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{{Neo-fascism|varieties}}
'''Holocaust denial''' is an [[antisemitic conspiracy theory]]<ref name="antisemitic" /><ref name="conspiracy" /> that asserts that the [[Nazi Party|Nazi]] [[genocide]] of [[Jews]], known as [[the Holocaust]], is a fabrication or exaggeration.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Coady|first1=David|title=Conspiracy Theories: The Philosophical Debate|date=2019|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1-315-25957-4|language=en|chapter=Conspiracy Theories and Official Stories *|quote=Holocaust denial is one, unfortunately widespread, example of a conspiracy theory.}}</ref><ref name="ushmmdenialmisinformation">{{cite web |title=Holocaust Deniers and Public Misinformation |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/holocaust-deniers-and-public-misinformation |access-date=May 29, 2021 |website=encyclopedia.ushmm.org |publisher=[[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]] |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519225227/https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/holocaust-deniers-and-public-misinformation |archive-date=May 19, 2021}}</ref>{{R|definition}} Holocaust denial
*[[Nazi Germany]]'s "[[Final Solution]]" was aimed only at [[Expulsions and exoduses of Jews|deporting Jews]] from the territory of the Third Reich and did not include their extermination.
*Nazi authorities did not use [[extermination camp]]s and [[gas chamber]]s for the [[mass murder]] of Jews.
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==Terminology and etymology==
Holocaust deniers prefer to refer to their work as historical revisionism, and object to being referred to as "[[Denialism|deniers]]".{{R|Revisionist}} [[Emory University]] professor [[Deborah Lipstadt]] has written that: "The deniers' selection of the name revisionist to describe themselves is indicative of their basic strategy of deceit and distortion and of their attempt to portray themselves as legitimate historians engaged in the traditional practice of illuminating the past."
{{blockquote|That historians are constantly engaged in historical revision is certainly correct; however, what historians do is very different from this advertisement. Historical revision of major events ... is not concerned with the actuality of these events; rather, it concerns their historical interpretation – their causes and consequences generally.<ref>{{cite book |title=Denying the Holocaust: the growing assault on truth and memory |edition=reprint |last=Lipstadt |first=Deborah E. |author-link=Deborah Lipstadt |year=1994 |publisher=Plume |isbn=978-0-452-27274-3 |url=https://archive.org/details/denyingholocaust00lips}}</ref>}}
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{{See also|Sonderaktion 1005}}
[[File:Jewish prisoners forced to work for a Sonderkommando 1005 unit pose next to a bone crushing machine in the Janowska concentration camp.jpg|thumb|Members of a [[Sonderaktion 1005|''Sonderkommando'' 1005]] unit pose next to a bone-crushing machine in the [[Janowska concentration camp]] (photo taken in August 1944, after camp's liberation).]]
While the [[Second World War]] was still underway, the Nazis had already formed a contingency plan that if defeat was imminent they would carry out the total destruction of German records.<ref name="klars-coth">{{cite book |url={{google books|id=NTjJDNi7fq4C|title=French Children of the Holocaust: A Memorial|page=|plainurl=yes}} |last1=Klarsfeld |first1=Serge |title=French Children of the Holocaust: A Memorial |author-link1=Serge Klarsfeld |date=1996 |location=New York |publisher=[[New York University Press]] |lccn=96031206 |isbn=9780814726624 |oclc=35029709 |page=xiii}}</ref> Historians have documented evidence that as [[Germany]]'s defeat became imminent and Nazi leaders realized they would most likely be captured and brought to trial, great effort was made to destroy all evidence of mass extermination. [[Heinrich Himmler]] instructed his camp commandants to destroy records, crematoria, and other signs of mass extermination.<ref name="Arad_1984">{{cite web |first=Yitzhak |last=Arad |
====French collaboration in archive destruction====
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One of the earliest efforts to save historical record of the Holocaust occurred during the war, in France, where [[Drancy internment camp]] records were carefully preserved and turned over to the new [[National Office for Veterans and Victims of War]]; however, the bureau then held them in secret, refusing to release copies later, even to the [[Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation]] (CDJC).{{Citation needed|date=June 2020}}<!-- {{R|klars-coth}} -->
In 1943, [[Isaac Schneersohn]], anticipating the need for a center to document and preserve the memory of the persecution for historical reasons and also support claims post-war, gathered together 40 representatives from Jewish organizations in [[Grenoble]] which was under Italian occupation at the time<ref name="mdlShoah">{{cite web |url=http://www.memorialdelashoah.org/index.php/en/archives-and-documentation/the-cdjc-catalogue/the-history-of-the-center-of-contemporary-jewish-documentation-cdjc |title=The History of the Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation (CDJC) |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150316150400/http://www.memorialdelashoah.org/index.php/en/archives-and-documentation/the-cdjc-catalogue/the-history-of-the-center-of-contemporary-jewish-documentation-cdjc |archive-date=March 16, 2015}}</ref> in order to form a ''center de documentation''.<ref name="Jockusch">{{cite web |url={{google books|id=E2IhaiQwJQ8C|page=18|title=Collect and Record! Jewish Holocaust Documentation in Early Postwar Europe|plainurl=yes}} |title=Collect and Record! Jewish Holocaust Documentation in Early Postwar Europe |last1=Jockusch |first1=Laura |date=October 11, 2012 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=9780199764556 |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199764556.001.0001}} as quoted in {{cite journal |url=https://www.academia.edu/1777831 |title=Khurbn Forshung (''destruction research'')– Jewish Historical Commissions in Europe, 1943–1949 |last1=Jockusch |first1=Laura |website=academia.edu |access-date=March 15, 2015 |archive-date=June 26, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626051235/https://www.academia.edu/1777831/_Khurbn_Forshung_Jewish_Historical_Commissions_in_Europe_1943-1949_ |url-status=live}}</ref> Exposure meant the death penalty, and as a result little actually happened before [[Liberation of France|liberation]].<ref name="ej-cdjc">{{Citation |last1=Mazor |first1=Michel |last2=Weinberg |first2=David |contribution=Centre de Documentation Juive Contemporaine (CDJC) |editor1-last=Berenbaum |editor1-first=Michael |editor2-last=Skolnik |editor2-first=Fred |title=Encyclopedia Judaica |volume=4 |edition=2 |pages=547 |series=Gale Virtual Reference Library |publisher=[[Macmillan Reference USA]] |place=Detroit |date=2007 |contribution-url=http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CCX2587504110&v=2.1&u=imcpl1111&it=r&p=GVRL&sw=w&asid=00b7d473b9c8670353939c8535501ac3 |access-date=April 3, 2015 |archive-date=June 29, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180629074246/http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CCX2587504110&v=2.1&u=imcpl1111&it=r&p=GVRL&sw=w&asid=00b7d473b9c8670353939c8535501ac3 |url-status=live}}</ref> Serious work began after the center moved to Paris in late 1944 and was renamed the CDJC.{{R|Jockusch|ej-cdjc}}
====Immediate post-war period====
[[File:Ohrdruf Corpses Eisenhower.jpg|thumb|April 12, 1945: Generals [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]], [[Omar Bradley]] and [[George S. Patton]] inspect an improvised crematory pyre at [[Ohrdruf concentration camp]].]]
In 1945, General [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]], Supreme Allied Commander, anticipated that someday an attempt would be made to recharacterize the documentation of [[Nazi crimes]] as propaganda and took steps against it.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hobbs|first1=Joseph Patrick|last2=Eisenhower|first2=Dwight D.|last3=Marshall|first3=George Catlett|title=Dear General: Eisenhower's Wartime Letters to Marshall|date=May 12, 1999|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|location=Baltimore|isbn=0801862191}}</ref> Eisenhower, upon finding the victims of Nazi concentration camps, ordered all possible photographs to be taken, and for the German people from surrounding villages to be ushered through the camps and made to bury the dead.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hobbs |first1=Joseph Patrick |last2=Eisenhower |first2=Dwight D. |last3=Marshall |first3=George Catlett |title=Dear General: Eisenhower's Wartime Letters to Marshall |date=May 12, 1999 |publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press]] |location=Baltimore |isbn=0801862191|page=223}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=World War II Liberation Photography |url=https://www.ushmm.org/collections/the-museums-collections/about/photo-archives/world-war-ii-liberation-photography |access-date=August 30, 2020 |website=[[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]] |language=en |archive-date=September 22, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922024859/https://www.ushmm.org/collections/the-museums-collections/about/photo-archives/world-war-ii-liberation-photography |
====Nuremberg trials====
[[File:Evidence in Nuremberg trials.jpg|thumb|United States Army clerks with evidence collected for the Nuremberg trials]]
The [[Nuremberg trials]] took place in Germany after the war in 1945–1946. The stated aim was to dispense justice in retribution for atrocities of the German government. This Allied intention to administer justice post-war was first announced in 1943 in the [[Moscow Declaration|Declaration on German Atrocities in Occupied Europe]] and reiterated at the [[Yalta Conference]] and at Berlin in 1945.<ref name="Wright-1946">{{cite journal |last=Wright |first=Quincy |author-link= Quincy Wright |year=1946 |title=The Nuremberg Trial |journal=[[Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science]] |volume=246 |issue=1 |pages=72–80 |jstor=1025134 |doi=10.1177/000271624624600113 |s2cid=143138559 |issn=0002-7162}}</ref> While the intention was not specifically to preserve the historical record of the Holocaust, some of the core documents required to prosecute the cases were provided to them by the [[CDJC]], and much of the huge trove of archives were then transferred to the CDJC after the trials and became the core of future Holocaust historiography.<ref name="Bensoussan">{{cite book |url={{google books|id=aNzjTUT6jdYC|title=Holocaust Historiography in Context: Emergence, Challenges, Polemics and Achievements|plainurl=yes|page=245}} |title=Holocaust Historiography in Context: Emergence, Challenges, Polemics and Achievements |editor1-first=David |editor1-last=Bankier |editor2-first=Dan |editor2-last=Mikhman <!--|chapter=Jewish Contemporary Documentation Centre (CDJC) and Holocaust Research in France, 1945-1970--> |last1=Bensoussan |first1=Georges |date=2008 |publisher=[[Berghahn Books]] |pages=245–254 |isbn=9789653083264 |access-date=March 15, 2015}}</ref>
The Nuremberg trials were important historically, but the events were still very recent, television was in its infancy and not present, and there was little public impact. There were isolated moments of limited public awareness from Hollywood films such as ''[[The Diary of Anne Frank]]'' (1959) or the 1961 ''[[Judgment at Nuremberg]]'' which had some newsreel footage of actual scenes from liberated Nazi concentration camps including scenes of piles of naked corpses laid out in rows and bulldozed into large pits, which was considered exceptionally graphic for the time.
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During the 1930s, the Nazi government used this propaganda against the British, claiming allegations of concentration camps were malicious lies put forward by the British government, and historians Joachim Neander and [[Randal Marlin]] note that this story "encouraged later disbelief when early reports circulated about the Holocaust under Hitler".{{R|BBC fake news}} [[Victor Cavendish-Bentinck]], chairman of the British Joint Intelligence Committee, noted that these reports were similar to "stories of employment of human corpses during the last war for the manufacture of fat which was a grotesque lie"; likewise, ''[[The Christian Century]]'' commented that "The parallel between this story and the 'corpse factory' atrocity tale of the First World War is too striking to be overlooked."<ref name="bgd">{{cite book |last=Neander |first=Joachim |title=The German Corpse Factory. The Master Hoax of British Propaganda in the First World War |publisher=[[Saarland University Press]] |date=2013 |page=8–9}}</ref> Neander notes that "There can be no doubt that the reported commercial use of the corpses of the murdered Jews undermined the credibility of the news coming from Poland and delayed action that might have rescued many Jewish lives."<ref name="bgd"/>
The [[Neo-Nazi]] movement has been revitalized by Holocaust denial. Small but vocal numbers of Neo-Nazis realized that recreation of a Hitlerite-style regime may be impossible, but a replica might be produced in the future; the rehabilitation of Nazism, they concluded, required the discrediting of the Holocaust.<ref name=Atkins>{{cite book |first=Stephen E. |last=Atkins |title=Holocaust Denial as an International Movement |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M9Uj6u6b-ZIC |year=2009 |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |isbn=978-0-313-34538-8 |quote=Holocaust denial has played an important role in the revitalization of the Neo-Nazi movement. There was a smaller but nonetheless vocal number of supporters in other Western European countries and the United States. These neo-Nazis realized that a Hitlerite regime was impossible, but a reasonable facsimile was possible in the future. These neo-Nazis and their allies realized that any rehabilitation of Nazism could be accomplished only by discrediting the Holocaust.}}</ref> [[Neo-fascism]] has likewise relied upon Holocaust denial as a means of rehabilitation.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bland |first=Benjamin |date=2019 |title=Holocaust inversion, anti-Zionism and British neo-fascism: the Israel–Palestine conflict and the extreme right in post-war Britain |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/0031322X.2018.1536347 |journal=[[Patterns of Prejudice]] |language=en |volume=53 |issue=1 |pages=86–97 |doi=10.1080/0031322X.2018.1536347 |issn=0031-322X |access-date=May 11, 2024 |archive-date=May 11, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240511134816/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/0031322X.2018.1536347 |url-status=live}}</ref>
As a movement, modern
===Maurice Bardèche===
The first person to openly write after the end of World War II that he doubted the reality of the Holocaust was French journalist [[Maurice Bardèche]] in his 1948 book
===Harry Elmer Barnes===
[[Harry Elmer Barnes]], at one time a mainstream American historian, assumed a Holocaust-denial stance in his later years. Between [[World War I]] and [[World War II]], Barnes was an [[anti-war]] writer and a leader of the [[historical revisionism]] movement. Starting in 1924, Barnes worked closely with the [[Centre for the Study of the Causes of the War]], a German government-funded think tank whose sole purpose was to disseminate the official government position that Germany was the victim of Allied aggression in 1914 and that the [[Versailles Treaty]] was morally invalid.{{sfn|Herwig|1987|pp=22–23 & 26}} Headed by Major Alfred von Wegerer, a {{lang|de|[[Völkisch movement|
Following World War II, Barnes became convinced that allegations made against Germany and [[Empire of Japan|Japan]], including the Holocaust, were wartime propaganda that had been used to justify the United States' involvement in World War II. Barnes claimed that there were two false claims made about World War II, namely that Germany started the war in 1939, and the Holocaust, which Barnes claimed did not happen.
In his 1962 pamphlet, ''Revisionism and Brainwashing'', Barnes claimed that there was a "lack of any serious opposition or concerted challenge to the atrocity stories and other modes of defamation of German national character and conduct".
Barnes cited the French Holocaust denier [[Paul Rassinier]], whom Barnes called a "distinguished French historian" who had exposed the "exaggerations of the atrocity stories".{{
===Beginnings of modern denialism===
In 1961, a protégé of Barnes, [[David Hoggan]], published
In 1964, [[Paul Rassinier]] published ''The Drama of the European Jews''. Rassinier was himself a concentration camp survivor (he was held in [[Buchenwald]] for having helped French Jews escape the Nazis), and modern-day deniers continue to cite his works as scholarly research that questions the accepted facts of the Holocaust. Critics argued that Rassinier did not cite evidence for his claims and ignored information that contradicted his assertions; he nevertheless remains influential in Holocaust denial circles for being one of the first deniers to propose that a vast Zionist/Allied/Soviet conspiracy faked the Holocaust, a theme that would be picked up in later years by other authors.<ref>{{cite book |first=Deborah E. |last=Lipstadt |author-link=Deborah Lipstadt |title=History on Trial |publisher=Harcourt |date=2005 |isbn=0-06-059376-8}}</ref>{{page needed|date=June 2020}}
[[Austin App]], a [[La Salle University]] medieval English literature professor, is considered the first major mainstream American holocaust denier.<ref>{{cite book |last=Knight |first=Peter |title=Conspiracy Theories in American History: An Encyclopedia |volume=1 |year=2003 |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |isbn=978-1576078129 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qMIDrggs8TsC&q=%22Austin%20App%22%20holocaust&pg=PA322 |page=322 |access-date=March 20, 2021 |archive-date=July 5, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240705094705/https://books.google.com/books?id=qMIDrggs8TsC&q=%22Austin%20App%22%20holocaust&pg=PA322 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Atkins, Stephen E. 2009 pp. 153">{{cite book |last=Atkins
The publication of [[Arthur Butz]]'s ''[[The Hoax of the Twentieth Century]]: The case against the presumed extermination of European Jewry'' in 1976; and [[David Irving]]'s ''[[Hitler's War]]'' in 1977 brought other similarly inclined individuals into the fold.
[[Henry Bienen]], the former president of Northwestern University, has described Arthur Butz's view of the Holocaust as an "embarrassment to Northwestern".<ref name="bienen">{{cite web |url=http://www.northwestern.edu/president/arthurbutz.html |title=Message from President Bienen, Northwestern University |last=Bienen |first=Henry S. |date=February 6, 2006 |publisher=[[Northwestern University]] |access-date=September 20, 2009 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070501100921/http://www.northwestern.edu/president/arthurbutz.html |archive-date= May 1, 2007}}</ref> In 2006, sixty of Butz's colleagues from the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science faculty signed a censure describing Butz's Holocaust denial as "an affront to our humanity and our standards as scholars".<ref name="tdn">{{cite news |url=http://dailynorthwestern.com/2006/02/16/archive-manual/students-faculty-oppose-butz-with-petitions/ |title=Students, faculty oppose Butz with petitions |last=Elizabeth |first=Campbell |date=February 16, 2006 |newspaper=The Daily Northwestern |access-date=May 17, 2012 |archive-date=January 16, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116074722/http://dailynorthwestern.com/2006/02/16/archive-manual/students-faculty-oppose-butz-with-petitions/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The letter also called for Butz to "leave our Department and our University and stop trading on our reputation for academic excellence".{{R|tdn}}
===Institute for Historical Review===
In 1978 the American [[far-right]] activist [[Willis Carto]] founded the [[Institute for Historical Review]] (IHR), an organization dedicated to publicly challenging the commonly accepted history of the Holocaust.<ref name="TooCloseForComfort">{{cite book |first1=Chip |last1=Berlet |first2=Matthew J. |last2=Lyons |title=Right-Wing Populism in America: Too Close for Comfort |location=New York |publisher=[[Guilford Press]] |date=2000 |page=189}}</ref> The IHR's founding was inspired by [[Austin App]], a [[La Salle University|La Salle]] professor of medieval English literature and considered the first major American holocaust denier.{{R|Atkins, Stephen E. 2009 pp. 153}} The IHR sought from the beginning to establish itself within the broad tradition of historical revisionism, by soliciting token supporters who were not from a [[neo-Nazi]] background such as [[James J. Martin (historian)|James J. Martin]] and [[Samuel Edward Konkin III]], and by promoting the writings of French socialist Paul Rassinier and American anti-war historian Harry Elmer Barnes, in an attempt to show that Holocaust denial had a base of support beyond neo-Nazis. The IHR republished most of Barnes's writings, which had been out of print since his death. While it included articles on other topics and sold books by mainstream historians, the majority of material published and distributed by IHR was devoted to questioning the facts surrounding the Holocaust.<ref>{{cite book |first=Richard J. |last=Evans |title=Lying About Hitler: History, Holocaust, and the David Irving Trial |publisher=[[Basic Books]] |date=2002 |isbn=0-465-02153-0}}</ref>{{page needed|date=June 2020}}
In 1980, the IHR promised a $50,000 reward to anyone who could prove that Jews were gassed at Auschwitz. [[Mel Mermelstein]] wrote a [[letter to the editor]]s of the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' and others including ''[[The Jerusalem Post]]''. The IHR wrote back, offering him $50,000 for proof that Jews were, in fact, gassed in the gas chambers at Auschwitz. Mermelstein, in turn, submitted a notarized account of his internment at Auschwitz and how he witnessed Nazi guards ushering his mother and two sisters and others towards (as he learned later) gas chamber number five. Despite this, the IHR refused to pay the reward. Represented by public interest attorney [[William John Cox]], Mermelstein subsequently sued the IHR in the [[Superior Court of Los Angeles County]] for [[breach of contract]], [[anticipatory repudiation]], [[libel]], [[injurious denial of established fact]], [[intentional infliction of emotional distress]], and [[declaratory relief]]. On October 9, 1981, both parties in the Mermelstein case filed motions for [[summary judgment]] in consideration of which Judge Thomas T. Johnson of the [[Superior Court of Los Angeles County]] took "[[judicial notice]] of the fact that Jews were gassed to death at the Auschwitz Concentration Camp in Poland during the summer of 1944,"<ref name="NYT">{{cite news |title=California Judge Rules Holocaust Did Happen |date=October 10, 1981 |page=A26 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |agency=[[Associated Press]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/10/10/us/california-judge-rules-holocaust-did-happen.html |access-date=November 20, 2010 |archive-date=October 19, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181019142015/https://www.nytimes.com/1981/10/10/us/california-judge-rules-holocaust-did-happen.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="order">{{cite web |url=http://www.nizkor.org/ftp.cgi/people/m/mermelstein.mel/ftp.py?people/m/mermelstein.mel//mermelstein.order.072285 |title=Mel Mermelstein v. Institute for Historical Review Judgment and Statement of Record |access-date=November 20, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717102709/http://www.nizkor.org/ftp.cgi/people/m/mermelstein.mel/ftp.py?people%2Fm%2Fmermelstein.mel%2F%2Fmermelstein.order.072285 |archive-date=July 17, 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> judicial notice meaning that the court treated the gas chambers as common knowledge, and therefore did not require evidence that the gas chambers existed. On August 5, 1985, Judge Robert A. Wenke entered a judgment based upon the [[Stipulation]] for Entry of Judgment agreed upon by the parties on July 22, 1985. The judgment required IHR and other defendants to pay $90,000 to Mermelstein and to issue a letter of apology to "Mr. Mel Mermelstein, a [[Holocaust survivors|survivor]] of Auschwitz-Birkenau and Buchenwald, and all other survivors of Auschwitz" for "pain, anguish and suffering" caused to them.{{R|order}}
In the "About the IHR" statement on their website, the IHR states, "The IHR does not 'deny' the Holocaust. Indeed, the IHR as such has no 'position' on any specific event...."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ihr.org/main/about.shtml|title=About the IHR: Our Mission and Record |date=May 2018 |work=Institute for Historical Review |access-date=July 9, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013154000/http://ihr.org/main/about.shtml |archive-date=October 13, 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> British historian [[Richard J. Evans]] wrote that the Institute's acknowledgment "that a relatively small number of Jews were killed" was a means to draw attention away from its primary beliefs, i.e. that the number of victims was not in the millions and that Jews were not systematically murdered in gas chambers.<ref>[[Richard J. Evans]]. ''Telling Lies About Hitler: The Holocaust, History and the David Irving Trial'', [[Verso Books]], 2002, {{ISBN|1-85984-417-0}}, p. 151. Quote: Like many individual Holocaust deniers, the Institute as a body denied that it was involved in Holocaust denial. It called this a 'smear' which was 'completely at variance with the facts' because 'revisionist scholars' such as Faurisson, Butz 'and bestselling British historian David Irving acknowledge that hundreds of thousands of Jews were killed and otherwise perished during the Second World War as a direct and indirect result of the harsh anti-Jewish policies of Germany and its allies'. But the concession that a relatively small number of Jews were killed was routinely used by Holocaust deniers to distract attention from the far more important fact of their refusal to admit that the figure ran into the millions, and that a large proportion of these victims were systematically murdered by gassing as well as by shooting.</ref>
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===James Keegstra===
{{Further|R. v. Keegstra}}
In 1984, [[James Keegstra]], a Canadian high-school teacher, was charged under the Canadian [[Criminal Code (Canada)|''Criminal Code'']] for "promoting hatred against an identifiable group by communicating anti-Semitic statements to his students". During class, he would describe Jews as a people of profound evil who had "created the Holocaust to gain sympathy." He also tested his students in exams on his theories and opinion of Jews.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Elman |first1=Bruce P. |editor1-last=DeCoste |editor1-first=F. C. |editor2-last=Schwartz |editor2-first=Bernard |title=The Holocaust's Ghost: Writings on Art, Politics, Law and Education |date=2000 |publisher=[[University of Alberta Press]] |isbn=978-0-88864-337-7 |page=316 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lLnBSq7YP0gC&pg=PA316 |language=en |chapter=The Belzberg Lecture: Honouring Memory, Doing Justice: Holocaust Denial, Hate Propaganda and Canadian Law |access-date=March 4, 2022 |archive-date=July 5, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240705094705/https://books.google.com/books?id=lLnBSq7YP0gC&pg=PA316#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live}}</ref>
Keegstra was charged under s 281.2(2) of the ''Criminal Code''{{citation needed|date=June 2020}} (now s 319(2)), which provides that "Every one who, by communicating statements, other than in private conversation, wilfully promotes hatred against any identifiable group" commits a criminal offense.<ref>''Criminal Code'', RSC 1970, c C-34, s 281.2(2); now ''Criminal Code'', RSC 1985, c C-46, s 319(2).</ref> He was convicted at trial before the [[Alberta Court of Queen's Bench]]. The court rejected the argument, advanced by Keegstra and his lawyer, [[Doug Christie (lawyer)|Doug Christie]], that promoting hatred is a constitutionally protected freedom of expression as per [[Section Two of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms|s 2(b) of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms]]. Keegstra appealed to the [[Alberta Court of Appeal]]. That court agreed with Keegstra, and he was acquitted. The Crown then appealed the case to the [[Supreme Court of Canada]], which ruled by a 4–3 majority that promoting hatred could be [[R. v. Keegstra#Reasons of the court|justifiably]] restricted under [[Section One of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms|s 1 of the Charter]]. The Supreme Court restored Keegstra's conviction.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://scc-csc.lexum.com/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/695/index.do|title=R. v. Keegstra – SCC Cases (Lexum) |website=scc-csc.lexum.com |date=January 2001 |access-date=February 24, 2019 |archive-date=July 10, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190710021813/https://scc-csc.lexum.com/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/695/index.do |url-status=live}}</ref> He was fired from his teaching position shortly afterward.<ref>*"The trouble erupted when the teacher's anti-Jewish (and, incidentally, anti-Catholic) views attracted complaints from certain Eckville parents, thereby inviting intervention from the district school superintendent, Robert David, in 1981. A train of events was launched that finally led to Keegstra's dismissal and subsequent indictment." Alan Davies, "The Keegstra Affair", in Alan T. Davies, ''Antisemitism in Canada: History and Interpretation'', Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 1992, {{ISBN|0-88920-216-8}}, p. 228.
*"Far from arguing that Keegstra had a civil right to continue spreading his dreck at Eckville High, civil libertarians wonder (along with the rest of Canada, we hope) why it took twelve years for the local school board to exercise its appropriate authority and fire him. But at least Keegstra was finally fired, and was finally removed from his position as Mayor of Eckville." John Dixon, [http://www.bccla.org/positions/freespeech/85keegstra.html The Keegstra case: Freedom of speech and the prosecution of harmful ideas] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926232724/http://www.bccla.org/positions/freespeech/85keegstra.html |date=September 26, 2007 }}, [[British Columbia Civil Liberties Association]] Position Paper, 1986. Retrieved June 27, 2007.</ref>
===Zündel trials===
{{See also|Leuchter report}}
The Toronto-based photo retoucher [[Ernst Zündel]] operated a small-press called [[Samisdat Publishers]], which published and distributed Holocaust-denial material such as ''[[Did Six Million Really Die?]]'' by Richard Harwood (a pseudonym of [[Richard Verrall (political writer)|Richard Verrall]] – a British neo-Nazi). In 1985, he was tried in ''[[R. v. Zundel]]'' and convicted under a "false news" law and sentenced to 15 months imprisonment by an [[Ontario]] court for "disseminating and publishing material denying the Holocaust".<ref name="Zundelcourt">{{cite court |litigants=R. v. Zundel |vol= |reporter= |opinion= |pinpoint= |court= |date=August 27, 1992 |url=http://scc.lexum.umontreal.ca/en/1992/1992rcs2-731/1992rcs2-731.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012161758/http://scc.lexum.umontreal.ca/en/1992/1992rcs2-731/1992rcs2-731.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> The Holocaust historian [[Raul Hilberg]] was a witness for the prosecution at the 1985 trial. Zündel's conviction was overturned in an appeal on a legal technicality, leading to a second trial in 1988, in which he was again convicted. The 1988 trial included, as witnesses for the defense, [[Fred A. Leuchter]], [[David Irving]] and [[Robert Faurisson]]. The pseudo-scientific [[Leuchter report]] was presented as a defense document and was published in Canada in 1988 by Zundel's Samisdat Publishers, and in Britain in 1989 by Irving's Focal Point Publishing. In both of his trials, Zündel was defended by [[Doug Christie (lawyer)|Douglas Christie]] and [[Barbara Kulaszka]]. His conviction was overturned in 1992 when the Supreme Court of Canada declared the "false news" law unconstitutional.{{R|Zundelcourt}}
Zündel had a website, web-mastered by his wife Ingrid, which
===Bradley Smith and the CODOH===
In 1987, Bradley R. Smith, a former media director of the Institute for Historical Review,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.axt.org.uk/antisem/archive/archive2/usa/usa.htm|title=United States of America|date=1998|work=axt.org.uk|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080620114155/http://www.axt.org.uk/antisem/archive/archive2/usa/usa.htm|archive-date=June 20, 2008}}</ref> founded the Committee for Open Debate on the Holocaust (CODOH).<ref>[http://www.adl.org/poisoning_web/codoh.asp "Poisoning the Web – Committee for Open Debate on the Holocaust."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115233738/http://www.adl.org/poisoning_web/codoh.asp |date=January 15, 2013 }} ''[[Anti-Defamation League|ADL]]''. 2001. April 24, 2008.</ref> In the United States, CODOH has repeatedly attempted to place advertisements questioning whether the Holocaust happened, especially in college campus newspapers.<ref>[http://www.adl.org/holocaust/bradley_smith.asp "Bradley Smith and the Committee for Open Debate on the Holocaust: The New College Try".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115233745/http://www.adl.org/holocaust/bradley_smith.asp |date=January 15, 2013 }} ''[[Anti-Defamation League|ADL]]''. 2001. April 24, 2008.</ref>
Bradley Smith took his message to college students—with little success. Smith referred to his tactics as the CODOH campus project. He said, "I don't want to spend time with adults anymore, I want to go to students. They are superficial. They are empty vessels to be filled." "What I wanted to do was I wanted to set forth three or four ideas that students might be interested in, that might cause them to think about things or to have questions about things. And I wanted to make it as simple as possible, and to set it up in a way that could not really be debated."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.adl.org/learn/ext_us/smith_codoh/words.asp?LEARN_Cat=Extremism&LEARN_SubCat=Extremism_in_America&xpicked=2&item=10 |title=Bradley Smith, Holocaust Denial, Committee for Open Debate on the Holocaust – Extremism in America |publisher=
===Ernst Nolte===
The German philosopher and historian [[Ernst Nolte]], starting in the 1980s, advanced a set of theories, which though not denying the Holocaust appeared to flirt with an Italian Holocaust denier, [[Carlo Mattogno]], as a serious historian.<ref name="Evans, Richard J. page 83">{{cite book |last=Evans
The British historian [[Ian Kershaw]] has argued that Nolte was operating on the borderlines of Holocaust denial with his implied claim that the "negative myth" of Nazi Germany was created by Jewish historians, his allegations of the domination of Holocaust scholarship by "biased" Jewish historians, and his statements that one should withhold judgment on Holocaust deniers, whom Nolte takes considerable pains to stress are not exclusively Germans or fascists.<ref name="Kershaw, Ian page 176">Kershaw, Ian ''The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretations'', London: Arnold, 1989 page 176</ref> In Kershaw's opinion, Nolte is attempting to imply that perhaps Holocaust deniers are on to something.{{R|Kershaw, Ian page 176}}
In a 1990 interview, Nolte implied that there was something to the [[Leuchter report]]: "If the revisionists [Holocaust deniers] and Leuchter among them have made it clear to the public that even 'Auschwitz' must be an object of scientific inquiry and controversy then they should be given credit for this. Even if it finally turned out that the number of victims was even greater and the procedures were even more horrific than has been assumed until now."<ref>{{cite book |last=Brinks
The British historian [[Richard J. Evans]] in his 1989 book ''In Hitler's Shadow'' expressed the view that Nolte's reputation as a scholar was in ruins as a result of these and other controversial statements on his part.<ref>Evans, Richard ''In Hitler's Shadow'', New York, NY: Pantheon, 1989 page 123</ref> The American historian [[Deborah Lipstadt]] in a 2003 interview stated: {{blockquote|Historians such as the German Ernst Nolte are, in some ways, even more dangerous than the deniers. Nolte is an anti-Semite of the first order, who attempts to rehabilitate Hitler by saying that he was no worse than Stalin; but he is careful not to deny the Holocaust. Holocaust-deniers make Nolte's life more comfortable. They have, with their radical argumentation, pulled the center a little more to their side. Consequently, a less radical extremist, such as Nolte, finds himself closer to the middle ground, which makes him more dangerous.<ref>{{cite web |last=Gerstenfeld |first=Manfred |title=Denial of the Holocaust and Immoral Equivalence An Interview with Deborah Lipstadt |publisher=Jerusalem Centre for Public Affairs |date=August 1, 2003 |url=http://www.jcpa.org/phas/phas-11.htm |access-date=June 21, 2007 |archive-date=August 16, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070816010915/http://www.jcpa.org/phas/phas-11.htm |url-status=live}}</ref>}}
===Mayer controversy===
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According to James Najarian,{{who|date=December 2021}} Holocaust deniers working for the [[Institute for Historical Review]] are not trained in history and "put out sham scholarly articles in the mock-academic publication, the ''[[Journal of Historical Review]]''".<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Najarian|first1=James|year=1997|title=Gnawing at History: The Rhetoric of Holocaust Denial|journal=Midwest Quarterly|volume=39|issue=1|page=74|url=http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/9711065531 |access-date=February 9, 2011}}</ref> They appeal to "our objectivity, our sense of fair play, and our distrust of figurative language".<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Najarian|first1=James|year=1997|title=Gnawing at History: The Rhetoric of Holocaust Denial|journal=Midwest Quarterly|volume=39|issue=1|page=76|url=http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/9711065531 |access-date=February 9, 2011}}</ref> Thus, they rely on facts to grab the readers' attention. These facts, however, are strung by what Najarian calls "fabricated decorum" and are re-interpreted for their use. For example, they pay particular attention to inconsistencies in numbers.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Najarian|first1=James|year=1997|title=Gnawing at History: The Rhetoric of Holocaust Denial|journal=Midwest Quarterly|volume=39|issue=1|page=80|url=http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/9711065531 |access-date=February 9, 2011}}</ref>{{clarify|date=December 2015}}<!-- Which "inconsistencies in numbers" are being referred to here? -->
Holocaust denial propaganda in all forms has been shown to influence the audiences that it reaches. In fact, even the well-educated—that is, college graduates and current university students alike—are susceptible to such propaganda when it is presented before them. This stems from the growing disbelief that audiences feel after being exposed to such information, especially since Holocaust witnesses themselves are decreasing in number.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Lasson|first=Kenneth|year=2007|title=Defending Truth: Legal and Psychological Aspects of Holocaust Denial|journal=Current Psychology|volume=26|issue=3–4|page=256|url=http://www.schaler.net/Lasson.pdf
==Middle East==
===General===
[[Gamal Abdel Nasser]], the President of Egypt, told a German newspaper in 1964 that "no person, not even the most simple one, takes seriously the lie of the six million Jews that were murdered [in the Holocaust]."<ref>{{cite book|last=Satloff|first=Robert|title=Among the Righteous: Lost Stories from the Holocaust's Long Reach Into Arab lands|publisher=PublicAffairs|year=2007|page=163|isbn=9781586485108}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Laqueur|first=Walter|title=The Changing Face of Antisemitism: From Ancient Times to the Present Day|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2006|page=[https://archive.org/details/changingfaceofan00laqu/page/141 141]|isbn=9780195304299|url=https://archive.org/details/changingfaceofan00laqu/page/141}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Robert S. Wistrich|title=Hitler's apocalypse: Jews and the Nazi legacy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=acBtAAAAMAAJ|date=17 October 1985|publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson|isbn=978-0-297-78719-8|page=188|quote="President Nasser of Egypt in a notorious interview with the editor of the neo-Nazi Deutsche Soldaten und National Zeitung, published on 1 May 1964, insisted that No one, not even the simplest man in our country, takes seriously the lie about six million Jews who were murdered"}}</ref>
Denials of the Holocaust have been promoted by various Middle Eastern figures and media. Holocaust denial is sponsored by some Middle Eastern governments, including Iran<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=6637685|title=Iran Further Isolates Itself with 'Holocaust Denial'|date=December 17, 2006|work=NPR.org|access-date=April 4, 2018|archive-date=September 1, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180901134402/https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=6637685|url-status=live}}</ref> and Syria.<ref name="JVLSyria">{{cite web|title=Syrian Holocaust Denial|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/syrian-holocaust-denial|website=jewishvirtuallibrary.org|publisher=Jewish Virtual Library|access-date=August 17, 2020|archive-date=December 17, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217011440/http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/anti-semitism/syrdenial.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2006 [[Robert Satloff]] writing in ''[[The Washington Post]]'', reported that "A respected Holocaust research institution recently reported that Egypt, Qatar and Saudi Arabia all promote Holocaust denial and protect Holocaust deniers."<ref>{{Cite news|author=Robert Satloff
Prominent figures from the Middle East have rarely made publicized visits to [[Auschwitz]]—[[Arab citizens of Israel|Israel's Arab community]] being the exception. In 2010, [[Hadash]] MK [[Mohammed Barakeh]] visited, following a previous visit of two other Arab-Israeli lawmakers, and a group of about 100 Arab-Israeli writers and clerics in 2003.<ref name="MK">{{cite news|date=January 26, 2010|url=http://www.haaretz.com/jewish-world/2.209/arab-mk-s-auschwitz-visit-draws-fire-from-jewish-arab-critics-1.262131|title=Arab MK's Auschwitz visit draws fire from Jewish, Arab critics|agency=[[Associated Press]]|newspaper=Haaretz
===
{{See also|Racism in the Palestinian territories}}
Individuals from the [[Palestinian Authority]], [[Hamas]], and a number of Palestinian groups have engaged in various aspects of Holocaust denial.<ref name="Karsh98">[[Efraim Karsh|Karsh, Efraim]]. ''Arafat's War: The Man and His Battle for Israeli Conquest''. New York: Grove Press, 2003. p. 98–99.</ref>
[[Hamas]] have promoted Holocaust denial;<ref>[https://scholarworks.law.ubalt.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1386&context=all_fac Defending Truth: Legal and Psychological Aspects of Holocaust Denial] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428190244/https://scholarworks.law.ubalt.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1386&context=all_fac |date=April 28, 2019 }}, Kenneth Lasson, [[University of Baltimore School of Law]], 2007</ref> [[Abdel Aziz al-Rantissi]] held that the Holocaust never occurred, that [[Zionism|Zionists]] were behind the action of Nazis, and that Zionists funded Nazism.<ref name="wiesenthal"/>
A press release by Hamas in April 2000 decried "the so-called Holocaust, which is an alleged and invented story with no basis".<ref>[http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/templateC05.php?CID=1946 Washington Institute for Near East Policy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090110175744/http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/templateC05.php?CID=1946 |date=January 10, 2009 }}, 2000</ref> In August 2009, Hamas' [[Hamas–UNRWA Holocaust dispute|told UNRWA]] that it would "refuse" to allow Palestinian children to study the Holocaust, which it called "a lie invented by the Zionists" and referred to Holocaust education as a "war crime".<ref>Hadid, Diaa (September 1, 2009) [http://archive.boston.com/news/world/middleeast/articles/2009/09/01/hamas_leader_denies_holocaust/ "Hamas leader denies Holocaust"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190523093127/http://archive.boston.com/news/world/middleeast/articles/2009/09/01/hamas_leader_denies_holocaust/ |date=May 23, 2019 }} [[Associated Press]] via ''[[Boston Globe]]''</ref> Hamas continued to hold this position in 2011, when the organization's Ministry for Refugee Affairs said that Holocaust education was "intended to poison the minds of our children."<ref>Oster, Marcy (March 1, 2011) [https://www.jta.org/2011/03/01/news-opinion/israel-middle-east/hamas-to-u-n-dont-teach-holocaust "Hamas to U.N.: Don’t teach Holocaust"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618125959/https://www.jta.org/2011/03/01/news-opinion/israel-middle-east/hamas-to-u-n-dont-teach-holocaust |date=June 18, 2018 }} ''[[Jewish Telegraphic Agency]]''</ref>
The thesis of the 1982 doctoral dissertation of [[Mahmoud Abbas]], a co-founder of [[Fatah]] and president of the [[Palestinian National Authority]], was "The Secret Connection between the Nazis and the Leaders of the Zionist Movement".<ref>[http://hnn.us/articles/1414.html Was Abu Mazen a Holocaust Denier?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331052749/http://hnn.us/articles/1414.html |date=March 31, 2019 }} By Brynn Malone (History News Network)</ref><ref>[http://www.memri.org/bin/articles.cgi?Area=sr&ID=SR01503 Abu Mazen: A Political Profile. Zionism and Holocaust Denial] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070310213751/http://www.memri.org/bin/articles.cgi?Area=sr&ID=SR01503 |date=March 10, 2007 }} by Yael Yehoshua ([[MEMRI]]) April 29, 2003</ref><ref name="wiesenthal">{{cite web|url=http://www.wiesenthal.com/atf/cf/%7Bdfd2aac1-2ade-428a-9263-35234229d8d8%7D/denial_report.pdf|title=Holocaust Denial's Assault on Memory: Precursor to twenty first century genocide?|publisher=Simon Wiesenthal Center|year=2007 |access-date=May 2, 2012|author=Dr. Harold Brackman, Aaron Breitbart |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206142427/http://www.wiesenthal.com/atf/cf/%7BDFD2AAC1-2ADE-428A-9263-35234229D8D8%7D/DENIAL_REPORT.PDF |archive-date=February 6, 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In his 1983 book ''[[The Other Side: the Secret Relationship Between Nazism and Zionism]]'' based on the dissertation, Abbas denied that six million Jews had died in the Holocaust; dismissing it as a "myth" and a "fantastic lie".<ref name="Abbas">{{cite web|url=http://www.thecommentator.com/article/1524/holocaust_denial_undermines_the_palestinian_cause|title=Holocaust denial undermines the Palestinian cause|publisher=The Commentator|date=August 14, 2012 |access-date=May 18, 2015|author=Jeremy Havardi |archive-date=January 30, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130174348/http://www.thecommentator.com/article/1524/holocaust_denial_undermines_the_palestinian_cause |url-status=dead}}</ref> At most, he wrote, 890,000 Jews were murdered by the Germans. Abbas claimed that the number of deaths has been exaggerated for political purposes. "It seems that the interest of the Zionist movement, however, is to inflate this figure [of Holocaust deaths] so that their gains will be greater. This led them to emphasize this figure [six million] in order to gain the solidarity of international public opinion with Zionism. Many scholars have debated the figure of six million and reached stunning conclusions—fixing the number of Jewish victims at only a few hundred thousand."{{R|wiesenthal}}<ref name="wymaninstitute.org">[http://www.wymaninstitute.org/articles/2003-03-denier.php A Holocaust-Denier as Prime Minister of "Palestine"?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110908080728/http://www.wymaninstitute.org/articles/2003-03-denier.php |date=September 8, 2011 }} by Dr. Rafael Medoff (The David S. Wyman Institute for Holocaust Studies)</ref><ref name=autogenerated1>[http://www.tomgrossmedia.com/mideastdispatches/archives/000032.html Abu Mazen and the Holocaust] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190205035253/http://www.tomgrossmedia.com/mideastdispatches/archives/000032.html |date=February 5, 2019 }} by Tom Gross</ref>
In his March 2006 interview with ''[[Haaretz]]'', Abbas stated, "I wrote in detail about the Holocaust and said I did not want to discuss numbers. I quoted an argument between historians in which various numbers of casualties were mentioned. One wrote there were 12 million victims and another wrote there were 800,000. I have no desire to argue with the figures. The Holocaust was a terrible, unforgivable crime against the Jewish nation, a crime against humanity that cannot be accepted by humankind. The Holocaust was a terrible thing and nobody can claim I denied it."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/u-s-told-us-to-ignore-israeli-map-reservations-1.8840|title=U.S. told us to ignore Israeli map reservations|author=Akiva Eldar|newspaper=[[Haaretz]]|date=May 28, 2003
Surveys conducted by [[Sammy Smooha]] of the [[University of Haifa]] found that the fraction of Israeli Arabs denying that millions of Jews were murdered by the Nazis increased from 28% in 2006 to 40% in 2008.<ref name=Smooha>{{cite web|author=Sammy Smooha|title=The 2008 Index of Arab-Jewish Relations in Israel: Main Findings and Trends of Change|url=http://soc.haifa.ac.il/~s.smooha/uploads/editor_uploads/files/Index2008MainFindings_TrendsChangeEng.pdf|year=2009 |access-date=June 18, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140806134653/http://soc.haifa.ac.il/~s.smooha/uploads/editor_uploads/files/Index2008MainFindings_TrendsChangeEng.pdf |archive-date=August 6, 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Smooha commented:
<blockquote>In Arab eyes disbelief in the very happening of the Shoah is not hate of Jews (embedded in the denial of the Shoah in the West) but rather a form of protest. Arabs not believing in the event of Shoah intend to express strong objection to the portrayal of the Jews as the ultimate victim and to the underrating of the Palestinians as a victim. They deny Israel's right to exist as a Jewish state that the Shoah gives legitimacy to. Arab disbelief in the Shoah is a component of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, unlike the ideological and anti-Semitic denial of the Holocaust and the desire to escape guilt in the West.{{R|Smooha}}</blockquote>
Mohammed Dajani, a Palestinian professor of the [[Al-Quds University]] took his students to visit the [[Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum|Auschwitz concentration camps]] in [[Poland]], but was later forced to resign over accusations of "promoting Zionist narrative[s] to gain international support for Israel" from antisemitic administrators. Still, he defended Holocaust education as necessary for peace,<ref>{{cite news|work=[[The Times of Israel]]|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/palestinian-professor-who-took-students-to-auschwitz-holocaust-denial-imperils-peace|title=Palestinian professor who took students to Auschwitz: Holocaust denial imperils peace|date=17 September 2023}}</ref>
{{Blockquote|text=Holocaust denial and distortion are historically incorrect, and factually wrong, and constitute a significant threat to morality and human dignity...}}
=== Syria ===
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[[File:Rio does not welcome Mahmoud Ahmadinejad.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Protest in Brazil against former [[Iranian President]] [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]], criticizing [[International Conference to Review the Global Vision of the Holocaust|his Holocaust denial]]]]
Former Iranian President [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]] frequently denied the Holocaust,<ref name="InternationalList1">Variously:
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4529198.stm "Holocaust comments spark outrage"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211112061120/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4529198.stm |date=November 12, 2021 }}, BBC News, Accessed December 14, 2005.
*Esfandiari, Golnaz. [http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2005/12/6f3acbdf-d5f9-4ba1-8c9d-278c700ae2ea.html "Iran: President's Latest Comments About Israel Spark Further Condemnation"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080820094906/http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2005/12/6f3acbdf-d5f9-4ba1-8c9d-278c700ae2ea.html |date=August 20, 2008 }}. Radio Free Europe. Accessed January 28, 2008.
*[http://www.ncccusa.org/news/051216Ahmadinejad.html "NCC Condemns Ahmadinejad's Holocaust Statement"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090417214619/http://www.ncccusa.org/news/051216Ahmadinejad.html |date=April 17, 2009 }}. [[National Council of Churches]]. Accessed December 16, 2007.
*[http://www.cnn.com/2005/WORLD/meast/10/27/ahmadinejad.reaction/index.html "Annan: 'Dismay' over Iranian comments on Israel"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207130247/http://www.cnn.com/2005/WORLD/meast/10/27/ahmadinejad.reaction/index.html |date=December 7, 2008 }}. CNN. Accessed September 27, 2007.
*[http://www.cnn.com/2005/WORLD/meast/12/14/iran.israel/ "Iranian leader: Holocaust a 'myth'"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051216125829/http://www.cnn.com/2005/WORLD/meast/12/14/iran.israel/ |date=December 16, 2005 }}. [[CNN]]. December 14, 2006.</ref> formally 'questioning' the reliability of the historical evidence,<ref name="Spiegel">[http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/spiegel-interview-with-iran-s-president-ahmadinejad-we-are-determined-a-418660.html "Spiegel Interview with Iran's President Ahmadinejad: 'We Are Determined'"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512214220/https://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/spiegel-interview-with-iran-s-president-ahmadinejad-we-are-determined-a-418660.html |date=May 12, 2019 }}, ''Der Spiegel'' (May 30, 2006). Retrieved 07sep2013.</ref> although he on occasion confirmed belief in it.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071011100923/http://www.theisraelproject.org/atf/cf/%7B84DC5887-741E-4056-8D91-A389164BC94E%7D/20070924AHMADINEJADCOLUMBIATRANSCRIPT.DOC Transcript of his speech on September 24, 2007.] "However, I believe the Holocaust, from what we read, happened during World War II after 1930 in the 1940s."</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=773638342167920349|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629105844/http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=773638342167920349|url-status=dead|title=Video of his speech on September 24, 2007. Timecode 22:28 to 22:37.|archivedate=June 29, 2011}}</ref> In a December 2005 speech, Ahmadinejad said that a legend was fabricated and had been promoted to protect Israel. He said:
{{blockquote|They have fabricated a legend, under the name of the Massacre of the Jews, and they hold it higher than God himself, religion itself and the prophets themselves.... If somebody in their country questions God, nobody says anything, but if somebody denies the myth of the massacre of Jews, the Zionist loudspeakers and the governments in the pay of Zionism will start to scream.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/archive/2005/12/200849154418141136.html|title=Ahmadinejad: Holocaust a myth|work=[[Al Jazeera Arabic|Al Jazeera]]|access-date=July 9, 2008|archive-date=September 23, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090923231908/http://english.aljazeera.net/archive/2005/12/200849154418141136.html|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
The remarks immediately provoked international controversy as well as swift condemnation from government officials in Israel, Europe, and the United States. All six political parties in the German parliament signed a joint resolution condemning Ahmadinejad's Holocaust denial.<ref>[https://archive.today/20120730021205/http://www.expatica.com/source/site_article.asp?subchannel_id=52&story_id=26268&name=German+parliament+slams+Ahmadinejad+remarks German parliament slams Ahmadinejad remarks], ''Expatica'', December 16, 2005.</ref> In contrast, [[Hamas]] political leader [[Khaled Mashaal]] described Ahmadinejad's comments as "courageous" and stated, "Muslim people will defend Iran because it voices what they have in their hearts, in particular the Palestinian people."<ref>Al Jazeera,{{cite web|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/English/archive/archive?ArchiveId=17093|title=Hamas springs to Iran's defense |access-date=August 14, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071206115859/http://english.aljazeera.net/English/archive/archive?ArchiveId=17093 |archive-date=December 6, 2007}}</ref> In the United States, the [[Muslim Public Affairs Council]] condemned Ahmadinejad's remarks.<ref name=mpac>{{cite news|title=MPAC Rebukes Iranian President's Comments|url=http://www.mpac.org/article.php?id=231 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080617083103/http://www.mpac.org/article.php?id=231 |archive-date=June 17, 2008 |access-date=January 31, 2012|date=December 8, 2005}}</ref> In 2005, the Egyptian [[Muslim Brotherhood]] leader, [[Mohammed Mahdi Akef]], denounced what he called "the myth of the Holocaust" in defending Ahmadinejad's denial of the Holocaust.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/4554986.stm Egyptian Islamists deny Holocaust] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906201530/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/4554986.stm |date=September 6, 2017 }}, December 23, 2005.</ref>
On December 11, 2006, the Iranian state-sponsored "[[International Conference to Review the Global Vision of the Holocaust]]" began to widespread condemnation.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/meast/12/11/iran.holocaust/index.html|title=Iran hosts Holocaust conference
*[http://www.canada.com/edmontonjournal/news/story.html?id=c4b5cf88-207a-487d-b785-b97e119099d8 "Holocaust deniers gather in Iran"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011091846/http://canada.com/edmontonjournal/news/story.html?id=c4b5cf88-207a-487d-b785-b97e119099d8 |date=October 11, 2007 }}, ''[[Edmonton Journal]]'', December 13, 2006.
*[https://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-holocaust13dec13,1,5920414.story?coll=la-headlines-world&ctrack=1&cset=true "Holocaust deniers rebuked"]. ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'', December 13, 2006.
*[https://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20061213.wxholocaustprof13/BNStory/International/home "Canadian prof attends Tehran's gathering of Holocaust deniers"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070121004453/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20061213.wxholocaustprof13/BNStory/International/home |date=January 21, 2007 }}, ''[[The Globe and Mail]]'', December 13, 2006.
*"The conference for Holocaust deniers hosted by Iran's President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad is a transparent polemical stunt." [https://www.boston.com/news/globe/editorial_opinion/editorials/articles/2006/12/13/irans_great_pretender/ "Iran's great pretender"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303211047/http://www.boston.com/news/globe/editorial_opinion/editorials/articles/2006/12/13/irans_great_pretender/ |date=March 3, 2016 }}, ''[[The Boston Globe]]'', December 13, 2006.
*"What's the perfect way to top off a Holocaust denial conference featuring input from the likes of such scholars as former KKK Grand Wizard David Duke?" [https://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/la-ed-iran13dec13,0,2528243.story?coll=la-opinion-leftrail "Holocaust denial can be dangerous"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070111102008/http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/la-ed-iran13dec13,0,2528243.story?coll=la-opinion-leftrail |date=January 11, 2007 }}, ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'', December 13, 2006.
*[http://www.zeenews.com/znnew/articles.asp?aid=341711&sid=WOR "Across Europe, outrage over meeting of holocaust deniers"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071223174719/http://www.zeenews.com/znnew/articles.asp?aid=341711&sid=WOR |date=December 23, 2007 }}, ''[[Zee News]]'', December 13, 2006.
*{{usurped|1=[https://archive.today/20061217133330/http://cnews.canoe.ca/CNEWS/World/2006/12/12/2769773-cp.html "World reacts with outrage over meeting of Holocaust deniers in Iran"]}}, ''[[Calgary Sun]]'', December 13, 2006.
*[http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/ap/world/4396632.html "Holocaust deniers' meeting spurs outrage"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061219093121/http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/ap/world/4396632.html |date=December 19, 2006 }}, ''[[Houston Chronicle]]'', December 12, 2006.
*[http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2006/12/12/europe/EU_GEN_Europe_Holocaust_Denial.php "Across Europe, outrage over meeting of Holocaust deniers in Iran"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061214071812/http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2006/12/12/europe/EU_GEN_Europe_Holocaust_Denial.php |date=December 14, 2006 }}, ''[[International Herald Tribune]]'', December 12, 2006.
*[https://www.theguardian.com/israel/Story/0,,1970042,00.html "Holocaust deniers gather in Iran for 'scientific' conference"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210220161206/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/dec/12/iran.israel |date=February 20, 2021 }}, ''[[The Guardian]]'', December 12, 2006.
*[http://news.independent.co.uk/world/middle_east/article2067598.ece "Revisionist fringe gathers for Iran's Holocaust denial jamboree"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070108183925/http://news.independent.co.uk/world/middle_east/article2067598.ece |date=January 8, 2007 }}, ''[[The Independent]]'', December 12, 2006.
*[https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601087&sid=auGTWx2QrILM&refer=home "Holocaust Denied at Iran Forum to 'Research' Nazis"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613163056/http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601087 |date=June 13, 2010 }}, ''[[Bloomberg Television]]'', December 11, 2006.
*[https://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/11/world/middleeast/11cnd-iran.html "Holocaust Deniers and Skeptics Gather in Iran"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201210055610/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/11/world/middleeast/11cnd-iran.html |date=December 10, 2020 }}, ''[[The New York Times]]'', December 11, 2006.
*"Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, speaking at a Tehran conference denying the existence of the Holocaust, said Israel will disappear like the Soviet Union." [http://www.upi.com/NewsTrack/view.php?StoryID=20061212-072558-3819r "Iran students rebel over Holocaust denial"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071016065421/http://upi.com/NewsTrack/view.php?StoryID=20061212-072558-3819r |date=October 16, 2007 }}, ''[[United Press International]]'', December 12, 2006.</ref> though Iran denied it was a Holocaust denial conference.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/0,1518,453691,00.html|title=Berlin Counters Holocaust Conference
In 2013, in an interview with CNN, newly elected Iranian President [[Hassan Rouhani]] condemned the Holocaust, stating: "I can tell you that any crime that happens in history against humanity, including the crime the Nazis created towards the Jews as well as non-Jews is reprehensible and condemnable. Whatever criminality they committed against the Jews, we condemn."<ref name="Saeed Kamali Dehghan">{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/sep/25/iran-rouhani-recognises-holocaust|title=Iranian president Hassan Rouhani recognises 'reprehensible' Holocaust|author=Saeed Kamali Dehghan|work=The Guardian|date=September 25, 2013|access-date=December 11, 2016|archive-date=May 28, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190528221855/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/sep/25/iran-rouhani-recognises-holocaust|url-status=live}}</ref> Iranian media later accused CNN of fabricating Rouhani's comments.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jpost.com/Iranian-Threat/News/Report-CNN-fabricated-Rouhani-Holocaust-interview-remarks-327171|title=Iranian press accuses CNN of 'fabricating' Rouhani Holocaust remarks|work=The Jerusalem Post - JPost.com|date=September 26, 2013|access-date=June 30, 2014|archive-date=March 2, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302203415/https://www.jpost.com/Iranian-Threat/News/Report-CNN-fabricated-Rouhani-Holocaust-interview-remarks-327171|url-status=live}}</ref>
In his official 2013 [[Nowruz]] address, [[Supreme Leader of Iran]] Grand Ayatollah [[Ali Khamenei]] questioned the veracity of the Holocaust, remarking that "The Holocaust is an event whose reality is uncertain and if it has happened, it's uncertain how it has happened."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/khamenei_ir/status/446928689943420928|title=Khamenei.ir|work=Twitter|access-date=March 23, 2014|archive-date=June 11, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190611091736/https://twitter.com/khamenei_ir/status/446928689943420928|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://backchannel.al-monitor.com/index.php/2014/03/8006/in-iran-new-years-address-khamenei-questions-holocaust/|title=In Iran new year's address, Khamenei questions Holocaust|work=al-monitor.com |access-date=March 23, 2014 |archive-date=March 24, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140324233740/http://backchannel.al-monitor.com/index.php/2014/03/8006/in-iran-new-years-address-khamenei-questions-holocaust/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> This was consistent with Khamenei's previous comments regarding the Holocaust.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/news/davidblair/100239211/what-does-irans-supreme-leader-really-think-about-the-holocaust/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002100418/http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/news/davidblair/100239211/what-does-irans-supreme-leader-really-think-about-the-holocaust/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 2, 2013|title=What does Iran's Supreme Leader really think about the Holocaust?|work=News – Telegraph Blogs}}</ref>
In 2015, the House of Cartoon and the Sarcheshmeh Cultural Complex in Iran organized the [[International Holocaust Cartoon Competition|Second International Holocaust Cartoon Competition]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ushmm.org/m/pdfs/Iran-Holocaust-denial-timeline.pdf |title=Timeline: Holocaust Denial and Distortion from Iranian Government and Official Media Resources (1998–2016) |date=September 12, 2016 |website=[[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]] |access-date=June 9, 2019 |archive-date=March 15, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170315012458/https://www.ushmm.org/m/pdfs/Iran-Holocaust-denial-timeline.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> a competition in which artists were encouraged to submit [[cartoons]] on the theme of Holocaust denial. The winner of the contest will receive $12,000. ''[[Hamshahri]]'', a popular Iranian newspaper, held a [[International Holocaust Cartoon Competition|similar contest]] in 2006.<ref>[http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4621731,00.html "Iran to host Holocaust denial cartoon competition."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180629102634/https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4621731,00.html |date=June 29, 2018 }} ''[[Ynetnews]]''. February 1, 2015. February 1, 2015.</ref>
===Turkey===
In Turkey, in 1996, the Islamic preacher [[Adnan Oktar]] under the pen name of Harun Yahya, distributed thousands of copies of a book which was originally published the previous year, entitled ''Soykırım Yalanı'' ("The Genocide Lie", referring to the Holocaust) and mailed unsolicited texts to American and European schools and colleges.<ref>Michael Hopkins, [http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/organizations/harunyahya.html "Harun Yahya and Holocaust Revisionism"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190124202225/http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/organizations/harunyahya.html |date=January 24, 2019 }}, The TalkOrigins Archive [Posted: draft: December 7, 2003].</ref> The publication of ''Soykırım Yalanı'' sparked much public debate.<ref name="axt">{{cite web|url=http://www.axt.org.uk/antisem/archive/archive1/turkey/turkey.htm|title=Turkey|date=1996|work=axt.org.uk |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120519190843/http://www.axt.org.uk/antisem/archive/archive1/turkey/turkey.htm |archive-date=May 19, 2012}}</ref> This book claims, "what is presented as Holocaust is the death of some Jews due to the typhus plague during the war and the famine towards the end of the war caused by the defeat of the Germans."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://members.fortunecity.com/vural/bks/HOLOCAUST.HTML|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208201358/http://members.fortunecity.com/vural/bks/HOLOCAUST.HTML|url-status=dead|archive-date=December 8, 2008|title=The Holocaust Deception|date=December 8, 2008}}</ref> In March 1996, a Turkish painter and intellectual, [[Bedri Baykam]], published a strongly worded critique of the book in the Ankara daily newspaper ''Siyah-Beyaz'' ("Black and White"). A legal suit for slander was brought against him. During the trial in September, Baykam exposed the real author of the book as Adnan Oktar.{{R|axt}} The suit was withdrawn in March 1997.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.axt.org.uk/antisem/archive/archive2/turkey/turkey.htm#Parties|title=Turkey|work=axt.org.uk|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120519184740/http://www.axt.org.uk/antisem/archive/archive2/turkey/turkey.htm#Parties|archive-date=May 19, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|first=Laurie|last=Udesky|title=American Jewish organization sees emergence of 'Holocaust denial' in Turkey|work=[[Turkish Daily News]] |archive-date=November 3, 2007|date=March 27, 1997|url=http://www.turkishdailynews.com.tr/archives.php?id=2371 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071103085344/http://www.turkishdailynews.com.tr/archives.php?id=2371}} [http://tdnarchives.blogspot.com/1997/03/american-jewish-organization-sees.html Alt URL]{{dead link|date=April 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
==Eastern Europe==
In some Eastern European countries, such as Ukraine, Lithuania, Latvia, and Romania, Holocaust deniers do not deny the very fact of mass murder of Jews but deny some national or regional elements of the Holocaust.<ref name="post-Soviet"/>
According to [[Zvi Gitelman]], Soviet writers tended either to ignore or downplay the Holocaust, treating it as one small part of a larger phenomenon of 20 million dead Soviet citizens during the [[Great Patriotic War]]. According to Gitelman, Soviet authorities were concerned about raising the consciousness of Soviet Jews and retarding their assimilation to the greater Soviet population. The Holocaust also raised the issue of collaboration with the Nazi occupiers, an uncomfortable topic for Soviet historiography.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Dobroszycki|first1=Lucjan|last2=Gurock|first2=Jeffrey S.|title=The Holocaust in the Soviet Union: Studies and Sources on the Destruction of the Jews in the Nazi-Occupied Territories of the Ussr, 1941–1945|date=1993|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|isbn=1563241730|pages=3–29}}</ref> According to historian [[Yuri Pivovarov]] in modern Russia this trend has returned with the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine|Russian invasion on Ukraine]], culminating with July 19, 2023, article of [[Maria Zakharova]] who argued that it were the Soviet citizens who were the victims of Holocaust in the first place. In a number of popular history project sponsored by Russian state Jews were mentioned as one of many victim groups, or not mentioned at all.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Болтянская |first=Нателла |date=July 31, 2023 |title=Как и почему Россия стала отрицателем Холокоста. Часть 1: "Без срока давности" |url=https://detaly.co.il/kak-i-pochemu-rossiya-stala-otritsatelem-holokosta/ |access-date=August 2, 2023 |website=Детали |language=ru-RU |archive-date=July 5, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240705095216/https://detaly.co.il/kak-i-pochemu-rossiya-stala-otritsatelem-holokosta/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Holocaust denial literature is freely published in Russia, and one of the most prominent authors, [[Jürgen Graf]], lives there since his escape from prosecution in Switzerland in the 2000s.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Atkins |first=Stephen E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M9Uj6u6b-ZIC |title=Holocaust Denial as an International Movement |date=April 30, 2009 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-0-313-34538-8 |language=en |access-date=April 8, 2018 |archive-date=July 5, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240705095221/https://books.google.com/books?id=M9Uj6u6b-ZIC |url-status=live }}</ref>
In 2018, the [[United States Department of State]] warned about "the glorification of the [[Ustasha]] regime and denial of the Holocaust" in Croatia, citing the placement of a plaque with the Ustasha-era salute '[[Za dom spremni]]' on the grounds of a concentration camp memorial site, far-right rallies and the concert of the controversial band [[Thompson (band)|Thompson]] among other events.<ref>{{cite news|title=US Warns about Ustasha Glorification and Holocaust Denial|url=https://www.total-croatia-news.com/politics/28735-us-warns-about-ustasha-glorification-and-holocaust-denial|publisher=Croatian News Agency (HINA)|date=May 30, 2018|access-date=April 21, 2020|archive-date=November 9, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109015519/https://www.total-croatia-news.com/politics/28735-us-warns-about-ustasha-glorification-and-holocaust-denial|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Efraim Zuroff]] of the Simon Wiesenthal Center describes Croatia as a "cradle of Holocaust distortion".<ref name="BIRN2">{{cite web|last1=Opačić|first1=Tamara|title=Selective Amnesia: Croatia's Holocaust Deniers|url=https://balkaninsight.com/2017/11/24/selective-amnesia-croatia-s-holocaust-deniers-11-16-2017/|website=BalkanInsight|publisher=BIRN|date=November 24, 2017|access-date=April 3, 2020|archive-date=January 22, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122022345/https://balkaninsight.com/2017/11/24/selective-amnesia-croatia-s-holocaust-deniers-11-16-2017/|url-status=live}}</ref> Holocaust denial in Croatia typically involves the downplaying or denial of the [[The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia|Holocaust]] carried out by the Ustasha regime, particularly against Serbs and Jews at the [[Jasenovac concentration camp]] and it is done by public figures, though the regime's victims also included Roma and anti-fascist Croats.<ref name="BIRN2" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Croatia Must Not Whitewash the Horrors of Jasenovac|url=https://balkaninsight.com/2018/08/27/croatia-must-not-whitewash-the-horrors-of-jasenovac-08-27-2018/|website=Balkan Insight|date=August 27, 2018|access-date=April 17, 2020|archive-date=February 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209044459/https://balkaninsight.com/2018/08/27/croatia-must-not-whitewash-the-horrors-of-jasenovac-08-27-2018/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Rosensaft|first1=Menachem Z.|title=Croatia Is Brazenly Attempting to Rewrite its Holocaust Crimes Out of History|url=https://www.tabletmag.com/jewish-news-and-politics/246116/croatia-rewrite-holocaust-crimes-out-of-history|publisher=Tablet Magazine|date=October 9, 2017|access-date=April 3, 2020|archive-date=March 19, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200319061627/https://www.tabletmag.com/jewish-news-and-politics/246116/croatia-rewrite-holocaust-crimes-out-of-history|url-status=live}}</ref> The Society for Research of the Threefold Jasenovac Camp in Croatia, an NGO with authors and academics among its members, claims that Jasenovac was a labor camp during World War II and that it was later used by Yugoslav Communists to imprison Ustasha members and regular Croatian Home Guard army troops until 1948, then alleged Stalinists until 1951.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Vladisavljevic|first1=Anja|title=Book Event Questioning WWII Crimes Planned for Zagreb Church|url=https://balkaninsight.com/2019/01/07/new-revisionist-book-on-jasenovac-wwii-camp-01-07-2019-1/|website=Balkan Insight|publisher=BIRN|date=January 7, 2019|access-date=April 17, 2020|archive-date=October 4, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201004203436/https://balkaninsight.com/2019/01/07/new-revisionist-book-on-jasenovac-wwii-camp-01-07-2019-1/|url-status=live}}</ref> Following a series of book publications denying the Ustashe regime's crimes, the Simon Wiesenthal Center urged Croatian authorities in 2019 to ban such works, noting that they "would immediately be banned in Germany and Austria and rightfully so".<ref>{{cite web|title=Simon Wiesenthal Centre urges Croatia to ban Jasenovac revisionist works|url=http://hr.n1info.com/English/NEWS/a361178/Simon-Wiesenthal-Centre-urges-Croatia-to-ban-Jasenovac-revisionist-works.html|website=hr.n1info.com|publisher=N1 Zagreb|date=January 9, 2019|access-date=April 17, 2020|archive-date=October 9, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009060853/http://hr.n1info.com/English/NEWS/a361178/Simon-Wiesenthal-Centre-urges-Croatia-to-ban-Jasenovac-revisionist-works.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Jewish rights group urges Croatia to ban pro-Nazi book|url=https://apnews.com/11edaa150f63423989db3540cbbdbd69|publisher=Associated Press|date=January 9, 2019|access-date=April 17, 2020|archive-date=November 7, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107223954/https://apnews.com/11edaa150f63423989db3540cbbdbd69|url-status=live}}</ref>
In Hungary, Holocaust distortion and denial take place in the form of downplaying the country's role in the killing and deportation of Jews. The [[Arrow Cross Party]] committed numerous crimes and killed or deported Jews. A total of 437,000 Jews were deported by [[Miklós Horthy]]'s government in the [[Hungary in World War II|Kingdom of Hungary]], an Axis collaborator.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Mansky|first1=Jackie|title=Why It Matters That Hungary's Prime Minister Denounced His Country's Role in the Holocaust|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/holocaust-and-hungary-prime-minister-180964139/|website=Smithsonian Magazine
In Serbia, Holocaust distortion and denial is manifested in the downplaying of [[Milan Nedić]] and [[Dimitrije Ljotić]]'s roles in the [[Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia#Racial persecution|extermination of Serbia's Jews]] in concentration camps in [[Government of National Salvation|Nedić's Serbia]], by a number of Serbian historians.<ref name="Perica151">{{harvnb|Perica|2002|p=151.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ramet|first1=Sabrina|title=The denial syndrome and its consequences: Serbian political culture since 2000|journal=Communist and Post-Communist Studies|year=2007|volume=40|pages=41–58|doi=10.1016/j.postcomstud.2006.12.004|url=https://online.ucpress.edu/cpcs/article/40/1/41/63/The-denial-syndrome-and-its-consequences-Serbian
In Slovakia, some anti-communist writers claim that [[Jozef Tiso]] was a savior of Jews or that the [[Slovak State]] was not responsible for [[the Holocaust in Slovakia]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Sniegon|first1=Tomas|title=Vanished History: The Holocaust in Czech and Slovak Historical Culture|date=2014|publisher=[[Berghahn Books]]|isbn=978-1-78238-294-2|language=en|location=New York|title-link=Vanished History: The Holocaust in Czech and Slovak Historical Culture|quote=As far back as during the Cold War, the SWC had adapted its ideological history usage to fit its main goal – to fight for a ‘Slovak Slovakia’.8 The Holocaust was used in the narrative, but to a small degree and without much attention from the surrounding world. The use of history was focused, above all, on defending the memory of Jozef Tiso. What was most important, it seemed, was not to question the Holocaust as such, but rather to present it as a German crime which in Slovakia was supported solely by a few German-friendly radicals whom Tiso, against his will, was forced to keep in the government so as not to enrage the Germans too much. |pages=77–78)}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Nina |last=Paulovičová |editor1-first=John-Paul |editor1-last=Himka |editor2-first=Joanna Beata |editor2-last=Michlic |title=Bringing the Dark Past to Light. The Reception of the Holocaust in Postcommunist Europe. |title-link=Bringing the Dark Past to Light |chapter=The "Unmasterable Past"? The Reception of the Holocaust in Postcommunist Slovakia |location=Lincoln |publisher=[[University of Nebraska Press]] |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-8032-2544-2 |pages=549–590 |quote=Because of [anti-Communist] émigrés’ attempts to whitewash history and degrade historical scholarship in order to sustain the reservoir of national mythologization, liberal historians denounce the émigrés as “misinformers” and “misinterpreters.” The claims that fascism never occurred in Slovakia (František Vnuk), that the deportation of Jews was an “evacuation” (Milan S. Durica), that Tiso (whose anti-Semitic invectives fueled the radicalism against the Jewish minority) was a “martyr” and a “savior” of the Jews, and that the Holocaust should be omitted from the context of the Slovak national identity discourse are the key markers of the émigré historians’ views. (p. 564)}}</ref>
The post-Soviet radical right activists do not question the existence of Nazi death camps or Jewish ghettos. However, they deny the participation of local population in anti-Jewish [[pogrom]]s or the contribution of national paramilitary organizations in capture and execution of Jews.<ref name="post-Soviet"/> Thus, denial of the antisemitic nature and participation in the Holocaust of the [[Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists]] and the [[Ukrainian Insurgent Army]] has become a central component of the intellectual history of the Ukrainian diaspora and nationalists.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rudling |first=Per Anders |date=2011 |title=The OUN, the UPA and the Holocaust: A Study in the Manufacturing of Historical Myths |url=https://www.academia.edu/1122859 |journal=The Carl Beck Papers in Russian and East European Studies |issue=2107 |doi=10.5195/CBP.2011.164 |issn=2163-839X |doi-access=free |access-date=August 24, 2022 |archive-date=March 19, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319171628/https://www.academia.edu/1122859 |url-status=live }}</ref>
==Western Europe==
In France, Holocaust denial became more prominent in the 1990s as {{lang|fr|[[Historical revisionism (negationism)|négationnisme]]}}, though the movement has existed in ultra-left French politics since at least the 1960s, led by figures such as [[Pierre Guillaume]] (who was involved in the bookshop [[La Vieille Taupe]] during the 1960s). Elements of the extreme far-right in France have begun to build on each other's negationist arguments, which often span beyond the Holocaust to cover a range of antisemitic views, incorporating attempts to tie the Holocaust to the Biblical massacre of the [[Canaanites]], critiques of Zionism, and other material fanning what has been called a "conspiratorial Judeo-phobia" designed to legitimize and "banalize" antisemitism.<ref>Richard Joseph Golsan, ''Vichy's Afterlife'', University of Nevada Press, 2003, p. 130.</ref>
In Belgium in 2001, [[Roeland Raes]], the ideologue and vice-president of one of the country's largest political parties, the [[Vlaams Blok]], gave an interview on Dutch TV where he cast doubt over the number of Jews murdered by the Nazis during the Holocaust. In the same interview, he questioned the scale of the Nazis' use of gas chambers and the authenticity of [[Anne Frank]]'s diary. In response to the media assault following the interview, Raes was forced to resign his position but vowed to remain active within the party.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/elsewhere/journalist/story/0,7792,449278,00.html Belgium's far right party in Holocaust controversy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411130223/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/mar/09/worlddispatch.thefarright |date=April 11, 2020 }}, ''The Guardian'', Friday, March 9, 2001.</ref> Three years later, the Vlaams Blok was convicted of racism and chose to disband. Immediately afterwards, it legally reformed under the new name Vlaams Belang (Flemish Interest) with the same leaders and the same membership.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/3994867.stm Court rules Vlaams Blok is racist] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190303022858/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/3994867.stm |date=March 3, 2019 }}, BBC News, November 9, 2004.</ref>
The trial of a Canadian woman, Monika Schaefer, and her German-Canadian brother, Alfred Schaefer started in Germany in early July 2018. They were charged with {{lang|de|Volksverhetzung}} (literally 'incitement of the people', often phrased as 'incitement to hatred' in English-language media). The pair had published video clips on [[YouTube]] of their denial of the genocide of Jews. In the clips, Alfred Schaefer said that Jews wanted to destroy Germans, blamed them for starting both World Wars, and referred to the Holocaust as a "Jewish fantasy".<ref>Cohen, Reut (May 8, 2018) [https://www.bnaibrith.ca/canadian_alfred_schaefer_convicted_of_holocaust_denial_in_germany "Canadian Alfred Schaefer Convicted of Holocaust Denial in Germany"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180707230455/https://www.bnaibrith.ca/canadian_alfred_schaefer_convicted_of_holocaust_denial_in_germany |date=July 7, 2018 }} [[B'Nai Brith|B'Nal Brith Canada]]</ref> Monika Schaefer was arrested in January 2018 in Germany while attending a court hearing of [[Sylvia Stolz]].<ref>[https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/edmonton/holocaust-denier-monika-schaefer-trial-jasper-alberta-germany-1.4735103Bell, Roberta (July 6, 2018) "Canadian Holocaust denier on trial in Germany for 'incitement to hatred'"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200223193320/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/edmonton/holocaust-denier-monika-schaefer-trial-jasper-alberta-germany-1.4735103Bell, |date=February 23, 2020 }} ''[[CBC News]]''</ref><ref>Staff (January 4, 2018) [https://edmontonsun.com/news/national/canadian-holocaust-denier-arrested-in-germany-report/wcm/84bc1065-59bc-4da1-963f-638940a457f3 "Canadian Holocaust denier arrested in Germany: Report"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190206195309/https://edmontonsun.com/news/national/canadian-holocaust-denier-arrested-in-germany-report/wcm/84bc1065-59bc-4da1-963f-638940a457f3 |date=February 6, 2019 }} ''[[Edmonton Sun]]''</ref><ref>JTA (January 9, 2018) [https://www.timesofisrael.com/canadian-holocaust-denier-arrested-in-germany/ "Canadian Holocaust denier arrested in Germany"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180707230508/https://www.timesofisrael.com/canadian-holocaust-denier-arrested-in-germany/ |date=July 7, 2018 }}''[[The Times of Israel]]''</ref> Schaefer had been the [[Green Party of Canada|Green Party]] candidate in the [[Alberta]] riding of [[Yellowhead (electoral district)|Yellowhead]] during the federal elections in 2006, 2008, and 2011, but was expelled from the party after news reports surfaced of a July 2016 video<ref>Alfred S. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E0_BZphQ7Qo "Sorry Mom, I was wrong about the Holocaust" (video)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808115751/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E0_BZphQ7Qo |date=August 8, 2019 }} [[YouTube]]</ref> where she describes the Holocaust as "the most persistent lie in all of history" and insisted that those in concentration camps had been kept as healthy and as well-fed as possible.<ref>Staff (January 5, 2018) [https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/edmonton/monika-schaefer-alberta-holocaust-denier-arrested-germany-1.4474400 "Alberta Holocaust denier reportedly arrested in Germany"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190807170547/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/edmonton/monika-schaefer-alberta-holocaust-denier-arrested-germany-1.4474400 |date=August 7, 2019 }} ''[[CBC News]]''</ref><ref>Fishman, Aidan (January 4, 2018) [https://www.bnaibrith.ca/canadian_holocaust_denier_arrested_in_germany_following_b_nai_brith_complaint "Canadian Holocaust Denier Arrested in Germany Following B’nai Brith Complaint"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180707202207/https://www.bnaibrith.ca/canadian_holocaust_denier_arrested_in_germany_following_b_nai_brith_complaint |date=July 7, 2018 }} [[B'Nai Brith|B'Nal Brith Canada]]</ref> In late October 2018, Monika Schaefer was convicted of the charge of {{lang|de|Volksverhetzung}} ('incitement of hatred', literally 'incitement of the people'). She was sentenced to ten months while Alfred Schaefer, also convicted, received a sentence of three years and two months.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://nationalpost.com/pmn/news-pmn/canada-news-pmn/alberta-holocaust-denier-guilty-of-inciting-hatred-in-german-court|title=Alberta Holocaust denier guilty of inciting hatred in German court|date=October 26, 2018|work=National Post
In January 2019, a survey conducted by Opinion Matters, on behalf of the [[Holocaust Memorial Day (UK)|Holocaust Memorial Day Trust]] found that 5% of UK adults did not believe the Holocaust took place and one in 12 (8%) believed its scale has been exaggerated. One in five respondents incorrectly answered that less than 2 million Jews were murdered, and 45% couldn't say how many people were murdered in the Holocaust. Speaking in light of the survey's findings, [[Karen Pollock]], chief executive of the [[Holocaust Educational Trust]], said: "One person questioning the truth of the Holocaust is one too many, and so it is up to us to redouble our efforts to ensure future generations know that it did happen and become witnesses to one of the darkest episodes in our history."<ref name=guardian-20190127>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jan/27/one-in-20-britons-does-not-believe-holocaust-happened|title=One in 20 Britons does not believe Holocaust took place, poll finds|last=Sherwood|first=Harriet|newspaper=The Guardian|date=January 27, 2019
In September 2024, the Belgian far-right [[Vlaams Belang]] party sparked controversy by putting a convicted Holocaust denier as one of its candidates in the upcoming municipal elections.<ref>{{cite news |last= Starcevic|first= Seb|date= 18 September 2024|title= Belgian far-right party puts convicted Holocaust denier up for local elections|url= https://www.politico.eu/article/belgium-far-right-party-vlaams-belang-holocaust-denier-roeland-raes-local-elections/|work= Politico |access-date=19 September 2024}}</ref>
==Other==
Japanese Holocaust denial first appeared in 1989 and reached its peak in 1995 with the publication in February 1995 by the Japanese magazine ''{{ill|Marco Polo (magazine)|lt=Marco Polo|ja|マルコポーロ (雑誌)}}'', a 250,000-circulation monthly published by [[Bungei Shunju]], of a Holocaust denial article by physician Masanori Nishioka<ref>{{cite book|last=Falk|first=Avner|year=2008|title=Anti-Semitism: a History and Psychoanalysis of Contemporary Hatred|publisher=Praeger|location=Westport, CT|isbn=978-0-313-35384-0|page=106}}</ref> which stated: "The '[[Holocaust]]' is a fabrication. There were no execution [[gas chambers]] in [[Auschwitz concentration camp|Auschwitz]] or in any other [[concentration camp]]. Today, what is displayed as 'gas chambers' at the remains of the Auschwitz camp in Poland are a post-war fabrication by the Polish communist regime or by the [[Soviet Union]], which controlled the country. Not once, neither at Auschwitz nor in any territory controlled by the Germans during the Second World War, was there 'mass murder of Jews' in 'gas chambers."<ref>[ Masanori Nishioka, "The Greatest Taboo of Postwar World History: There Were No Nazi 'Gas Chambers'" ''Marco Polo'', February 1995.]</ref> The Los Angeles-based [[Simon Wiesenthal Center]] instigated a [[boycott]] of Bungei Shunju advertisers, including [[Volkswagen]], [[Mitsubishi]], and [[Cartier (jeweler)|Cartier]]. Within days, Bungei Shunju shut down ''Marco Polo'' and its editor, Kazuyoshi Hanada, quit, as did the president of Bungei Shunju, Kengo Tanaka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The IHR Denounces Campaign Against Japanese Publishing Company |url=http://www.ihr.org//jhr/v15/v15n2p-9_Weber.html |website=[[Institute for Historical Review]] |access-date=April 17, 2014 |archive-date=October 23, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181023162624/http://www.ihr.org/jhr/v15/v15n2p-9_Weber.html |url-status=live }}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=September 2023}}
Holocaust denial started in Finland almost immediately after the war, with many Finns who had been involved in the [[Nazism in Finland|far-right and Nazi movements]] publishing articles questioning the Holocaust. Prominent early Finnish Holocaust deniers include doctor [[C. A. J. Gadolin]], CEO [[Carl-Gustaf Herlitz]], architech [[Carl O. Nordling]] and ambassador [[Teo Snellman]].<ref>"[https://areena.yle.fi/audio/1-4342168 Kääntäkää aseenne ihmiskunnan suurinta vihollista, kommunismia vastaan]!" (Äärioikeiston pikkupommit ja isänmaallinen paatos) Yle Areena. [[Yleisradio]].</ref><ref name=Kotonen>Tommi Kotonen: Politiikan juoksuhaudat – Äärioikeistoliikkeet Suomessa kylmän sodan aikana, s. 64–67. Atena, Jyväskylä 2018.</ref> [[Pekka Siitoin]]'s Nazi group started distributing a Finnish translation of Richard Harwood’s [[Did Six Million Really Die?]] in 1976.<ref>Häkkinen, Perttu; Iitti, Vesa (2022). Lightbringers of the North: Secrets of the Occult Tradition of Finland. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-1-64411-464-3. p. 146</ref>
In 2013, the [[Simon Wiesenthal Centre]] asked President Niinistö to condemn a neo-Nazi newspaper circulated to some 660,000 households. The newspaper published articles denying the Holocaust and articles such as "Zionist terrorism" and "CNN, Goldman Sachs and Zionist Control" translated from [[David Duke]].<ref name="yle2">Oosi, Riikka: [http://yle.fi/uutiset/3-6893270 Kärkkäisen tuomio ei yllätä asiantuntijaa] Yle. October 21, 2013. Retrieved January 22, 2017.</ref><ref name="yle3">Hirvonen, Tuomas: [http://yle.fi/uutiset/3-6916563 Juutalaiskirjoittelusta tuomittu Magneettimedia lopetetaan - uusi lehti tilalle] Yle. November 4, 2013. Retrieved January 22, 2017.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wiesenthal.com/about/news/wiesenthal-centre-to-11.html|title=Wiesenthal Centre to President of Finland: "Condemn Kärkkäinen Department Stores Tycoon Publisher of Antisemitic Free Newspapers as a National Danger."|website=www.wiesenthal.com}}</ref> Popular Finnish alternative media sites [[MV-media]], Verkkomedia and [[Magneettimedia]] are known for publishing articles denying the Holocaust.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://yle.fi/a/3-8407726|work=[[Yleisradio]]|title=Holokausti on myytti ja muita väitteitä – näin toimii suomalainen vastamedia|date=11 July 2024}}</ref>
According to a 2020 survey of American adult Millennials and Generation Z members, 24% said the Holocaust might be a myth or had been exaggerated.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Conference|first=Claims|title=FIRST-EVER 50-STATE SURVEY ON HOLOCAUST KNOWLEDGE OF AMERICAN MILLENNIALS AND GEN Z REVEALS SHOCKING RESULTS|url=http://www.claimscon.org/millennial-study/|access-date=February 10, 2021|website=Claims Conference|date=August 13, 2020|language=en-US|archive-date=February 4, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204100207/http://www.claimscon.org/millennial-study/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=September 16, 2020|title=Nearly two-thirds of US young adults unaware 6m Jews killed in the Holocaust|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/sep/16/holocaust-us-adults-study|access-date=February 10, 2021|website=The Guardian|language=en|archive-date=February 13, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210213030410/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/sep/16/holocaust-us-adults-study|url-status=live}}</ref>
==Reactions to Holocaust denial==
In 2022, the [[United Nations]] adopted a resolution aimed at combating Holocaust denial and antisemitism. The resolution was proposed by Germany and Israel.<ref>{{Cite news |date=January 20, 2022 |title=UN defines Holocaust denial in new resolution |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-60072506 |access-date=March 24, 2022 |archive-date=March 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220324224821/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-60072506 |url-status=live }}</ref>
===Scholars===
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In December 1991 the [[American Historical Association]], the oldest and largest society of historians and teachers of history in the United States, issued the following statement: "The American Historical Association Council strongly deplores the publicly reported attempts to deny the fact of the Holocaust. No serious historian questions that the Holocaust took place."<ref name=":0" /> This followed a strong reaction by many of its members and commentary in the press against a near-unanimous decision that the AHA had made in May 1991 that studying the ''significance of the Holocaust'' should be encouraged. The association's May 1991 statement was in response to an incident where certain of its members had questioned the reality of the Holocaust. The December 1991 declaration is a reversal of the AHA's earlier stance that the association should not set a precedent by certifying historical facts.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |url=http://www.historians.org/perspectives/issues/1991/9112/9112RES.CFM |title=AHA Statement on Holocaust Denial |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100201141606/http://www.historians.org/perspectives/issues/1991/9112/9112RES.CFM |archive-date=February 1, 2010 |publisher=[[American Historical Association]] |access-date=October 11, 2013}}</ref> The AHA has also stated that Holocaust denial is "at best, a form of academic fraud".<ref name="adaaha">{{Cite book |last1=Gerstenfeld |first1=Phyllis B. |last2=Grant |first2=Diana Ruth |title=Crimes of hate: selected readings |publisher=[[SAGE Publications]] |page=190 |year=2004 |isbn=0-7619-2943-6}}</ref>
Literary theorist [[Jean Baudrillard]] described Holocaust denial as "part of the extermination itself".<ref>Golsan, 130</ref> Holocaust survivor and Nobel Prize winner [[Elie Wiesel]], during a 1999 discussion at the [[White House]] in Washington, D.C., called the Holocaust "the most documented tragedy in [[recorded history]]. Never before has a tragedy elicited so much witness from the killers, from the victims and even from the bystanders—millions of pieces here in the museum what you have, all other museums, archives in the thousands, in the millions."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/eliewiesel/resources/millennium.html |title=Millennium Evening with Elie Wiesel |work=[[PBS]] |date= April 12, 1999
Deborah Lipstadt's 1993 book, ''[[Denying the Holocaust]]'', sharply criticized various Holocaust deniers, including British author [[David Irving]], for deliberately misrepresenting evidence to justify their preconceived conclusions. In the book, Lipstadt named Irving as "one of the more dangerous" Holocaust deniers, because he was a published author, and was viewed by some as a legitimate military historian. He was "familiar with historical evidence", she wrote, and "bends it until it conforms with his ideological leanings and political agenda". In 1996, Irving filed a libel suit against Lipstadt and her publisher, [[Penguin Books]]. Irving, who appeared as a defense witness in [[Ernst Zündel]]'s [[R. v. Zundel|trial]] in Canada, and once declared at a rally of Holocaust deniers that "more women died in the [[Chappaquiddick incident|back seat of Edward Kennedy's car]] than ever died in a gas chamber at [[Auschwitz concentration camp|Auschwitz]]",<ref>{{cite web |title=Irving v. Lipstadt |url=http://www.hdot.org/trial |website=Holocaust Denial on Trial |access-date=September 29, 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100927204545/http://www.hdot.org/trial |archive-date=
[[Ken McVay]], an American resident in Canada, was disturbed by the efforts of organizations like the [[Simon Wiesenthal Center]] to suppress the speech of the Holocaust deniers, feeling that it was better to confront them openly than to try to censor them. On the [[Usenet]] newsgroup ''alt.revisionism'' he began a campaign of "truth, fact, and evidence", working with other participants on the newsgroup to uncover factual information about the Holocaust and counter the arguments of the deniers by proving them to be based upon misleading evidence, false statements, and outright lies. He founded the [[Nizkor Project]] to expose the activities of the Holocaust deniers, who responded to McVay with personal attacks, slander, and death threats.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.protocol.gov.bc.ca/protocol/prgs/obc/1995/1995_KMcVay.htm|website=Order of British Columbia |title=Biography: Kenneth McVay |access-date=June 30, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516081625/http://www.protocol.gov.bc.ca/protocol/prgs/obc/1995/1995_KMcVay.htm |archive-date=May 16, 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
===Public figures===
A number of public figures have spoken out against Holocaust denial. In 2006, UN Secretary-General [[Kofi Annan]] said: "Remembering is a necessary rebuke to those who say the Holocaust never happened or has been exaggerated. Holocaust denial is the work of bigots; we must reject their false claims whenever, wherever and by whomever they are made."<ref>{{cite news |work=[[BBC News]] |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4653666.stm |title=Annan condemns Holocaust denial |date=January 2006 |access-date=February 14, 2006 |archive-date=September 6, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906210833/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4653666.stm |url-status=live}}</ref> In January 2007, the [[United Nations General Assembly]] condemned "without reservation any denial of the Holocaust", though Iran disassociated itself from the resolution.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=21355&Cr=holocaust&Cr1 |title=UN Assembly condemns Holocaust denial by consensus; Iran disassociates itself |work=U.N. News Centre |publisher=[[United Nations]] |date=January 26, 2007 |access-date=June 28, 2017 |archive-date=November 26, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171126010350/http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=21355&Cr=holocaust&Cr1 |url-status=live}}</ref>
In July 2013, Iran's then president-elect Hassan Rohani described Ahmadinejad's remarks about the Holocaust and Israel as "[[hate speech|hate]] rhetoric"<ref>{{cite news |agency=DPA |date=July 7, 2013 |url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/middle-east/1.534337 |title=Ahmadinejad touts Holocaust denial as great success of his tenure |newspaper=[[Haaretz]] |access-date=March 23, 2014 |archive-date=July 17, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717185816/http://www.haaretz.com/news/middle-east/1.534337 |url-status=live}}</ref> and in September 2013 [[Hassan Rouhani|Rohani]] stated that "The Nazis carried out a massacre that cannot be denied, especially against the Jewish people" and "The massacre by the Nazis was condemnable. We never want to sit by side with the Nazis...They committed a crime against Jews — which is a crime against ... all of humanity."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://worldnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/09/25/20693723-irans-rouhani-on-holocaust-a-massacre-that-cannot-be-denied |title=Iran's Rouhani on Holocaust: 'A massacre that cannot be denied' |first1=Andrea |last1=Mitchell |first2=Tracy |last2=Connor |work=[[NBC News]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927154909/http://worldnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/09/25/20693723-irans-rouhani-on-holocaust-a-massacre-that-cannot-be-denied |archive-date=September 27, 2013}}</ref> While declining to give a specific number of Jewish victims, Iranian analysts suggested that "Rouhani pushed the envelope as far as it could go ... without infuriating the supreme leader, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, and other conservatives back home."{{R|Saeed Kamali Dehghan}}
===Former Auschwitz SS personnel===
Critics of Holocaust denial also include members of the [[SS-Totenkopfverbände|Auschwitz SS]]. Camp physician and SS-''[[Untersturmführer]]'' [[Hans Münch]] considered the facts of Auschwitz "so firmly determined that one cannot have any doubt at all", and described those who negate what happened at the camp as "malevolent" people who have "personal interest to want to bury in silence things that cannot be buried in silence".<ref>Frankfurter, Bernhard. ''Die Begegnung. Auschwitz-Ein Opfer und ein Täter im Gespräch''. Vienna, Verlag für Gesellschaftskritik, 1995, p. 102. cited in [[Robert Jan van Pelt|Jan van Pelt, Robert]]. ''The Case for Auschwitz: Evidence from the Irving Trial''. [[Indiana University Press]], 2002, p. 291.</ref> [[Zyklon B]] handler and SS-''[[Oberscharführer]]'' [[Josef Klehr]] said that anyone who maintains that nobody was gassed at Auschwitz must be "crazy or in the wrong".<ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Demant
{{blockquote|I would like you to believe me. I saw the gas chambers. I saw the crematoria. I saw the open fires. I was on the ramp when the selections took place. I would like you to believe that these atrocities happened because I was there.{{sfn|Rees|2005|p=301}}<ref name="Online 2005">{{cite news |title=An SS Officer Remembers: The Bookkeeper from Auschwitz |newspaper=[[Der Spiegel]] |date=May 9, 2005 |url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/an-ss-officer-remembers-the-bookkeeper-from-auschwitz-a-355188.html |access-date=April 22, 2016 |archive-date=March 2, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070302085046/http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,355188,00.html |url-status=live}}</ref>}}
===Holocaust denial and antisemitism===
Holocaust denial is given as an example of antisemitism in the [[Working Definition of Antisemitism]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Holocaust Remembrance Press Release |url=https://www.holocaustremembrance.com/sites/default/files/press_release_document_antisemitism.pdf |publisher=Romanian Chairmanship |date=May 26, 2016 |access-date=April 15, 2018 |archive-date=October 24, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171024070944/https://www.holocaustremembrance.com/sites/default/files/press_release_document_antisemitism.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref> adopted by the [[International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance]] as well as the United Kingdom, Israel, Austria, Scotland, Romania, Germany and Bulgaria. The European Parliament voted in favor of a resolution calling for member states to adopt the definition on June 1, 2017.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jpost.com/Diaspora/EU-Parliament-votes-in-favor-of-adopting-antisemitism-definition-494479 |title=EU Parliament votes in favor of adopting antisemitism definition |work=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |date=June 2017 |access-date=February 24, 2019 |archive-date=July 18, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718001345/https://www.jpost.com//Diaspora/EU-Parliament-votes-in-favor-of-adopting-antisemitism-definition-494479 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Fact Sheet: Working Definition of Antisemitism |url=https://holocaustremembrance.com/sites/default/files/fcat_sheet_working_definition_of_antisemitism.pdf |publisher=[[International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance]] |date=October 24, 2017 |access-date=August 17, 2020 |archive-date=July 13, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713161250/http://holocaustremembrance.com/sites/default/files/fcat_sheet_working_definition_of_antisemitism.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.momentmag.com/defining-anti-semitism-conversation-eu-coordinator-combating-anti-semitism/ |title=Defining Anti-Semitism: A Conversation With the EU Coordinator on Combating Anti-Semitism |date=June 28, 2017 |access-date=April 15, 2018 |archive-date=June 18, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618025721/https://www.momentmag.com/defining-anti-semitism-conversation-eu-coordinator-combating-anti-semitism/ |url-status=dead}}</ref>
The ''Encyclopedia of Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity'' defines Holocaust denial as "a new form of anti-Semitism, but one that hinges on age-old motifs".<ref name=EGCAH45>{{cite book |quote=Holocaust denial is a new form of anti-Semitism, but one that hinges on age-old motifs. |first=Dinah |last=Shelton |title=Encyclopedia of Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity |publisher=Macmillan Reference |date=2005 |page=45}}</ref> The [[Anti-Defamation League]] has stated that "Holocaust denial is a contemporary form of the classic anti-Semitic doctrine of the evil, manipulative and threatening world Jewish conspiracy"<ref name=ADLguide>
According to Walter Reich, psychiatrist and then a senior scholar at the [[Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars]], one-time director of the [[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]], and now professor of international affairs at [[George Washington University]]:
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{{blockquote|The primary motivation for most deniers is anti-Semitism, and for them the Holocaust is an infuriatingly inconvenient fact of history. After all, the Holocaust has generally been recognized as one of the most terrible crimes that ever took place, and surely the very emblem of evil in the modern age. If that crime was a direct result of anti-Semitism taken to its logical end, then anti-Semitism itself, even when expressed in private conversation, is inevitably discredited among most people. What better way to rehabilitate anti-Semitism, make anti-Semitic arguments seem once again respectable in civilized discourse and even make it acceptable for governments to pursue anti-Semitic policies than by convincing the world that the great crime for which anti-Semitism was blamed simply never happened—indeed, that it was nothing more than a frame-up invented by the Jews, and propagated by them through their control of the media? What better way, in short, to make the world safe again for anti-Semitism than by denying the Holocaust?<ref name=ReichNYT>{{cite news |last=Reich |first=Walter |author-link=Walter Reich |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/07/11/books/erasing-the-holocaust.html |title=Erasing the Holocaust |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=July 11, 1993 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230628213512/https://www.nytimes.com/1993/07/11/books/erasing-the-holocaust.html |archive-date=June 28, 2023}}</ref>}}
The French historian [[Pierre Vidal-Naquet]] described the motivation of deniers more succinctly, explaining, "One revives the dead in order the better to strike the living."<ref name=Vidal-NaquetMotivations>{{cite book |author-link=Pierre Vidal-Naquet |last=Vidal-Naquet |first=Pierre |url=http://www.anti-rev.org/textes/VidalNaquet92a/part-4.html |chapter=A Paper Eichmann (1980) – Anatomy of a Lie: On the Revisionist Method |title=Assassins of Memory |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |date=1992 |access-date=August 27, 2009 |archive-date=September 5, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180905180131/http://www.anti-rev.org/textes/VidalNaquet92a/part-4.html |url-status=live}}</ref> German political scientist [[Matthias Küntzel]] has argued, "Every denial of the Holocaust... contains an appeal to repeat it."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Küntzel |first1=Matthias |title=Holocaust Denial: The Politics of Perfidy |date=2012 |publisher=[[De Gruyter]] |isbn=978-3-11-028821-6 |language=en |chapter=Judeophobia and the Denial of the Holocaust in Iran}}</ref>
==Examination of claims==
{{Main|Evidence and documentation for the Holocaust}}
The key claims
*The Nazis had no official policy or intention of exterminating Jews.
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Holocaust denial is widely viewed as failing to adhere to [[Historical method|principles for the treatment of evidence]] that mainstream historians (as well as scholars in other fields) regard as basic to [[reason|rational inquiry]].<ref>"(H)istory is the attempt to describe events of the past and move from description to analysis, in accordance with certain agreed rules of evidence, of analysis of language, and of logic." "Yehuda Bauer, Historian of the Holocaust – Portrait of an Historian" – ''Online Dimensions, a Journal of Holocaust Studies'', Fall, 2004</ref>
The Holocaust was well documented by the [[bureaucracy]] of the Nazi government itself.<ref>"... the German bureaucrats' collective actions are relatively well-documented for the historian...." [[Christopher R. Browning]], ''The Path to Genocide: essays on launching the final solution'', Cambridge University Press, 1992, {{ISBN|0-521-55878-6}}, p. 125.</ref><ref>"According to the historian [[Raul Hilberg]], the United States alone captured forty thousand linear feet of documents on the murder of European Jews ... we can say that the Holocaust is a uniquely well-documented historical event." Deák, István. ''Essays on Hitler's Europe'', [[University of Nebraska Press]], 2001, {{ISBN|0-8032-1716-1}}, p. 67</ref> It was further witnessed by the [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] forces who entered Germany and its associated [[Axis Powers|Axis]] states towards the end of World War II.<ref>''Holocaust: The events and their impact on real people'', DK Publishing in conjunction with the USC Shoah Foundation Institute for Visual History and Education, p. 146. "There our troops found sights, sounds, and stenches horrible beyond belief, cruelties so enormous as to be incomprehensible to the normal mind."</ref><ref>Kelly Oliver. ''Witnessing: beyond recognition'', [[University of Minnesota Press]], 2001, {{ISBN|0-8166-3627-3}}, p. 90.</ref><ref>Shelley Hornstein and Florence Jacobowitz. ''Image and remembrance: representation and the Holocaust'', 2003, Indiana University Press, {{ISBN|0-253-34188-4}}, pp. 205–206.</ref> It was also witnessed from the inside by non-Jewish captives such as Catholic [[French Resistance]] member [[André Rogerie]] who wrote extensively and testified about his experiences in seven camps including Auschwitz-Birkenau<ref name="ina-shoah">[http://grands-entretiens.ina.fr/video/Shoah INA, Major Interviews, General André Rogerie] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629162948/http://grands-entretiens.ina.fr/video/Shoah |date=June 29, 2017 }}; audio recording</ref> and also produced the oldest contemporary sketch of a camp crematorium.<ref name=Wieviorka>Annette Wieviorka, ''Déportation et génocide. Entre la mémoire et l'oubli'', Plon, 1992, p. 249.</ref>
According to researchers [[Michael Shermer]] and [[Alex Grobman]], there is a "convergence of evidence" that proves that the Holocaust happened. This evidence includes:<ref>Shermer & Grobman, 2002, p. 33.</ref>
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#''Inferential evidence'' or ''[[argument from silence]]''—population demographics, reconstructed from the pre–World War II era; if six million Jews were not murdered, what happened to them?}}
Much of the controversy surrounding the claims of Holocaust deniers' centers on the methods used to present arguments that the Holocaust allegedly ''never happened as commonly accepted''. Numerous accounts have been given by Holocaust deniers (including evidence presented in court cases) of claimed facts and evidence; however, independent research has shown these claims to be based upon flawed research, biassed statements, or even deliberately falsified evidence. Opponents of Holocaust denial have documented numerous instances in which such evidence was altered or manufactured (see [[Nizkor Project]] and [[David Irving]]). According to [[Pierre Vidal-Naquet]], "in our society of image and spectacle, extermination on paper leads to extermination in reality."<ref>[[Pierre Vidal-Naquet]], French "une tentative d'extermination sur le papier qui relaie l'extermination réelle" in ''Les assassins de la mémoire'', ''Un Eichmann de papier'', Postface de [[Gisèle Sapiro]], Nouvelle édition revue et augmentée, La Découverte, Paris, 2005, {{ISBN|2-7071-4545-9}}.</ref>
==Laws against Holocaust denial==
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[[File:Holocaust Denial Laws 2023.png|thumb|upright 1.2|Countries where Holocaust denial is illegal]]
Holocaust denial is explicitly or implicitly illegal in 18 countries: [[Austria]], [[Belgium]], [[Canada]], the [[Czech Republic]], [[France]], Germany, [[Hungary]], Israel, [[Liechtenstein]], [[Lithuania]], [[Luxembourg]], the [[Netherlands]], [[Poland]], [[Portugal]], [[Romania]], [[Russia]], [[Slovakia]], and [[Switzerland]].<ref>Lechtholz-Zey, Jacqueline: Laws Banning Holocaust Denial. [https://web.archive.org/web/20100821174310/http://www.genocidepreventionnow.org/2010/06/laws-banning-holocaust-denial.html Genocide Prevention Now.]. Retrieved October 4, 2020.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jta.org/2014/05/05/global/russia-makes-holocaust-denial-illegal |title=Russia makes Holocaust denial
Such legislation remains controversial. In October 2007, a tribunal declared Spain's genocide denial law [[unconstitutional]].<ref>By way of [http://www.tribunalconstitucional.es/jurisprudencia/Stc2007/STC2007-5152-2000.html judgment of November 7, 2007] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080215233053/http://www.tribunalconstitucional.es/jurisprudencia/Stc2007/STC2007-5152-2000.html |date=February 15, 2008 }} of the [[Constitutional Court of Spain]], which ruled the criminalization to be unconstitutional and void.</ref> In 2007 Italy rejected a denial law proposing a prison sentence of up to four years. In 2006 the Netherlands rejected a draft law proposing a maximum sentence of one year on denial of genocidal acts in general, although specifically denying the Holocaust remains a criminal offense there. The United Kingdom has twice rejected [[Laws against Holocaust denial|Holocaust denial laws]]. Denmark and Sweden have also rejected such legislation.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/19/world/europe/19iht-eu.4.5359640.html |title=EU adopts measure outlawing Holocaust denial |first=Dan |last=Bilefsky |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=April 19, 2007 |access-date=February 8, 2017 |archive-date=April 4, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404010722/https://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/19/world/europe/19iht-eu.4.5359640.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
A number of deniers have been prosecuted under various countries' denial laws. French literature professor [[Robert Faurisson]], for example, was convicted and punished under the [[Gayssot Act]] in 1990. Some historians oppose such laws, among them [[Pierre Vidal-Naquet]], an outspoken critic of Faurisson, on the grounds that denial legislation imposes "historical truth as legal truth".<ref>
===David Irving conviction===
In February 2006, Irving was convicted in Austria, where Holocaust denial is illegal, for a speech he had made in 1989 in which he denied the existence of gas chambers at Auschwitz.{{R|release}} Irving was aware of the outstanding arrest warrant but chose to go to Austria anyway "to give a lecture to a far-right student fraternity".<ref name="release">{{cite news |title=Holocaust denier to be released |date=December 20, 2006 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/6196073.stm |work=[[BBC News]] |access-date=January 13, 2011 |archive-date=July 25, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725005507/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/6196073.stm |url-status=live}}</ref> Although he pleaded guilty to the charge, Irving said he had been "mistaken", and had changed his opinions on the Holocaust. "I said that then, based on my knowledge at the time, but by 1991 when I came across the Eichmann papers, I wasn't saying that anymore and I wouldn't say that now. The Nazis did murder millions of Jews."<ref name="BBCCenshorship">{{cite news |work=[[BBC News]] |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4733820.stm |title=Holocaust Denier is Jailed |date=February 20, 2006 |access-date=February 21, 2006 |archive-date=August 5, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805031758/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4733820.stm |url-status=live}}</ref> Irving served 13 months of a 3-year sentence in an Austrian prison, including the period between his arrest and conviction, and was deported in early 2007.{{R|release}} The episode sparked intense international debate over the limits of freedom of speech. Upon hearing of Irving's sentence, Lipstadt said:<blockquote>I am not happy when censorship wins, and I don't believe in winning battles via censorship.... The way of fighting Holocaust deniers is with history and with truth.{{R|BBCCenshorship}}</blockquote>According to ''[[CNN]]'', upon Irving's return to the UK, he "vow[ed] to repeat views denying the Holocaust that led to his conviction" stating he felt "no need any longer to show remorse" for his Holocaust views.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/europe/12/21/uk.irving.ap/index.html|title=Holocaust denier: 'No need to show remorse' |work=[[CNN]] |access-date=November 27, 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070116221731/http://www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/europe/12/21/uk.irving.ap/index.html |archive-date=January 16, 2007}}</ref>
==Genocide denials==
{{Main|Genocide denial}}
{{denial of mass killings}}
Other acts of genocide have met similar attempts to deny and minimize them. [[Gregory H. Stanton]], formerly of the [[United States Department of State|US State Department]] and the founder of [[Genocide Watch]], lists denial as the final stage of a genocide development: "Denial is the eighth stage that always follows a genocide. It is among the surest indicators of further [[genocidal massacre]]s. The perpetrators of genocide dig up the mass graves, burn the bodies, try to cover up the evidence and intimidate the witnesses. They deny that they committed any crimes, and often blame what happened on the victims."<ref>{{cite web |first=Gregory |last=Stanton |url=http://www.genocidewatch.org/aboutgenocide/8stagesofgenocide.html |title=Eight Stages of Genocide Denial |website=[[Genocide Watch]] |access-date=June 19, 2013 |archive-date=March 2, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080302002304/http://www.genocidewatch.org/aboutgenocide/8stagesofgenocide.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
Holocaust denial is often compared to [[Armenian genocide denial]] because of similar tactics of misrepresenting evidence, false equivalence, claiming that atrocities were invented by [[war propaganda]] and that powerful lobbies manufacture genocide allegations for their own profit, subsuming one-sided systematic extermination into war deaths, and shifting blame from the perpetrators to the victims of genocide. Both forms of [[Historical negationism|negationism]] share the goal of rehabilitating the ideologies which brought genocide about.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bloxham |first1=Donald |author-link=Donald Bloxham |title=The Great Game of Genocide: Imperialism, Nationalism, and the Destruction of the Ottoman Armenians |title-link=The Great Game of Genocide |date=2005 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-922688-7 |language=en |page=208}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=MacDonald |first1=David B. |author-link=David
==See also==
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===Citations===
<references>
<ref name="definition">
<ref name="often claims">{{cite web |url=http://www1.yadvashem.org/yv/en/holocaust/resource_center/faq.asp |title=How many Jews were murdered in the Holocaust? How do we know? Do we have their names? The Holocaust Resource Center Faqs |website=[[Yad Vashem]]
<ref name="Key elements">Key elements of Holocaust denial:
*"Before discussing how Holocaust denial constitutes a conspiracy theory, and how the theory is distinctly American, it is important to understand what is meant by the term 'Holocaust denial'. Holocaust deniers, or 'revisionists', as they call themselves, question all three major points of definition of the Nazi Holocaust. First, they contend that, while mass murders of Jews did occur (although they dispute both the intentionality of such murders as well as the supposed deservedness of these killings), there was no official Nazi policy to murder Jews. Second, and perhaps most prominently, they contend that there were no homicidal gas chambers, particularly at Auschwitz-Birkenau, where mainstream historians believe over 1 million Jews were murdered, primarily in gas chambers. And third, Holocaust deniers contend that the death toll of European Jews during World War II was well below 6 million. Deniers float numbers anywhere between 300,000 and 1.5 million, as a general rule." Mathis, Andrew E. [http://phdn.org/archives/holocaust-history.org/denial/abc-clio/ Holocaust Denial, a Definition] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210213171733/https://phdn.org/archives/holocaust-history.org/denial/abc-clio/ |date=February 13, 2021 }}, [[The Holocaust History Project]], July 2, 2004. Retrieved December 18, 2006.
*"In part III we directly address the three major foundations upon which Holocaust denial rests, including ... the claim that gas chambers and crematoria were used not for mass extermination but rather for delousing clothing and disposing of people who died of disease and overwork; ... the claim that the six million figure is an exaggeration by an order of magnitude—that about six hundred thousand, not six million, died at the hands of the Nazis; ... the claim that there was no intention on the part of the Nazis to exterminate European Jewry and that the Holocaust was nothing more than the unfortunate by-product of the vicissitudes of war." Michael Shermer and Alex Grobman. ''Denying History: who Says the Holocaust Never Happened and why Do They Say It?'', University of California Press, 2000, {{ISBN|0-520-23469-3}}, p. 3.
*"Holocaust Denial: Claims that the mass extermination of the Jews by the Nazis never happened; that the number of Jewish losses has been greatly exaggerated; that the Holocaust was not systematic nor a result of an official policy; or simply that the Holocaust never took place." [http://www1.yadvashem.org/about_holocaust/faqs/answers/faq_35.html What is Holocaust Denial] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20050216030123/http://www1.yadvashem.org/about_holocaust/faqs/answers/faq_35.html |date=February 16, 2005 }}, [[Yad Vashem]] website, 2004. Retrieved December 18, 2006.
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*"At this time, in the mid-1970s, the specter of Holocaust Denial (masked as 'revisionism') had begun to raise its head in Australia...." [[Paul R. Bartrop|Bartrop, Paul R.]] "A Little More Understanding: The Experience of a Holocaust Educator in Australia" in Samuel Totten, Steven Leonard Jacobs, Paul R Bartrop. ''Teaching about the Holocaust'', Praeger/Greenwood, 2004, p. xix. {{ISBN|0-275-98232-7}}
*"[[Pierre Vidal-Naquet]] urges that denial of the Holocaust should not be called 'revisionism' because 'to deny history is not to revise it'. ''Les Assassins de la Memoire. Un Eichmann de papier et autres essays sur le revisionisme'' (The Assassins of Memory—A Paper-Eichmann and Other Essays on Revisionism) 15 (1987)." Cited in Roth, Stephen J. "Denial of the Holocaust as an Issue of Law" in the ''Israel Yearbook on Human Rights'', Volume 23, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1993, {{ISBN|0-7923-2581-8}}, p. 215.
*"This essay describes, from a methodological perspective, some of the inherent flaws in the 'revisionist' approach to the history of the Holocaust. It is not intended as a polemic, nor does it attempt to ascribe motives. Rather, it seeks to explain the fundamental error in the 'revisionist' approach, as well as why that approach of necessity leaves no other choice. It concludes that 'revisionism' is a misnomer because the facts do not accord with the position it puts forward and, more importantly, its methodology reverses the appropriate approach to historical investigation.... 'Revisionism' is obliged to deviate from the standard methodology of historical pursuit, because it seeks to mold facts to fit a preconceived result; it denies events that have been objectively and empirically proved to have occurred; and because it works backward from the conclusion to the facts, thus necessitating the distortion and manipulation of those facts where they differ from the preordained conclusion (which they almost always do). In short, 'revisionism' denies something that demonstrably happened, through methodological dishonesty." McFee, Gordon. [http://phdn.org/archives/holocaust-history.org/revisionism-isnt/ "Why 'Revisionism' Isn't"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180629074312/https://phdn.org/archives/holocaust-history.org/revisionism-isnt/ |date=June 29, 2018 }}, [[The Holocaust History Project]], May 15, 1999. Retrieved December 22, 2006.
*"Holocaust denial can be a particularly insidious form of antisemitism precisely because it often tries to disguise itself as something quite different: as genuine scholarly debate (in the pages, for example, of the innocuous-sounding Journal for Historical Review). Holocaust deniers often refer to themselves as 'revisionists', in an attempt to claim legitimacy for their activities. There are, of course, a great many scholars engaged in historical debates about the Holocaust whose work should not be confused with the output of the Holocaust deniers. Debate continues about such subjects as, for example, the extent and nature of ordinary Germans' involvement in and knowledge of the policy of genocide, and the timing of orders given for the extermination of the Jews. However, the valid endeavour of historical revisionism, which involves the re-interpretation of historical knowledge in the light of newly emerging evidence, is a very different task from that of claiming that the essential facts of the Holocaust, and the evidence for those facts, are fabrications." [http://www.jpr.org.uk/Reports/CS_Reports/no_3_2000/index.htm The nature of Holocaust denial: What is Holocaust denial?] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718044959/http://www.jpr.org.uk/Reports/CS_Reports/no_3_2000/index.htm |date=July 18, 2011 }}, JPR report No. 3, 2000. Retrieved May 16, 2007.
*"The deniers' selection of the name revisionist to describe themselves is indicative of their basic strategy of deceit and distortion and of their attempt to portray themselves as legitimate historians engaged in the traditional practice of illuminating the past. For historians, in fact, the name revisionism has a resonance that is perfectly legitimate – it recalls the controversial historical school known as World War I 'revisionists', who argued that the Germans were unjustly held responsible for the war and that consequently the Versailles treaty was a politically misguided document based on a [[false premise]]. Thus the deniers link themselves to a specific historiographic tradition of reevaluating the past. Claiming the mantle of the World War I revisionists and denying they have any objective other than the dissemination of the truth constitute a tactical attempt to acquire an intellectual credibility that would otherwise elude them." [[Deborah Lipstadt]]. ''Denying the Holocaust – The Growing Assault on Truth and Memory'', Penguin, 1993, {{ISBN|0-452-27274-2}}, p. 25.</ref>
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*"Holocaust deniers often refer to themselves as 'revisionists', in an attempt to claim legitimacy for their activities. There are, of course, a great many scholars engaged in historical debates about the Holocaust whose work should not be confused with the output of the Holocaust deniers. Debate continues about such subjects as, for example, the extent and nature of ordinary Germans' involvement in and knowledge of the policy of genocide, and the timing of orders given for the extermination of the Jews. However, the valid endeavour of historical revisionism, which involves the re-interpretation of historical knowledge in the light of newly emerging evidence, is a very different task from that of claiming that the essential facts of the Holocaust, and the evidence for those facts, are fabrications." "[http://www.jpr.org.uk/Reports/CS_Reports/no_3_2000/index.htm The nature of Holocaust denial: What is Holocaust denial?] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718044959/http://www.jpr.org.uk/Reports/CS_Reports/no_3_2000/index.htm |date=July 18, 2011 }}", JPR report No. 3, 2000. Retrieved May 16, 2007.</ref>
<ref name="predetermined">Predetermined conclusion:
*"'Revisionism' is obliged to deviate from the standard methodology of historical pursuit because it seeks to mold facts to fit a preconceived result, it denies events that have been objectively and empirically proved to have occurred, and because it works backward from the conclusion to the facts, thus necessitating the distortion and manipulation of those facts where they differ from the preordained conclusion (which they almost always do). In short, 'revisionism' denies something that demonstrably happened, through methodological dishonesty." McFee, Gordon. [http://phdn.org/archives/holocaust-history.org/revisionism-isnt/ "Why 'Revisionism' Isn't"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180629074312/https://phdn.org/archives/holocaust-history.org/revisionism-isnt/ |date=June 29, 2018 }}, [[The Holocaust History Project]], May 15, 1999. Retrieved December 22, 2006.
*Alan L. Berger, "Holocaust Denial: Tempest in a Teapot, or Storm on the Horizon?", in Zev Garber and Richard Libowitz (eds), ''Peace, in Deed: Essays in Honor of Harry James Cargas'', Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1998, p. 154.</ref>
<ref name="hoax">A hoax designed to advance the interests of Jews:
*"The title of App's major work on the Holocaust, ''The Six Million Swindle'', is informative because it implies on its very own the existence of a conspiracy of Jews to perpetrate a hoax against non-Jews for monetary gain." Mathis, Andrew E. [http://phdn.org/archives/holocaust-history.org/denial/abc-clio/ Holocaust Denial, a Definition] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210213171733/https://phdn.org/archives/holocaust-history.org/denial/abc-clio/ |date=February 13, 2021 }}, [[The Holocaust History Project]], July 2, 2004. Retrieved May 16, 2007.
*Another belief of deniers is the death of the millions of Jews was caused by sickness and disease.{{cite web|title=Holocaust Denial and Distortion|url=http://www.ushmm.org/antisemitism/holocaust-denial-and-distortion|publisher=[[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]]|access-date=November 6, 2013|archive-date=December 10, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210022522/https://www.ushmm.org/antisemitism/holocaust-denial-and-distortion|url-status=live}}
*"Jews are thus depicted as manipulative and powerful conspirators who have fabricated myths of their own suffering for their own ends. According to the Holocaust deniers, by forging evidence and mounting a massive propaganda effort, the Jews have established their lies as 'truth' and reaped enormous rewards from doing so: for example, in making financial claims on Germany and acquiring international support for Israel." [http://www.jpr.org.uk/Reports/CS_Reports/no_3_2000/index.htm The nature of Holocaust denial: What is Holocaust denial?] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718044959/http://www.jpr.org.uk/Reports/CS_Reports/no_3_2000/index.htm |date=July 18, 2011 }}, JPR report No. 3, 2000. Retrieved May 16, 2007.
*"Why, we might ask the deniers, if the Holocaust did not happen would any group concoct such a horrific story? Because, some deniers claim, there was a conspiracy by Zionists to exaggerate the plight of Jews during the war in order to finance the state of Israel through war reparations." Michael Shermer & Alex Grobman. ''Denying History: who Says the Holocaust Never Happened and why Do They Say It?'', University of California Press, 2000, {{ISBN|0-520-23469-3}}, p. 106.
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*"Indeed, the task of organized antisemitism in the last decade of the century has been the establishment of Holocaust Revisionism – the denial that the Holocaust occurred." Stephen Trombley, "antisemitism", ''The Norton Dictionary of Modern Thought'', [[W. W. Norton & Company]], 1999, {{ISBN|0-393-04696-6}}, p. 40.
*"After the Yom Kippur War an apparent reappearance of antisemitism in France troubled the tranquility of the community; there were several notorious terrorist attacks on synagogues, Holocaust revisionism appeared, and a new antisemitic political right tried to achieve respectability." Howard K. Wettstein, ''Diasporas and Exiles: Varieties of Jewish Identity'', [[University of California Press]], 2002, {{ISBN|0-520-22864-2}}, p. 169.
*"Holocaust denial is a convenient polemical substitute for anti-semitism." Igounet, Valérie. [http://mondediplo.com/1998/05/08igou "Holocaust denial is part of a strategy"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190613014018/https://mondediplo.com/1998/05/08igou |date=June 13, 2019 }}, ''[[Le Monde diplomatique]]'', May 1998.
*"Holocaust denial is a contemporary form of the classic anti-Semitic doctrine of the evil, manipulative and threatening world Jewish conspiracy." [http://www.adl.org/holocaust/theory.asp Introduction: Denial as Anti-Semitism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604020743/http://www.adl.org/holocaust/theory.asp |date=June 4, 2011 }}, "Holocaust Denial: An Online Guide to Exposing and Combating Anti-Semitic Propaganda", [[Anti-Defamation League]], 2001. Retrieved June 12, 2007.
*"In a number of countries, in Europe as well as in the United States, the negation or gross minimization of the Nazi genocide of Jews has been the subject of books, essay and articles. Should their authors be protected by freedom of speech? The European answer has been in the negative: such writings are not only a perverse form of anti-semitism but also an aggression against the dead, their families, the survivors and society at large." Roger Errera, "Freedom of speech in Europe", in Georg Nolte, ''European and US Constitutionalism'', [[Cambridge University Press]], 2005, {{ISBN|0-521-85401-6}}, pp. 39–40.
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*"The stress on Holocaust revisionism underscored the new anti-Semitic agenda gaining ground within the Klan movement. Holocaust denial refurbished conspiratorial anti-Semitism. Who else but the Jews had the media power to hoodwink unsuspecting masses with one of the greatest hoaxes in history? And for what motive? To promote the claims of the illegitimate state of Israel by making non-Jews feel guilty, of course." Lawrence N. Powell, ''Troubled Memory: Anne Levy, the Holocaust, and David Duke's Louisiana'', [[University of North Carolina Press]], 2000, {{ISBN|0-8078-5374-7}}, p. 445.
*"Since its inception ... the Institute for Historical Review (IHR), a California-based Holocaust denial organization founded by Willis Carto of Liberty Lobby, has promoted the antisemitic conspiracy theory that Jews fabricated tales of their own genocide to manipulate the sympathies of the non-Jewish world." [http://www.tau.ac.il/Anti-Semitism/asw2000-1/usa.htm Antisemitism and Racism Country Reports: United States] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628184616/http://www.tau.ac.il/Anti-Semitism/asw2000-1/usa.htm |date=June 28, 2011 }}, [[Stephen Roth Institute]], 2000. Retrieved May 17, 2007.
*"The primary motivation for most deniers is anti-Semitism, and for them the Holocaust is an infuriatingly inconvenient fact of history. After all, the Holocaust has generally been recognized as one of the most terrible crimes that ever took place, and surely the very emblem of evil in the modern age. If that crime was a direct result of anti-Semitism taken to its logical end, then anti-Semitism itself, even when expressed in private conversation, is inevitably discredited among most people. What better way to rehabilitate anti-Semitism, make anti-Semitic arguments seem once again respectable in civilized discourse and even make it acceptable for governments to pursue anti-Semitic policies than by convincing the world that the great crime for which anti-Semitism was blamed simply never happened – indeed, that it was nothing more than a frame-up invented by the Jews, and propagated by them through their control of the media? What better way, in short, to make the world safe again for anti-Semitism than by denying the Holocaust?" Reich, Walter. [https://www.nytimes.com/1993/07/11/books/erasing-the-holocaust.html "Erasing the Holocaust"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230628213512/https://www.nytimes.com/1993/07/11/books/erasing-the-holocaust.html |date=June 28, 2023 }}, ''[[The New York Times]]'', July 11, 1993.
*"There is now a creeping, nasty wave of anti-Semitism ... insinuating itself into our political thought and rhetoric.... The history of the Arab world ... is disfigured ... by a whole series of outmoded and discredited ideas, of which the notion that the Jews never suffered and that the Holocaust is an obfuscatory confection created by the elders of Zion is one that is acquiring too much, far too much, currency." [[Edward Said]], "A Desolation, and They Called it Peace" in ''Those who forget the past'', Ron Rosenbaum (ed), [[Random House]] 2004, p. 518.</ref>
<ref name="conspiracy">Conspiracy theory:
*"While appearing on the surface as a rather arcane pseudo-scholarly challenge to the well-established record of Nazi genocide during the Second World War, Holocaust denial serves as a powerful conspiracy theory uniting otherwise disparate fringe groups...." [http://www.adl.org/holocaust/theory.asp Introduction: Denial as Anti-Semitism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604020743/http://www.adl.org/holocaust/theory.asp |date=June 4, 2011 }}, "Holocaust Denial: An Online Guide to Exposing and Combating Anti-Semitic Propaganda", [[Anti-Defamation League]], 2001. Retrieved June 12, 2007.
*"Before discussing how Holocaust denial constitutes a conspiracy theory, and how the theory is distinctly American, it is important to understand what is meant by the term 'Holocaust denial.'" Mathis, Andrew E. [http://phdn.org/archives/holocaust-history.org/denial/abc-clio/ Holocaust Denial, a Definition] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210213171733/https://phdn.org/archives/holocaust-history.org/denial/abc-clio/ |date=February 13, 2021 }}, [[The Holocaust History Project]], July 2, 2004. Retrieved December 18, 2006.
*"Since its inception ... the Institute for Historical Review (IHR), a California-based Holocaust denial organization founded by Willis Carto of Liberty Lobby, has promoted the antisemitic conspiracy theory that Jews fabricated tales of their own genocide to manipulate the sympathies of the non-Jewish world." [http://www.tau.ac.il/Anti-Semitism/asw2000-1/usa.htm Antisemitism and Racism Country Reports: United States] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628184616/http://www.tau.ac.il/Anti-Semitism/asw2000-1/usa.htm |date=June 28, 2011 }}, [[Stephen Roth Institute]], 2000. Retrieved May 17, 2007.</ref>
<ref name="post-Soviet">{{Cite journal |doi=10.1080/13501674.2012.730732 |quote=In general, post-Soviet Holocaust denial has differed from Holocaust denial in the style of David Irving or Ernst Zündel. In post-Soviet space, the Holocaust has not usually been denied as such and post-Soviet radical right activists did not question the existence of gas chambers in Auschwitz, or the anti-Jewish politics of Nazi Germany. Instead, nationalist post-Soviet discourses denied some of the national or regional elements of the Holocaust, like, for example, the contribution of different nationalist organizations or armies to it, or very frequently the participation of local populations in pogroms and other forms of anti-Jewish violence. |title=Debating, obfuscating and disciplining the Holocaust: Post-Soviet historical discourses on the OUN–UPA and other nationalist movements |journal=East European Jewish Affairs |volume=42 |issue=3 |pages=199–241 |year=2012 |last1=Rossoliński-Liebe |first1=Grzegorz |s2cid=154067506}}</ref>
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* {{Cite journal |last=Abbot |first=A. |year=1994 |title=Holocaust Denial Research Disclaimed |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=368 |issue=6471 |pages=483 |bibcode=1994Natur.368..483A |doi=10.1038/368483a0 |doi-access=free}}
* {{Cite book |last=Algazy |first=Joseph |title=La tentation néo-fasciste en France: de 1944 à 1965 |date=1984 |publisher=Fayard |isbn=978-2213014265}}
* {{Cite magazine |last=Amarasingam |first=Amarnath |date=July 2007 |title=Who Denies the Holocaust And Why Do They Deny It? |url=http://www.jewishmag.com/115mag/holocaustdeny/holocaustdeny.htm |access-date=February 9, 2009 |magazine=The Jewish Magazine |archive-date=February 22, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090222173647/http://www.jewishmag.com/115mag/holocaustdeny/holocaustdeny.htm |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Bailer-Galanda |first1=Brigitte |author-link=Brigitte Bailer-Galanda |title=Amoklauf gegen die Wirklichkeit. NS-Verbrechen und revisionistische Geschichtsschreibung |last2=Lasek |first2=Wilhelm |year=1992 |location=Wien}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Barnes |first=Ian R. |date=2002 |title=I am a Fascist Writer: Maurice Bardèche–Ideologist and Defender of French Fascism |journal=The European Legacy |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=195–209 |doi=10.1080/10848770220119659 |issn=1084-8770 |s2cid=144988319}}
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* {{Cite book |last=Bridonneau |first=Pierre |title=Oui, il faut parler des négationnistes |publisher=Éditions du Cerf |year=1997}}
* {{Cite book |last=Dan |first=Joseph |title=Bruch und Kontinuität: Jüdisches Denken in der europäischen Geistesgeschichte |publisher=Akademie Verlag |year=1995 |editor-last=Goodman-Thau |editor-first=Eveline |location=Berlin |pages=39–46 |chapter=Four Ways of Holocaust Denial |editor-last2=Daxner |editor-first2=Michael}}
* {{Cite web |last1=Drobnicki |first1=John A. |last2=Goldman |first2=Carol R. |last3=Knight |first3=Trina R. |last4=Thomas |first4=Johanna V. |title=Holocaust Denial Literature: A Bibliography |url=http://york.cuny.edu/~drobnick/holbib1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220115330/http://york.cuny.edu/~drobnick/holbib1.html |archive-date=December 20, 2008 |access-date=December 8, 2008}}
* {{Cite book |last=Evans |first=Richard J. |title=In Defense of History |publisher=Norton |year=1999 |location=New York}}
* {{Cite book |last=Evans |first=Richard J. |title=Lying About Hitler: History, Holocaust, and the David Irving Trial |publisher=Basic Books |year=2002 |isbn=0-465-02153-0}}) {{emdash}} As well as the story of the Irving case, this is an excellent case study on historical research.
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* {{Cite book |last=Gray |first=Charles |title=The Irving Judgment |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |year=2000 |isbn=0-14-029899-1}} {{emdash}} Actual text of the judgment in the Irving case.
* {{Cite book |last=Guttenplan |first=D. D. |title=The Holocaust on Trial |publisher=Norton |year=2002}}
* {{Cite news |last=Igounet |first=Valérie |date=May 1998 |title=Un négationnisme stratégique |url=https://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/1998/05/IGOUNET/3703 |work=Le Monde diplomatique |department=Les terroirs de l'extrême-droite |access-date=March 16, 2024 |archive-date=March 16, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240316124832/https://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/1998/05/IGOUNET/3703 |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book |last=Igounet |first=Valérie |title=Histoire du négationnisme en France |trans-title=History of negationism in France |date=2000 |publisher=Le Seuil |isbn=9782021009538 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w7eGKZxEKNsC |no-pp=y |language=fr |quote= |author-link=Valérie Igounet |access-date=May 27, 2020 |archive-date=July 5, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240705095216/https://books.google.com/books?id=w7eGKZxEKNsC |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book |last=Klein |first=Wayne |title=Postmodernism and the Holocaust |date=1998 |publisher=Editions Rodopi |editor-last=Milchman |editor-first=Alan |location=Amsterdam |pages=53–83 |chapter=Truth's Turning: History and the Holocaust |editor-last2=Rosenberg |editor-first2=Alan}}
* {{Cite book |last=Lipstadt |first=Deborah |title=Denying the Holocaust: The Growing Assault on Truth and Memory |publisher=Plume |year=
* {{Cite journal |last1=Markiewicz |first1=Jan |last2=Gubala |first2=Wojciech |last3=Labedz |first3=Jerzy |year=1994 |title=A Study of the Cyanide Compounds Content in the Walls of the Gas Chambers in the Former Auschwitz & Birkenau Concentration Camps |journal=Z Zagadnien Sądowych |volume=XXX}}
* {{Cite AV media |title=[[Mr. Death: The Rise and Fall of Fred A. Leuchter, Jr.]] |year=1999 |id={{
* {{Cite book |title=The Holocaust: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation |publisher=[[D.C. Heath and Company]] |year=1992 |editor-last=Niewyk |editor-first=Donald L.}}
* {{cite book |first=Jonathan |last=Petropoulos |chapter=Holocaust Denial: A Generational Typology |title=Lessons and Legacies |volume=III: Memory, Memorialization, and Denial |editor-first=Peter |editor-last=Hayes |location=Evanston, IL |publisher=Northwestern University Press |year=1999}}
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* {{Cite book |last=Pressac |first=Jean Claude |title=Les Crématoires d'Auschwitz: La machinerie du meurtre de masse |publisher=CNRS editions |year=1993 |location=Paris |lang=fr}}
* {{Cite book |last=Rotondi |first=Francesco |title=Luna di miele ad Auschwitz. Riflessioni sul negazionismo della Shoah |publisher=Edizioni Scientifiche Italiane |year=2005 |location=Napoli}}
* {{Cite report |url=https://www.vie-publique.fr/files/rapport/pdf/044000492.pdf |title=Commission sur le racisme et le négationnisme à l'université Jean-Moulin Lyon III : Rapport à Monsieur le Ministre de l'Education nationale |last=Rousso |first=Henry |date=2004-09-01 |location=Paris |access-date=March 16, 2024 |archive-date=March 16, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240316124830/https://www.vie-publique.fr/files/rapport/pdf/044000492.pdf |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book |last=Shermer |first=Michael |title=[[Why People Believe Weird Things: Pseudoscience, Superstition, and Other Confusions of Our Time]] |publisher=Freeman |year=1997 |isbn=0-8050-7089-3 |location=New York}}
*{{Cite journal |last=Shermer |first=Michael |year=1998 |title=Holocaust Revisionism Update: David Cole Recants/David Irving Says Churchill Knew About Pearl Harbor |journal=Skeptic |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=23–25}}
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* {{cite book |first=Werner |last=Wegner |chapter=Keine Massenvergasungen in Auschwitz? Zur Kritik des Leuchter-Gutachtens |title=Die Schatten der Vergangenheit. Impulse zur Historisierung der Vergangenheit |editor-first1=Uwe |editor-last1=Backes |editor-first2=Eckhard |editor-last2=Jesse |editor-first3=Rainer |editor-last3=Zitelmann |publisher=Propyläen |location=Berlin |year=1990 |pages=450–476 |isbn=3-549-07407-7}}
*{{Cite journal |last=Wellers |first=George |year=1989 |title=A propos du "Rapport Leuchter" et les chambres à gaz d'Auschwitz |journal=Le Monde Juif |volume=134}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Wicken |first=Stephen |year=2006 |title=Views of the Holocaust in Arab Media and Public Discourse |url=http://yalejournal.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/061209wicken.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=[[Yale Journal of International Affairs]] |pages=103–15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921073926/http://yalejournal.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/061209wicken.pdf |archive-date=September 21, 2013 |access-date=February 2, 2014 }}
* {{cite report |first=Jürgen |last=Zarusky |title=Leugnung des Holocaust. Die antisemitische Strategie nach Auschwitz. Bundesprüfstelle für jugendgefährdende Schriften Aktuell – Amtliches Mitteilungsblatt |date=9-10 November 1999 |location=Marburg}}
* {{Cite news |last=Zimmerman |first=John C. |date=January 16, 2000 |title=Holocaust Denial |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |page=M4}}
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;By Holocaust deniers
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite news |url=http://memri.org/bin/articles.cgi?Page=countries&Area=iran&ID=SP85505 |title=Anti-Semitism and Holocaust Denial in the Iranian Media |series=Special Dispatch Series |volume=855 |date=January 28, 2005 |access-date=November 8, 2005 |publisher=[[Middle East Media Research Institute]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060802010555/http://memri.org/bin/articles.cgi?Page=countries&Area=iran&ID=SP85505 |archive-date=August 2, 2006
* {{cite book |
* {{cite news |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/anti-semitism/syrdenial.html |title=Syrian Holocaust Denial |first=Mohammad |last=Daoud |newspaper=Syria Times |date=September 6, 2000 |access-date=November 8, 2005 |via=[[Jewish Virtual Library]] |archive-date=December 17, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217011440/http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/anti-semitism/syrdenial.html |url-status=live}}
* {{cite journal |author-link=Robert Faurisson |last=Faurisson |first=Robert |title=My Life As a Revisionist |journal=The Journal of Historical Review |volume=9 |issue=1 |date=Spring 1989 |page=5}}
* {{cite book |editor-first=Ernst |editor-last=Gauss |title=Dissecting the Holocaust: The Growing Critique of 'Truth' and 'Memory |location=Alabama |publisher=Theses & Dissertations Press |year=2000 |isbn=0-9679856-0-9}} {{emdash}} "Gauss" is a pseudonym for [[Germar Rudolf]], the founder of "Theses & Dissertations Press."
* {{cite book |
* {{cite book |
* {{cite book
* {{cite book |
* {{cite news |last=Paz |first=Reuven |url=http://www.ict.org.il/articles/articledet.cfm?articleid=108 |title=Palestinian Holocaust Denial
* {{cite book |first=Germar |last=Rudolf |title=The Rudolf Report: Expert Report on Chemical and Technical Aspects of the 'Gas Chambers' of Auschwitz |location=Chicago |publisher=Theses & Dissertations Press |year=2001}}
{{refend}}
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