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== History ==
== History ==
=== Early history ===
=== Early history ===
Some scholars have proposed that two tribes mentioned by the Gothic writer [[Jordanes]] in his ''[[Getica]]'' among the peoples in the realm of Gothic king [[Ermanaric]] in the fourth century AD can be equated with the Mari people. However, the identification of the ''Imniscaris'' (or ''Sremniscans'') with "Cheremis", and ''Merens'' with "Mari" is controversial.<ref>{{cite book |last=Korkkanen |first=Irma |year=1975 |title=The peoples of Hermanaric Jordanes, Getica 116 |series=Suomalaisen Tiedeakatemian toimituksia, Sarja B , nide 187 |place=Helsinki |publisher=Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia}}</ref> The first safely attested mention of the Mari people comes from [[Khazars|Khazar]] sources from the 10th century, where they appear by the exonym ''tsarmis'' (= "Cheremis"). At that time, the Mari settlement area was along the Volga. In the 13th century, the Mari fell under the influence sphere of the [[Golden Horde]], and in 1443 became subjects of the [[Kazan khanate]]. During this time, the Maris experienced some cultural convergence with the ruling [[Tatars]] and the [[Volga Bulgars]], which is also seen in Turkic lexical and grammatical influence on the [[Mari language]].
Some scholars have proposed that two tribes mentioned by the Gothic writer [[Jordanes]] in his ''[[Getica]]'' among the peoples in the realm of Gothic king [[Ermanaric]] in the fourth century CE can be equated with the Mari people. However, the identification of the ''Imniscaris'' (or ''Sremniscans'') with "Cheremis", and ''Merens'' with "Mari" is controversial.<ref>{{cite book |last=Korkkanen |first=Irma |year=1975 |title=The peoples of Hermanaric Jordanes, Getica 116 |series=Suomalaisen Tiedeakatemian toimituksia, Sarja B , nide 187 |place=Helsinki |publisher=Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia}}</ref> The first safely attested mention of the Mari people comes from [[Khazars|Khazar]] sources from the 10th century, where they appear by the exonym ''tsarmis'' (= "Cheremis"). At that time, the Mari settlement area was along the Volga. In the 13th century, the Mari fell under the influence sphere of the [[Golden Horde]], and in 1443 became subjects of the [[Kazan khanate]]. During this time, the Maris experienced some cultural convergence with the ruling [[Tatars]] and the [[Volga Bulgars]], which is also seen in Turkic lexical and grammatical influence on the [[Mari language]].


In 1552, the Mari territory was incorporated into Russia with the [[Siege of Kazan|Russian conquest of Kazan]] under [[Ivan the Terrible]]. While some Maris (mostly Hill Maris) assisted the Russian conquest, the majority of the Maris fought back in the so-called "[[Kazan rebellion of 1552–1556|Cheremis Wars]]". By the end of the 16th century, resistance was finally quelled, leaving a heavy toll on the Mari population. As a result of the ensuing influx of Russian settlers, and to escape forced Christianization (starting from {{circa}} 1700), Maris started to settle further east in present-day [[Bashkortostan]]. In the following centuries under tsarist Russia, the Maris were able to retain their ethnic and cultural identity, reinforced by repeated waves of returning to their [[Mari Native Religion|traditional pre-Christian religion]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Saarinen |first=Sirkka |year=2002 |chapter=Tscheremissisch |editor=Okuka, Miloš |title=Lexikon der Sprachen des europäischen Ostens |chapter-url=https://eeo.aau.at/wwwg.uni-klu.ac.at/eeo/Tscheremissisch.pdf |url=https://eeo.aau.at/eeo.aau.at/indexbc6e.html?title=Sprachenlexikon |access-date=4 July 2020 |series=Wieser Enzyklopädie des europäischen Ostens 10 |place=Klagenfurt |publisher=Alpen-Adria-Universität}}
In 1552, the Mari territory was incorporated into Russia with the [[Siege of Kazan|Russian conquest of Kazan]] under [[Ivan the Terrible]]. While some Maris (mostly Hill Maris) assisted the Russian conquest, the majority of the Maris fought back in the so-called "[[Kazan rebellion of 1552–1556|Cheremis Wars]]". By the end of the 16th century, resistance was finally quelled, leaving a heavy toll on the Mari population. As a result of the ensuing influx of Russian settlers, and to escape forced Christianization (starting from {{circa}} 1700), Maris started to settle further east in present-day [[Bashkortostan]]. In the following centuries under tsarist Russia, the Maris were able to retain their ethnic and cultural identity, reinforced by repeated waves of returning to their [[Mari Native Religion|traditional pre-Christian religion]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Saarinen |first=Sirkka |year=2002 |chapter=Tscheremissisch |editor=Okuka, Miloš |title=Lexikon der Sprachen des europäischen Ostens |chapter-url=https://eeo.aau.at/wwwg.uni-klu.ac.at/eeo/Tscheremissisch.pdf |url=https://eeo.aau.at/eeo.aau.at/indexbc6e.html?title=Sprachenlexikon |access-date=4 July 2020 |series=Wieser Enzyklopädie des europäischen Ostens 10 |place=Klagenfurt |publisher=Alpen-Adria-Universität}}
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Latin: A a Á á À à  â Ä ä Ǎ ǎ Ă ă Ā ā à ã Å å Ą ą Æ æ Ǣ ǣ   B b   C c Ć ć Ċ ċ Ĉ ĉ Č č Ç ç   D d Ď ď Đ đ Ḍ ḍ Ð ð   E e É é È è Ė ė Ê ê Ë ë Ě ě Ĕ ĕ Ē ē Ẽ ẽ Ę ę Ẹ ẹ Ɛ ɛ Ǝ ǝ Ə ə   F f   G g Ġ ġ Ĝ ĝ Ğ ğ Ģ ģ   H h Ĥ ĥ Ħ ħ Ḥ ḥ   I i İ ı Í í Ì ì Î î Ï ï Ǐ ǐ Ĭ ĭ Ī ī Ĩ ĩ Į į Ị ị   J j Ĵ ĵ   K k Ķ ķ   L l Ĺ ĺ Ŀ ŀ Ľ ľ Ļ ļ Ł ł Ḷ ḷ Ḹ ḹ   M m Ṃ ṃ   N n Ń ń Ň ň Ñ ñ Ņ ņ Ṇ ṇ Ŋ ŋ   O o Ó ó Ò ò Ô ô Ö ö Ǒ ǒ Ŏ ŏ Ō ō Õ õ Ǫ ǫ Ọ ọ Ő ő Ø ø Œ œ   Ɔ ɔ   P p   Q q   R r Ŕ ŕ Ř ř Ŗ ŗ Ṛ ṛ Ṝ ṝ   S s Ś ś Ŝ ŝ Š š Ş ş Ș ș Ṣ ṣ ß   T t Ť ť Ţ ţ Ț ț Ṭ ṭ Þ þ   U u Ú ú Ù ù Û û Ü ü Ǔ ǔ Ŭ ŭ Ū ū Ũ ũ Ů ů Ų ų Ụ ụ Ű ű Ǘ ǘ Ǜ ǜ Ǚ ǚ Ǖ ǖ   V v   W w Ŵ ŵ   X x   Y y Ý ý Ŷ ŷ Ÿ ÿ Ỹ ỹ Ȳ ȳ   Z z Ź ź Ż ż Ž ž   ß Ð ð Þ þ Ŋ ŋ Ə ə
Greek: Ά ά Έ έ Ή ή Ί ί Ό ό Ύ ύ Ώ ώ   Α α Β β Γ γ Δ δ   Ε ε Ζ ζ Η η Θ θ   Ι ι Κ κ Λ λ Μ μ   Ν ν Ξ ξ Ο ο Π π   Ρ ρ Σ σ ς Τ τ Υ υ   Φ φ Χ χ Ψ ψ Ω ω   {{Polytonic|}}
Cyrillic: А а Б б В в Г г   Ґ ґ Ѓ ѓ Д д Ђ ђ   Е е Ё ё Є є Ж ж   З з Ѕ ѕ И и І і   Ї ї Й й Ј ј К к   Ќ ќ Л л Љ љ М м   Н н Њ њ О о П п   Р р С с Т т Ћ ћ   У у Ў ў Ф ф Х х   Ц ц Ч ч Џ џ Ш ш   Щ щ Ъ ъ Ы ы Ь ь   Э э Ю ю Я я   ́
IPA: t̪ d̪ ʈ ɖ ɟ ɡ ɢ ʡ ʔ   ɸ β θ ð ʃ ʒ ɕ ʑ ʂ ʐ ç ʝ ɣ χ ʁ ħ ʕ ʜ ʢ ɦ   ɱ ɳ ɲ ŋ ɴ   ʋ ɹ ɻ ɰ   ʙ ⱱ ʀ ɾ ɽ   ɫ ɬ ɮ ɺ ɭ ʎ ʟ   ɥ ʍ ɧ   ʼ   ɓ ɗ ʄ ɠ ʛ   ʘ ǀ ǃ ǂ ǁ   ɨ ʉ ɯ   ɪ ʏ ʊ   ø ɘ ɵ ɤ   ə ɚ   ɛ œ ɜ ɝ ɞ ʌ ɔ   æ   ɐ ɶ ɑ ɒ   ʰ ʱ ʷ ʲ ˠ ˤ ⁿ ˡ   ˈ ˌ ː ˑ ̪   {{IPA|}}

Wikidata entities used in this page

  • Mari people: Sitelink, Title, Some statements, Description: en, Miscellaneous (e.g. aliases, entity existence)

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