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== Effects on the host cell ==
Viruses have an extensive range of structural and biochemical effects on the host cell.{{sfn | Oxford |Kellam|Collier| 2016 | p=34–36}}These are called ''[[cytopathic effect]]s''.{{sfn | Oxford |Kellam|Collier| 2016 | p=34}} Most virus infections eventually result in the death of the host cell. The causes of death include cell lysis (bursting), alterations to the cell's surface membrane and [[apoptosis]] (cell "suicide").<ref name="pmid28846635">{{cite journal |vauthors=Okamoto T, Suzuki T, Kusakabe S, Tokunaga M, Hirano J, Miyata Y, Matsuura Y |title=Regulation of Apoptosis during Flavivirus Infection |journal=Viruses |volume=9 |issue=9 |pages= 243|year= 2017 |pmid=28846635 |pmc=5618009 |doi=10.3390/v9090243|doi-access=free }}</ref> Often cell death is caused by cessation of its normal activity due to proteins produced by the virus, not all of which are components of the virus particle.<ref name="pmid18637511">{{cite journal <!--Deny Citation Bot-->|vauthors=Alwine JC |title=Modulation of host cell stress responses by human cytomegalovirus |journal=Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology |volume=325|pages=263–79 |date=2008 |pmid=18637511 |doi=10.1007/978-3-540-77349-8_15}}</ref>
Some viruses cause no apparent changes to the infected cell. Cells in which the virus is [[virus latency|latent]] (inactive) show few signs of infection and often function normally.<ref name="pmid18164651">{{cite journal | vauthors = Sinclair J | title = Human cytomegalovirus: Latency and reactivation in the myeloid lineage | journal = J. Clin. Virol. | volume = 41 | issue = 3 | pages = 180–185 | date = March 2008 | pmid = 18164651 | doi = 10.1016/j.jcv.2007.11.014 }}</ref> This causes persistent infections and the virus is often dormant for many months or years. This is often the case with [[herpes simplex|herpes viruses]].<ref name="pmid6326635">{{cite journal | vauthors = Jordan MC, Jordan GW, Stevens JG, Miller G | title = Latent herpesviruses of humans | journal = Ann. Intern. Med. | volume = 100 | issue = 6 | pages = 866–880 | date = June 1984 | pmid = 6326635 | doi = 10.7326/0003-4819-100-6-866 }}</ref><ref name="pmid12076064">{{cite journal | vauthors = Sissons JG, Bain M, Wills MR | s2cid = 24879226 | title = Latency and reactivation of human cytomegalovirus | journal = J. Infect. | volume = 44 | issue = 2 | pages = 73–77 | date = February 2002 | pmid = 12076064 | doi = 10.1053/jinf.2001.0948}}</ref>
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=== Bibliography ===
{{Refbegin}}
*{{cite book | editor-last = Collier | editor-first =Leslie |editor-last2=Balows| editor-first2 =Albert | editor-last3 =Sussman | editor-first3 =Max
*{{cite book | last1=Oxford
| first1=John |last2=Kellam|first2=Paul|last3=Collier|first3=Leslie|
title=Human Virology | publisher=Oxford University Press | publication-place=Oxford | year=2016 | isbn=978-0-19-871468-2 | oclc=968152575}}
*{{cite book | last = Shors | first = Teri
{{Refend}}
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