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{{One source|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox country
| native_name = ອານາຈັກວຽງຈັນ ([[Lao language|Lao]])<br>''Anachak Viengchan''<br>ဗီယင်ကျန်းနိုင်ငံ([[Burmese language|Burmese]])<br>''be yain kyann ninengan''<br>อาณาจักรเวียงจันทน์ ([[Thai language|Thai]])<br>''Xāṇācạkr weīyngcạnthn̒''
|native_name = ອານາຈັກວຽງຈັນ
| conventional_long_name = Kingdom of Vientiane
| common_name = Vientiane
| image_map = Laos - Division territòriala vèrs 1750 (vuege).png
| era =
| status = [[Vassal]] of [[Konbaung dynasty|Burma]] (1765-18241779)<br and/>[[Vassal]] of [[Rattanakosin Kingdom (1782–1932)|Siam]] (18241779-1828)
| event_start = [[Lan Xang]] divided
| year_start = 1707
| event1 = [[Konbaung dynasty|Burmese]] vassal
| date_event1 = 1765
| event2 = [[Rattanakosin Kingdom|Siamese]] vassal
| date_event2 = 18241779
| event_end = Annexed by [[Rattanakosin Kingdom|Siam]]
| year_end = 1828
| date_end =
| p1 = Kingdom of Lan Xang
| s1 = Rattanakosin Kingdom
| flag_s1 = Flag_of_ThailandFlag of Thailand (1782).svg
| s2 = French Protectorate of Laos
|image_flag = Flag of the Kingdom of Vientiane (1707 - 1828).svg▼
|capital flag_s2 = [[Vientiane]]Flag of Laos (1893–1952).svg
▲| image_flag = Flag of the Kingdom of Vientiane (1707 - 1828).svg
|common_languages = [[Lao language|Lao]]▼
|religion capital = [[BuddhismVientiane]]
▲| common_languages = [[Lao language|Lao]]
|government_type = Monarchy▼
|leader1 religion = [[SetthathirathTheravada IIBuddhism]]
▲| government_type = Monarchy[[Absolute monarchy]]
|year_leader1 = 1707–1730
|leader2 leader1 = [[OngSetthathirath LongII]]
|year_leader2 year_leader1 = 1730–17671707–1730
|leader3 leader2 = [[Ong BunLong]]
| year_leader2 = 1730–1767
|year_leader3 = 1767-1778; 1780 - 21 November 1781
|leader4 leader3 = [[PhrayaOng SuphoBun]] (Thai governor)
| year_leader3 = 1767–1778; 1780–1781
|year_leader4 = 1778–1780▼
|leader5 leader4 = [[Nanthasen]]
▲| year_leader4 = 1778–17801781–1795
|year_leader5 = 21 November 1781 – 2 February 1795
|leader6 leader5 = [[Intharavong Setthathirath IIIInthavong]]
| year_leader5 = 1795–1805
|year_leader6 = 2 February 1795 – 7 February 1805
|leader7 leader6 = [[Anouvong]]
| year_leader6 = 1805–1828
|year_leader7 = 7 February 1805 – 12 November 1828
|today deputy1 = [[Laos]]<br>[[ThailandPhraya Supho]]
| year_deputy1 = 1778–1780
| title_deputy = Governor
| currency = [[Lat (currency)|Lat]], [[Lat (currency)#Hoi coins|Hoi]], [[Bullet coin|Phot Duang]]
| today = [[Laos]]<br>[[Thailand]]
}}
{{History of Laos}}
The '''Kingdom of Vientiane''' was formed in 1707 as a result of the split of the [[Lan Xang|Kingdom of Lan Xang]]. The kingdom was a [[Konbaung Dynasty|Burmese]] vassal from 1765 to 18241779.<ref name=chsea>{{cite book | last=Tarling | first=Nicholas | title=The Cambridge history of South East Asia: From c. 1500 to c. 1800 | year=1999 | volume=1 | number=2 | page=238 | publisher=Cambridge University Press | isbn=978-0-521-66370-0| id={{ISBN|0-521-66370-9}} }}</ref> It then became a [[Rattanakosin Kingdom|Siamese]] vassal until 1828 when it was annexed by Siam.
 
==History==
[[File:Emerald Buddha, August 2012, Bangkok.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Emerald Buddha]], the current palladium of [[Thailand]] and former palladium of the Kingdom of Vientiane. The Emerald Buddha was regarded as the most sacred and culturally significant Buddha image of the [[List of monarchs of Laos|Lao monarchy]]. The image originated in the [[Lan Na|Kingdom of Lan Na]] and was brought to the [[Lan Xang|Kingdom of Lan Xang]] by [[Setthathirath|King Setthathirath]] in the 16th century, it was taken to Bangkok in the 19th century after the failed [[Lao rebellion (1826–28)|rebellion]] of [[Anouvong|King Anouvong]] of Vientiane.]]
In 1779, under the reign of King [[Setthathirath II]] of Lan Xang, [[Kitsarat]], an heir of [[Sourigna Vongsa]], declared separation of [[Luang Prabang]]. He marched on Vientiane to attack Setthathirath. King Setthathirath II turned to Ayutthaya for help. The Siamese army helped defend Vientiane but cannotcould not stop Kitsarat to form his own kingdom. Kitsarat was crowned the king in 1707, creating the Kingdom of Luang Phrabang, converting Lan Xang into the Kingdom of Vientiane. The kingdoms of [[Kingdom of Champasak|Champasak]] and [[Muang Phuan]] also seceded during the following years.
 
In 1773, Vientiane was attacked by Luang Prabang forces. King [[Ong Bun]] contacted the [[Konbaung dynasty]] for help, turning Vientiane into a Burmese vassal. This angered the Thonburi court. After the [[Burmese–Siamese War (1775–76)|Burmese-Siamese warWar of 1775-76]], King [[Taksin]] sent General Phraya Chakri (the later King [[Rama I]]) to attack Vientiane. In 1779, Siamese forces sacked Vientiane, the city was looted with several important Buddha images, including the [[Emerald Buddha]] were, taken to Thonburi. King Ong Boun decided to submit to the Siamese and Vientiane became a Siamese dependency. Ong Boun again revolted against Siam. In 1781, he was captured by the Siamese and executed.
 
The Siamese installed [[Nanthasen]], a son of Ong Bun, as ruler. In 1791, Nanthasen convinced King Rama I that Luang Prabang was secretly plotting a rebellion against Siam. He was permitted to attack Luang Prabang and captured the city in 1792.
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In 1791, Vientiane was invaded by the Vietnamese [[Tây Sơn dynasty]] to root out [[Lê dynasty]] loyalists, Nanthasen had to flee to Siam. Finally, he reached an accommodation with Tây Sơn dynasty. In 1795, Nanthasen was accused of plotting a rebellion with the Lao governor of Nakhon Phanom. He was deposed and taken to Bangkok. His brother [[Inthavong]] succeeded.
 
Inthavong died in 1804, his brother [[Anouvong]] succeeded him as the ruler of [[Vientiane]]. Anouvong was making military preparations for a [[Lao rebellion (1826–1828)|rebellion against the Siamese]]. In December 1826, Anouvong sent an army of 10,000 men toward the cities of the [[Khorat plateau]]. He took [[Nakhon Ratchasima]] in January but the Siamese quickly organized a massive counterattack. In 1827, Vientiane was ravaged for a second time by the Siamese armies. The city was burned to the ground and was looted of nearly all treasures, its population completely relocated. King Anouvong was captured and put into an iron cage until his death.
 
The Kingdom of Vientiane was completely obliterated. The Khorat Plateau was formally annexed by Siam. The Siamese divided the Lao lands into three administrative regions. In the north, the king of Luang Prabang and a small Siamese garrison controlled Luang Prabang, [[Sipsong Panna]], and [[Sip Song Chau Tai]]. The central region was administered from [[Nong Khai]]. The southern regions were controlled from Champassak. Fearing Siam influence, Vietnam under the Nguyễn dynasty annexed [[Muang Phuan]] and the provinces of Khammoune and Savannakhet, where they fought with Siam during the [[Siamese–Vietnamese War (1831–1834)]].
 
The Siamese forced population transfers of Lao people to the Khorat plateau which left only a fifth of the original population on the east bank of the Mekong. Through the 1830s to the 1890s, the region were devastated by rebellions, bandits, slave raids and the [[Haw wars]]. The vacuum of power allowed the French, now already controlled Cambodia and Cochinchina, to push north to the Mekong River, with hope of establishing a waterway to China. Vientiane eventually passed to French rule in 1893. It became the capital of the French protectorate of Laos in 1899.
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*[[Setthathirath II]] (1707–1730)
*[[Ong Long]] (1730–1767) (Burmese vassal, 1765–1768)
*[[Ong Bun]] (1767–1778) (1st reign, 1767–1778) (Burmese vassal)<ref name=chsea/>
*[[Ong Bun]] (2nd reign, 1780 – 21 November 1781) (2nd reign)
*[[Nanthasen]] (21 November 1781 – 2 February 1795)
*[[Inthavong]] (Setthathirath III) (2 February 1795 – 7 February 1805), (crowned on 23 July 1795)
*[[Anouvong]] (7 February 1805 – 12 November 1828)
 
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[[Category:Former kingdoms|Vientiane]]
[[Category:Former countries in Southeast Asia]]
[[Category:Former countries in Thai history]]
[[Category:HistoryHistorical geography of Thailand]]▼
[[Category:Former monarchies of Asia]]
[[Category:History of Laos]]
[[Category:History of Myanmar]]
▲[[Category:History of Thailand]]
[[Category:18th century in Vientiane]]
[[Category:19th century in Vientiane]]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Vientiane"