Editing Mari people
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== History == |
== History == |
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=== Early history === |
=== Early history === |
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Some scholars have proposed that two tribes mentioned by the Gothic writer [[Jordanes]] in his ''[[Getica]]'' among the peoples in the realm of Gothic king [[Ermanaric]] in the fourth century |
Some scholars have proposed that two tribes mentioned by the Gothic writer [[Jordanes]] in his ''[[Getica]]'' among the peoples in the realm of Gothic king [[Ermanaric]] in the fourth century CE can be equated with the Mari people. However, the identification of the ''Imniscaris'' (or ''Sremniscans'') with "Cheremis", and ''Merens'' with "Mari" is controversial.<ref>{{cite book |last=Korkkanen |first=Irma |year=1975 |title=The peoples of Hermanaric Jordanes, Getica 116 |series=Suomalaisen Tiedeakatemian toimituksia, Sarja B , nide 187 |place=Helsinki |publisher=Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia}}</ref> The first safely attested mention of the Mari people comes from [[Khazars|Khazar]] sources from the 10th century, where they appear by the exonym ''tsarmis'' (= "Cheremis"). At that time, the Mari settlement area was along the Volga. In the 13th century, the Mari fell under the influence sphere of the [[Golden Horde]], and in 1443 became subjects of the [[Kazan khanate]]. During this time, the Maris experienced some cultural convergence with the ruling [[Tatars]] and the [[Volga Bulgars]], which is also seen in Turkic lexical and grammatical influence on the [[Mari language]]. |
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In 1552, the Mari territory was incorporated into Russia with the [[Siege of Kazan|Russian conquest of Kazan]] under [[Ivan the Terrible]]. While some Maris (mostly Hill Maris) assisted the Russian conquest, the majority of the Maris fought back in the so-called "[[Kazan rebellion of 1552–1556|Cheremis Wars]]". By the end of the 16th century, resistance was finally quelled, leaving a heavy toll on the Mari population. As a result of the ensuing influx of Russian settlers, and to escape forced Christianization (starting from {{circa}} 1700), Maris started to settle further east in present-day [[Bashkortostan]]. In the following centuries under tsarist Russia, the Maris were able to retain their ethnic and cultural identity, reinforced by repeated waves of returning to their [[Mari Native Religion|traditional pre-Christian religion]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Saarinen |first=Sirkka |year=2002 |chapter=Tscheremissisch |editor=Okuka, Miloš |title=Lexikon der Sprachen des europäischen Ostens |chapter-url=https://eeo.aau.at/wwwg.uni-klu.ac.at/eeo/Tscheremissisch.pdf |url=https://eeo.aau.at/eeo.aau.at/indexbc6e.html?title=Sprachenlexikon |access-date=4 July 2020 |series=Wieser Enzyklopädie des europäischen Ostens 10 |place=Klagenfurt |publisher=Alpen-Adria-Universität}} |
In 1552, the Mari territory was incorporated into Russia with the [[Siege of Kazan|Russian conquest of Kazan]] under [[Ivan the Terrible]]. While some Maris (mostly Hill Maris) assisted the Russian conquest, the majority of the Maris fought back in the so-called "[[Kazan rebellion of 1552–1556|Cheremis Wars]]". By the end of the 16th century, resistance was finally quelled, leaving a heavy toll on the Mari population. As a result of the ensuing influx of Russian settlers, and to escape forced Christianization (starting from {{circa}} 1700), Maris started to settle further east in present-day [[Bashkortostan]]. In the following centuries under tsarist Russia, the Maris were able to retain their ethnic and cultural identity, reinforced by repeated waves of returning to their [[Mari Native Religion|traditional pre-Christian religion]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Saarinen |first=Sirkka |year=2002 |chapter=Tscheremissisch |editor=Okuka, Miloš |title=Lexikon der Sprachen des europäischen Ostens |chapter-url=https://eeo.aau.at/wwwg.uni-klu.ac.at/eeo/Tscheremissisch.pdf |url=https://eeo.aau.at/eeo.aau.at/indexbc6e.html?title=Sprachenlexikon |access-date=4 July 2020 |series=Wieser Enzyklopädie des europäischen Ostens 10 |place=Klagenfurt |publisher=Alpen-Adria-Universität}} |