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Lithium niobate is a colorless solid, and it is insoluble in water. It has a [[trigonal]] [[crystal system]], which lacks [[inversion symmetry]] and displays [[ferroelectricity]], the [[Pockels effect]], the [[piezoelectric]] effect, [[photoelasticity]] and [[nonlinear optics|nonlinear optical]] polarizability. Lithium niobate has negative uniaxial [[birefringence]] which depends slightly on the [[stoichiometry]] of the crystal and on temperature. It is transparent for wavelengths between 350 and 5200 [[nanometer]]s.
Lithium niobate can be [[Dopant|doped]] by [[magnesium oxide]], which increases its resistance to optical damage (also known as photorefractive damage) when doped above the [[optical damage threshold]]. Other available dopants are [[iron]], [[zinc]], [[hafnium]], [[copper]], [[gadolinium]], [[erbium]], [[yttrium]], [[manganese]] and [[boron]].
==Growth==
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