |journal=Molecular Biology |volume=36 |issue=6 |pages=802–812 |doi=10.1023/A:1021677708482|s2cid=16959586 }}</ref>
Autosomally, Mari people stand out as an ethnic group in Europe by having a high level of [[Siberia|Siberian]]-related admixture.<ref>{{Cite journal |
[[Osteopetrosis]] affects 1 newborn out of every 20,000 to 250,000<ref>[http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/osteopetrosis ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/osteopetrosis]</ref> worldwide, but the odds are much higher in the Russian region of Mari El with 1 of every 14,000 newborns affected.{{citation needed|date=October 2020}}
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* [[Mari mythology]]
* [[Mari Ushem]]
== Notes ==
{{notelist}}
== References ==
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[[Category:Members of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization]]
[[Category:Indigenous peoples of the Subarctic]]
[[Category:European shamanism]]
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