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[[Plantae|Plant]] macrofossils include [[leaf]], [[Pinophyta|needle]], [[Conifer cone|cone]], and [[plant stem|stem]] debris; and can be used to identify types of plants formerly growing in the area. Such [[Botany|botanical]] macrofossil data provide a valuable complement to [[pollen]] and [[fauna]]l data that can be used to reconstruct the [[prehistoric life|prehistoric]] [[Earth|terrestrial]] environment. [[Algae|Algal]] macrofossils (for instance, brown [[kelp]], [[sea lettuce]] and large [[stromatolite]]s) are increasingly used to analyze prehistoric [[Marine (ocean)|marine]] and [[aquatic ecosystem]]s.
Late Permian brachiopod in Baladeh area.(central Alborz)
Minak and Niknamdeh
Abstract
The Upper Permian brachiopods of Baladeh area, central Alborz were compared and correlated paleogeographically and paleoecologicaly with shahreza – Abadeh region, central Iran, as well as Jolfa, northwestern area of Iran.
In order to reach a satisfactory conclusion, numerous brachiopods (200 specimens) from two sections, i.e., Minak and Niknamdeh respectively.
Systematic descriptions of the brachiopods were carried out at generic and specific levels, these are indicated in the text accordingly. As a result of this investigation, during the Permian- Triassic times, Alborz shared a very similar paleogeographic realm with Shahreza – Abadeh Belt, as well as Jolfa region.
Many identical brachiopod genera and species of the three above-mentioned areas, as well as similar lithology, are indicative of their mutual sedimentay basin during Permian- Triassic times. Nevetheless, some marked differences may be observed during the latest Permianbetween the Alborz and the other two regions, i.e. the Dorashamian Stage is missing in the Alborz, whereas both in Jolfa and Shahreza-Abadeh areas are well-represented.
This gap, between the Permian – Triassic boundary beds, is marked by the development of a few metres of lateritic-bauxitic layers in the Alborz
Main text
Explanation of brachiopod systematic.
In Baladeh area, there are different brachiopod as old as Permian.
This is a tip section in comparison to Jolfa area. We can find more kind of it there.
10 kind of Brachiopod are knownin this area that their explanation are below.
Phylum Brachiopoda
Class Articulata Huxley, 1869
Order Spiriferida Waagen 1883
Suborder Athyrididina Boucot, Johnson & Staton, 1964
Super family Athyridacea M'Coy, 1844
Family Athyrididae M'Coy, 1844
Subfamily Spirigerellinae Grunt, 1965
GenusAraxathyrisGrunt, 1965
Araxathyriscf.felina(Arthaber, 1900)Pl.1,figs.2a-d
1878 Spirigera protea var, subtilita Abich, P. 59, Pl.8, figs . 10.11
1990 Spirigera protea var, alata Arthaber, P. 275. Pl . 22, fig 2
1900 Araxathyris felina – Grunt, P. 244, Pl. 43, fig .4.
1978 Spirigera protea var. globalaris Abich, P. 58, Pl.7, fig 7.Pl, 8 fig. 12
Bulge shell. The size of heightmore than the other size, pedicel valve bulges and long and has fold in its beak. Solkos from ombo to front side is extended and is defined .
Backside from ombo to apex and is continually maximum the width ball from valvs.
Brachial valve has the equal size, bulge has many growth lines and has no known and cleared materal fold. front side has hing line of parasekulit kind with a deep sinus in the media. The main parts of this hing line are in front side. The shell is polygonal in front side.
The geographical extended: shahreza (central Iran) asafeh-Baladeh section.
(Minak and Niknamdeh section)-(Jolfa_ ghafghaz) pre C. C. C. P.
The numberial model contemplated: 20 Pcs
[[File:http://dc153.4shared.com/img/120597984/81d40dcb/1_online.jpg?sizeM=3]]
Table-1
Araxathyris quadriloba (Abich)
Spirigera protea var. quadrilobara: Abich, 1878, P. 53, P1.7, Figs.
The explanation: valve bibulge, dimension usually the equal( width is alittle more than length) and cleared pedicale valve and loop in horizontal and vertical can be seen. Solcos is betweenvalve and is extended from ombo to front side that the first is weak and in front side is deep and big can be seen. Brachial valve is big swell and regular. Fold is not clear in the middle part and Will be divided into two equilateral fold that will be separated by a line from ombo t o front side. Hingline won't besinus without this line. Growthline are big and clear and are cleared in pedicel valve . the most deep of solcose are being one third of front side of shell. This specious is from typical and special specious.
The geographical extended: (shahreza-asafeh) gafghaz-pre C. C. C. P. – Alborz Baladeh
[[File:http://dc153.4shared.com/img/120598467/d6e5f2fa/2_online.jpg?sizeM=3]]
Table-2
Order Strophomenida Opik 1934
Suborder Strophomenidina Opik, 1934
Superfamily Davidsoniacea king, 1850
Family Meekellidae Stehli, 1954
Subfamily Meekellinae Stehli, 1954
Genus Orthothetina Schellwien,1900
Orthothetinacf.glausi sp.n. (N. Fantini & Glaus 1966)
Orthothetina cf. circularis-Glaus, P.71
1965 Orthothetina sp. Glaus, P.71
Explanation: medium size. Fold brachial valve is more than pedicel valve.
Hing line has the most width. Apostegiour ombp usually middle solcose brachial valve, the width of valve is more andbi bulge and half oval. Little ombo and has no loop. Fold is weak and low effect in front side. Brachial valve. Is so fold. In front side Is a little wide and has grown with cardinal. Meddle Solcos really in one third is cleared and will the wide in front side deep and wide.hing line sinusical and has more deep arch in front side.
Time extended: upper Permian
Geographical extended: central Alborz (Baladeh section, Niknamdeh with the section number( F G. N 1-94) lower Elika valley.
The numberial model contemplated. : 18 pcs
[[File:http://dc153.4shared.com/img/120598788/da9f7cbc/3_online.jpg?sizeM=3]]
Table-3
Suborder Productidina Waagen, 1883
Superfamily Productacea Gray, 1840
Family Marginiferidae Stehli, 1954
Subfamiy Marginiferinae Stehli, 1954
Genus Spinomarginifera Huang, 1932
Spinomarginifera ciliata (Arthaber) Pl.1, figs. 3a-b.
1900 Marginifera spinosocostatavar. ciliata
Arthaber.
1900 Spinomarginifera ciliata Sarycheva & Sokoloskaja (Arthaber, 1900)
In medium shell wide is more length, fold pedicel valve and bracial valve. Fold pedical valve is loop over length and the most folds are in the back part. And the lowest fold is inside.ombp is wide. Loop and is too clear. Direct hing line has the widest in valve. It often has no Solcos or has weak middle Solcos. And The length of brachial valve is more. The decoration of thepedical valve is involved ruge on side and ombo sides. Circle jag on the back, in front side of jags they are short length in the side. jugs
Are compacting conical and pentagonal. The difference between these spice with spinosocostata is that jags are really removed in length but incliata spicious, it is not necessary to measure.
Time extended: carboniferous – upper Permian
Geographical extended: Jolfa – ghafghaz-shahreza ,asafeh-Baladeh section( central Alborz)Minak and Niknamdeh section
The numberial model contemplated: 60 pcs
[[File:http://dc153.4shared.com/img/120599165/869c3658/4_online.jpg?sizeM=3]]
Table-4
Spinomarginifera helica(Abich, 1878) Pl.1 , figs. 4a-b.
1878 Productus intemedius helicusAbich, P.44, Pl.5, fig. 7;
Pl, 10, figs. 3, 12, 13, 17, 19, 20.
1878 Productus aculeatus - Abich, P.50, Pl,5, fig. 12; Pl.
10, fig.21. 1878
Productus spinulosus- Abich, P.51, P. 15, fig.9. 1878
Productus
intermedius helica- Arthaber, P.265, Pl.20, figs. 10-12.
Marginifera helica- Diener, P.74, Pl.3, fig.9 1903
Productus (Marginifera) intermedius- helicus var. 1937
multispinosa Likharew, P.69, Pl.10, figs. 7-10.
1937 Productus (Marginifera) intermedius- helicus var
mutabilis Likharew, P. 70 Pl. 10, figs. 11-20.
.
1939 Productus (Marginifera) intermedius - helicus-
Likharew,P. 25, Pl.22, fig.,9.
Marginifera helica- Ramovs,, P. 501, Pl.2, fig.8. 1958
1960 Spinomarginifera intermedia - helica- Sarytcheva
Others, fig. 228, Pl. 38, fig. 14.
.118 1963 Spinomarginifera intermedia - helica- schreter, Pl.
188, Pl.figs.3-11,
1965 Spinomarginifera helicaPl.5,.figs.6-7Fantini Sestini, P. 47 Pl.5,.figs.6-7
1965 Spinomarginifera helica- Sarytcheva & Sokolskaja, P. 226 Pl.37,.figs.9-11.,
Explanation:
Fold shell, Solcos( convaco-convex), thewidth has more than length , trigonal to trapezoid pedical valve in length is too fold more loop in half length and in horizontal has a small Solcos in center ombo is wide and big.
Decoration involved jags, circles are in the back.
Jags in the back side are the small. Brachial valve is a little fold and in front side jagged and the middle septum is too length and weak.
Time extended: later Permian
Geographical extended: shahreza-asafeh-Jolfa (elibashy formation) Baladeh.
The numberial model contemplated: 40 pcs
[[File:http://dc153.4shared.com/img/120599428/9a8a4d0a/5_online.jpg?sizeM=3]]
Table-5
Suborder Spiriferidina
Superfamily Reticularicea
Family Elythidae
Genus Permophricodothyris Pavlova, 1965
That kind explanation:
The size of shell is transitive, bifold and has oval horizontal or verticalombo is clear and loop, has weak fold and Solcos hing line parasikulite and has clear deltadum. That Growthline can be seen.
Inbrachial valve and pedicel valve. The brachial valve Is fold. Regular and in horizontal shape has the most loops.
Pedical valve Solcos is weak. Two Spices are known in the area that it's explanation is in below.
Explanation:
show has to much wide trapezoid and the size. hing line is alittle smaller than width maximum. Middle Solkos is deep and in middle fold is grown . wide pedicel valve And thus ombo is fold. Hing line is long and direct. Big delta and fold, brachial valve our regular Long and has more loop in horizontal.
The ombo is wide, long and loop and will continue over the hing. Middle fold will be.
Extended in one third length front side. And has no more wide extension. Hing line in front side has a little uniplicate an will make a weak arch And each lamella is extended to the front side and makes one jag row. In front side Pedical valve is half oval muscelscare . this pedical valve is grown with deltidial sheets and Brachial valve has to musclescare and by middle Solcos is the character of the front side and will be extended to the hall of length.
Time extended: upper Permian, jelfin oshkob nesen formation.
The numberial model contemplates: 25 pcs
Niknamdeh And Minak section.
Permophricodothyris ovata Pavlova, 1965
1879 Spirifer lineatus - Abich, P.79, Pl.6, figs. 6-8, Pl.8,
fig 14, Pl.9, fig.5.
1900 Reticularia indica- Arthaber, P. 270, P.21, figs. 495. Neophricodothyris indica, Likarew, P.114 , Pl.27 fig.5. , 1939
, figs.12a.C 1960Neophricodothyris waageni - Ivanova, Pl.40 Pl.40, figs. 12a.C, 1965Neophricodothyris indica - Ivanova Pl.135, figs.1-4. 1965Permophricodothyris ovata Pavlova
Explanation:
the size of big shell.bi bulge, length is more than width.
Or in same case this size are equal. Pedicalvalve Is long. Loop and regular.
Backside has less and more loop lines thatnodus have in center and sloped inside toward side line. These line can be seen clear. Middle solcose is thin an is located under the ombo . Ombo is too loop and clear the delturium is huge Brachial valve have the same and equal dimension.
Often the long is more than wide and its bulge is to less than pedical valve and has weak loop during its sides. This loop is clear at its backside. And one long sheets Issymmetry level can divide it in two parts. Ombo is not too wide and on the other side of the hing can not be seen clearly but has loop level and perfect round.
Inter area is too wide and rarely is clear. Pedical valve has strong muscle scarp and is completely clear . in lower Front will be more thinner , smaller. For recognizing front valve to back valve that this way is being Solkos line in front valve.
The effeteness of muscles is in third fourth of the total valve.
Geographic extended: central Alborz (Baladeh)-Jolfa-dorsham-ghafghaz.
The numberial model contemplate: 20 pcs
Area: Baladeh –Minak and Niknamdeh section.
[[File:http://dc153.4shared.com/img/120599841/bc16ab4c/_2__7.jpg?sizeM=3]]
Tabel-7
Family Dictyoclostidae
Subfamily Dictyoclostinae
GenusTyloplecta Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960
Tyloplecta yangtzeensis (Chao, 1927)
Explanation:
Middle size is big half rectangle . pedical valve Have loop and strong trail, in Cenozoic samples have ginglymus. Secondary entire area in some pedical valve is paradactidea. Jags can be seen in front parts and near the hing are in row . In pedical valve these of opposites and in valves can be seen capillae and real jags. An outer part has one margin side. Two spices of this kind have been found in Baladeh area that's explanation is in below.
Tyloplecta yangtzeensis (Chao, 1927)
1883 Productus semireticulatus- Kayser, P.181, Pl.24, figs. 2,3
Productus costatus- Kayser, P.182, Pl.25, figs6,7.1883
1927 Productus yangtzeensis Chao- P.50, Pl.5, figs. 1-3 p1.8, fig.9
1932 Productus (Dictyoclostus) –yangtzeensis Huang, P.26, Pl.1, figs. 18-21.
1933 Productus (Dictyoclostus) -yangtzeesins, Simic, P.22,
figs. 11-14. Pl.1,
1933 Productus (Dictyoclostus) -yangtzeensis-Heritsch,,
P.28,Pl.1, figs. 1-3.
1958 Dictyoclostus -yangtzeensis-Romovs,, P.506, Pl.3,
. a-c. figs1
1960 Tyloplecta yangtzeensis-Muir-Wood2 Cooper, P.291
1961 Dictyoclostus -yangtzeensis-Zhang & Ching,P.411
1963 Tyloplecta yangtzeensis- Schretre, P.124, P.6, fig. 1-7
1964 Tyloplecta yangtzeensis- Yanagida, P.145, PL.1
1965 Tyloplectacf.yangtzeensis-Fantin Sestini, P. 53, PL.5, fig.12
1965 Tyloplecta yangtzeensis Sarytcheva 2 Sokilskaja,P.37,
fig1 a,b.
, 1966 Tyloplecta yangtzeensisSestini,P.909, Pl.64, fig.14
1 65, fig.1
Explanation:
the size rarely medium in outer is circle or have rectangle, hing line is direct or has the most wide in shell.
Beak is clear all over the hing line. Ombo has much slop in sides the width of the solcose in pedical valve is of this 10 mm and is extended until front side.
Brachial valve is Solcos, and has capacity of solcose in front side.
Front side has about tall trial. Decoration in brachial valve has special regular costae and capillae in each valve is4-6pcs on each costa.
Time extended: early Permian – late Permian.
Geogeraphical extended: central Iran- abadeh-central Alborz (Baladeh) south western Asia-central Thailand(by yangagidea) reported.
The numberial model contemplate :18pcs
[[File:http://dc153.4shared.com/img/120600414/4e9d0db7/8_online.jpg?sizeM=3]]
Table-8
1965 Costiferina cf. arata- Glaus p.70
1965 Costiferina cf. indica- Glaus, p.70
1965 Costiferinacf.spiralis- Glaus, p. 70
Explanation :
The width of the shell is too much, half loop, angeland too fold.
The pedical valve is loop , long and in pedical site is wide, in half middle is weak and not deep. The decoration On the top are involved costae with branch middle layer with two forks in front side can be seen.
It has usually likeball bold and fold is on the costae that it's recognizing is not hard.
Time extended : late Permian.
Geographical extended : central Alborz-Baladeh (Minak section)
The numberial model contemplates: 20 pcs
[[File:http://dc159.4shared.com/img/120600922/840b6812/9_online.jpg?sizeM=3]]
Table-9
Compression t Persia with t yangtzeensis.
Differences in ombo shape and increasing all decreasing of width in each spices and being middle solcose line is deeper than in t yangtzeensis spices ombo is smaller and growth line is much and with largeness' and much height. Jags in pedical parts of the shell will because the separation of these t persica spices.
Other fossile are reported by sussli(1976),glaus(1964). That in this visit have been found unfortunately not complete and tectonization that weren’t measurable, but the name of the fossils are in below.
Enteletes lateroplicatus
Orthothetina peregrina
Haydenella sp.
Neochonetes asseretoi
Vediproductus vediensis
[[File:http://www.ngdir.com/Data_SD/Papers/Pics/faslnameh31-32fra5-10.gif]]
plate-2
Figs. 2a-b: Spinomarginifera helica Abich
a-b: Dorsal & ventral valve; x1
Upper Permian (Dzhulfian), Baladeh area, North Iran. Plate 1
Figs. 1a-b: Spinomarginifera ciliata (Arthaber)
a-b: Dorsal & ventral valve respecitvely, x1
Upper Permian (Dzhulfian), Baladeh area, North Iran
[[File:http://www.ngdir.com/Data_SD/Papers/Pics/faslnameh31-32fra5-11.gif]]
plate-3
1 g= Hing line & umbonal region, respectively: x1
Upper Permian (Nessen) Baladeh area- North Iran.
Plate 2
Figs. 1a-f:Tyloplectacf.persica Fantini Sestini
& Glaus, 1966.
a-f: la, 1b= Ventral,1c-1d=Umbonal region1e=Ventral
[[File:http://www.ngdir.com/Data_SD/Papers/Pics/faslnameh31-32fra5-12.gif]]
plate-4
Figs. 2a-d: Tyloplecta yangtzeensis (Chao)
a-d: Ventral,Umbonal region, lateral & dorsal view respecitely
; x1
Upper Permian (Nessen) Baladeh- area, North Iran. Plate 3
Figs. 1a-d: Araxilevis intemedius (Avich)
a-d: Ventral, dorsal, Umbonal region, lateral view respectively
; x1
Upper Permian (Dzhulfian) Jolfa area, Northwest Iran
[[File:http://www.ngdir.com/Data_SD/Papers/Pics/faslnameh31-32fra5-13.gif]]
plate-5
Figs. 2a-c: Araxathyris cf. felina (Arthaber)
a-c: Ventral, dorsal & umbonal region, respectively; x1
Upper Permian (Nessen) Baladeh area, North Iran. Plate 4
Figs. 1a-c:Orthotetinacf.glausi(Fantini &
Glaus,1966) a-c: Dorsal, Ventral, Umbonal region, respectively; x1
Upper Permian (Nessen) Baladeh area, North Iran
[[File:http://www.ngdir.com/Data_SD/Papers/Pics/faslnameh31-32fra5-15.gif]]
Diagram-1
[[File:http://www.ngdir.com/Data_SD/Papers/Pics/faslnameh31-32fra5-16.gif]]
Diagram-2
Conclusion:
Based on the study of samples in Niknamdeh and Baladeh area, will be anticipated sedimenting in late Permian (jolfin)has been done that central Alborz also like Jolfa and central iran. And comparison of this sections with each other similarity of sedimen regions will be proof. With this differences that in Alborz , after this sedimenting in most regions latrit- boksit horizon has been done.if boksit latrit sedimenting layer alibashy(dorashamian)egual has been omitted in Jolfa and the last part of permin section in this area Is with out. Sedimenting(gap). After this sediment horizon in Triassic (Elika stage) appeared in heights.
References
Nerinea-Fantini Sestini & Martin Glaus (1966) Milano- BrachioPods from the pper Permian Nessen Formation (North Iran)-V.72-n.4.
Raymond C.Moore (1965) Treatise on invertebvate Paleontology vol.1,2.- The University of Kansas Press.
Ruzhensev V.E. & Sarycheva T.G., 1969; The Development and charge of marine organisms at Paleozoic-Mesozoic boundary Moscow University.
== Animal macrofossils==
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