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{{Short description|none}} <!-- This short description is INTENTIONALLY "none" - please see WP:SDNONE before you consider changing it! -->
'''[[Tuvalu]]''' consists of nine separate '''islands''': six [[atoll]]s and three [[reef]] islands.<ref name="SOPAC">{{cite web |title= EU-SOPAC Project Report 50: TUVALU TECHNICAL REPORT High-Resolution Bathymetric Survey Fieldwork undertaken from 19 September to 24 October 2004 |publisher= Pacific Islands Applied Geoscience Commission c/o SOPAC Secretariat|date=October 2018 |url= ftp://ftp.gouv.nc/sig/PUBLIC/club_geomatique/2017/GT_donnees_geo_maritimes_22_06_2017/Rapport_de_leve_CPS.pdf| access-date=21 October 2019 }}</ref> An atoll typically consists of several [[islet]]s: Tuvalu has a total of 124 islands and islets. Each island is surrounded by a [[coral reef]]. Tuvalu's small, widely scattered atolls have poor soil and a total land area of only about {{convert|26|km2|0|abbr=off}} making Tuvalu the [[List of sovereign states by area|fourth-smallest country in the world]]. The sea level at the Funafuti tide gauge has been rising at a rate of 3.9&nbsp;mm per year, and it has been determined that [[sea level rise|rising sea levels]] are causing more wave energy to be transferred across reef surfaces, which has tended to push more sand onto island shorelines, increasing islands’ land area.<ref name="PSK">{{cite web| last = Paul S. Kench, Murray R. Ford & Susan D. Owen |title= Patterns of island change and persistence offer alternate adaptation pathways for atoll nations |publisher= Nature Communications |date = 9 February 2018|url= http://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-018-02954-1| access-date=11 February 2018}}</ref> Over a recent four-decade period, there was a net increase in the land area of the islets of 2.9% (73.5 ha), although the changes were not uniform: About 74% of them increased in size and about 27% decreased in size.▼
 
[[Tuvalu]] consists of nine separate islands: six [[atoll]]s and three [[reef]] islands.<ref name="SOPAC">{{cite web |title= EU-SOPAC Project Report 50: TUVALU TECHNICAL REPORT High-Resolution Bathymetric Survey Fieldwork undertaken from 19 September to 24 October 2004 |publisher= Pacific Islands Applied Geoscience Commission c/o SOPAC Secretariat|date=October 2018 |url= ftp://ftp.gouv.nc/sig/PUBLIC/club_geomatique/2017/GT_donnees_geo_maritimes_22_06_2017/Rapport_de_leve_CPS.pdf| access-date=21 October 2019 }}</ref> An atoll typically consists of several [[Islet#Other_terms|motus]]: Tuvalu has a total of 124 islands and islets. Each island is surrounded by a [[coral reef]]. The soils of Tuvalu's islands are usually shallow, porous, alkaline, coarse-textured, with carbonate mineralogy and high [[pH]] values of up to 8.2 to 8.9.<ref name="CBD5">{{cite web| last = | first = |title= Tuvalu Fifth National Report to the Convention on Biological Diversity|publisher= Government of Tuvalu|page=|year = 2016|url= https://www.cbd.int/reports/search/ | accessdate=11 November 2023}}</ref> The soils are usually deficient in most of the important nutrients needed for plant growth, so garden beds need to be enhanced with [[mulch]] to increase their fertility.<ref name="CBD5"/> Tuvalu's small, widely scattered atolls have a total land area of only about {{convert|26|km2|0|abbr=off}} making Tuvalu the [[List of sovereign states by area|fourth-smallest country in the world]].
 
▲'''[[Tuvalu]]''' consists of nine separate '''islands''': six [[atoll]]s and three [[reef]] islands.<ref name="SOPAC">{{cite web |title= EU-SOPAC Project Report 50: TUVALU TECHNICAL REPORT High-Resolution Bathymetric Survey Fieldwork undertaken from 19 September to 24 October 2004 |publisher= Pacific Islands Applied Geoscience Commission c/o SOPAC Secretariat|date=October 2018 |url= ftp://ftp.gouv.nc/sig/PUBLIC/club_geomatique/2017/GT_donnees_geo_maritimes_22_06_2017/Rapport_de_leve_CPS.pdf| access-date=21 October 2019 }}</ref> An atoll typically consists of several [[islet]]s: Tuvalu has a total of 124 islands and islets. Each island is surrounded by a [[coral reef]]. Tuvalu's small, widely scattered atolls have poor soil and a total land area of only about {{convert|26|km2|0|abbr=off}} making Tuvalu the [[List of sovereign states by area|fourth-smallest country in the world]]. The sea level at the Funafuti tide gauge has been rising at a rate of 3.9&nbsp;mm per year, and it has been determined that [[sea level rise|rising sea levels]] are causing more wave energy to be transferred across reef surfaces, which has tended to push more sand onto island shorelines, increasing islands’ land area.<ref name="PSK">{{cite webjournal| last = Paul S. Kench, Murray R. Ford & Susan D. Owen |title= Patterns of island change and persistence offer alternate adaptation pathways for atoll nations |publisherjournal= Nature Communications |date = 9 February 2018|urlvolume= http://www9 |issue= 1 |page= 605 |doi= 10.nature.com/articles1038/s41467-018-02954-1 |pmid= access-date29426825 |pmc=11 February5807422 2018}}</ref> Over a recent four-decade period, there was a net increase in the land area of the islets of 2.9% (73.5 ha), although the changes were not uniform: About 74% of them increased in size and about 27% decreased in size.
 
==Islands of Tuvalu==
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The name, Tuvalu, means "eight standing together" in [[Tuvaluan language|Tuvaluan]].
 
The [[Coral reefs of Tuvalu]] consists of three [[reef]] islands and six [[atolls]], containing approximately {{convert|710|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} of reef platforms.<ref name="MM20048">{{cite report|first= |last= Morris, C., & Mackay, K. |title = Status of coral reefs in the Southwest Pacific: Fiji, Nauru, New Caledonia, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tuvalu and Vanuatu |year= 2008 |publisher= Status of coral reefs of the world (Townsville: Australian Institute of Marine Science)| volume=|pages=177–188|chapter= |ISSNissn= }}</ref> The reef islands have a different structure to the atolls, and are perhaps better described as “reef platforms,” as they are small, tabular platforms that lack the salt-water [[lagoon]] typically found on reef islands.<ref name="PSK1">{{cite webjournal| last = Paul S. Kench, Murray R. Ford & Susan D. Owen |title= Patterns of island change and persistence offer alternate adaptation pathways for atoll nations (Supplementary Note 1) |publisherjournal= Nature Communications |date = 9 February 2018|volume= 9 |issue= 1 |page= 605 |doi= 10.1038/s41467-018-02954-1 |pmid= 29426825 |s2cid= 256641955 |url= http://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-018-02954-1| access-date=11 February 2018|pmc= 5807422 }}</ref> The reef platforms do have a completely enclosed rim of dry land, and the rim surrounds the remnants of a lagoon, but these lagoon remnants have no connection to the open sea, and tend to dry up as coral debris accumulates in them over time.<ref name="CH-GA">{{cite journal|ref=Hedley|last1= Hedley |first1= Charles|title= General account of the Atoll of Funafuti|url= http://australianmuseum.net.au/Uploads/Journals/16686/487_complete.pdf |year= 1896 |journal= Australian Museum Memoir |volume=3|issue=2|pages=1–72 |doi= 10.3853/j.0067-1967.3.1896.487 }}</ref> For example, [[Niutao]] has two brackish, saline lakes which are the degraded remnants of an ancient lagoon.
 
The smallest island, [[Niulakita]], which is the ninth island in the Tuvaluan archipelago, has not been continuously inhabited. It has been privately owned since 1944, when the [[Gilbert and Ellice Islands]] Colony administration purchased the island and granted people from [[Vaitupu]] permission to settle there. However, in 1949, a successor administration made the controversial decision to expel the Vaitupuans from Niulakita, and arrange for residents of [[Niutao]] to settle there instead, because Niutao was feltconsidered to be overpopulated.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tighar.org/wiki/Foua_Tofiga |title=Foua Tofiga |publisher=tighar.org |access-date=26 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202034200/http://tighar.org/wiki/Foua_Tofiga |archive-date=2 February 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Niulakita is a separate local government district, but it is administered as part of Niutao, and is represented in the Parliament of Tuvalu by members of the constituency of Niutao.
 
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! bgcolor="#ffffff" colspan="25" width="85%" valign="top"| [[Image:Tv-map.png|329px|Islands of Tuvalu]] [[Image:Flag of Tuvalu-(star interpretation).svg|351px|Islands of Tuvalu represented on the [[Flag of Tuvalu|flag]]]]
|-
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| [[Funafuti]]||[[Vaiaku]]|| align="right" | 2.40 || align="right" | 277||align=right| 6,320 || align="right" | 30||align=right|9||8°31′S 179°13′E
|-bgcolor="#ffffff"
| [[Nanumea]]||[[NanumeaLolua]]|| align="right" | 3.87|| align="right" | 22||align=right| 512 || align="right" | 5||align=right|2||05°41′S 176°09′E
|- bgcolor="#ffffff"
| [[Nui (atoll)|Nui]]||[[Tanrake]]|| align="right" | 2.83|| align="right" | 17||align=right| 610 || align="right" | 21||align=right|4||07°13′29″S 177°09′37″E
Line 71 ⟶ 75:
 
===Third expedition (1898)===
The expedition was led by [[Alfred Edmund Finckh]] of the University of Sydney.<ref name="CC">{{cite webbook|first= Carol |last= Cantrell |title = Finckh, Alfred Edmund (1866–1961) | url= http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/finckh-alfred-edmund-10180/text17987|publisher= Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University |access-date=23 December 2012}}</ref><ref name="RCC">{{cite webjournal|last= K. A. Rodgers and Carol Cantrell |title =Alfred Edmund Finckh 1866-1961: Leader of the 1898 Coral Reef Boring Expedition to Funafuti |journal =Historical Records of Australian Science |year =1989 |volume =7 |issue =4 |pages =393–403 |url= http://www.publish.csiro.au/?act=view_file&file_id=HR9890740393.pdf|publisher= Historical Records of Australian Science, Volume 7, Number 4, pp. 393–403|doi =10.1071/hr9890740393 |pmid =11617111 |access-date=23 December 2012}}</ref>
 
==Results of the Royal Society expeditions==
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The average depth in the Funafuti lagoon (''Te Namo'') is about 20 fathoms (36.5 metres or 120 feet).<ref name="AC">{{cite book |last=Coates|first=A. | title= Western Pacific Islands |year= 1970 |publisher= H.M.S.O. |pages=349}}</ref>
 
{{QuoteBlockquote| “[[Funafuti]] is an almost circular and conical submarine mountain 12,000 feet high, originally volcanic, and of immense geological age, much older than the relatively young and active mountains of the [[Vanuatu|New Hebrides]] and [[Solomon Islands|Solomons]]. At its base on the ocean bed it is 30 miles wide in one of the directions tested, and 28 miles wide on the other. It rises in a gentle slope which gradually steepens to a point 2,400 feet below water level, after which it rises at an angle of 80 degrees to 840 feet below water level. From this point it rises vertically, like an enormous pillar, till reaches the surface in the form of a reef enclosing a lagoon of irregular size, but of which the extremities give a measurement of 13.5 by 10.0 miles”.<ref name="AC"/> }}
 
==See also==
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[[Category:Islands of Tuvalu| ]]
[[Category:Atolls of Tuvalu| ]]
[[Category:Subdivisions of Tuvalu|Islands of Tuvalu]]
[[Category:Lists of administrative divisions|Tuvalu, Islands]]
[[Category:Administrative divisions in Oceania|Tuvalu 1]]
[[Category:Lists of islands by country|Tuvalu]]
[[Category:Tuvalu-related lists|Islands]]
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