Euharamiyida also known as Eleutherodontida, is clade of early mammals or mammal-like cynodonts from the Middle Jurassic to Early Cretaceous of Eurasia and possibly North America. The group is sometimes considered a sister group to Multituberculata,[1] or part of an earlier divergence within the synapsid line.[2][3] It is disputed whether or not they are related to the Haramiyids from the Late Triassic, such as Haramiyavia.[4] The morphology of their teeth indicates that they were herbivorous or omnivorous. The group is ecologically diverse, including both hyrax-like ground dwelling forms, and arboreal gliding forms similar to modern flying squirrels or colugos.[5][6]
| Euharamiyida Temporal range:
| |
|---|---|
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Clade: | Synapsida |
| Clade: | Therapsida |
| Clade: | Cynodontia |
| Clade: | Mammaliaformes |
| Order: | †Haramiyida |
| Clade: | †Euharamiyida Bi et al. 2014 |
Evolution
The position of euharamyidans is contested. They are either considered crown group mammals as members of Allotheria, related to multituberculates, or they are considered to stem-group mammals within the Mammaliaformes.[1][3] The position is often dependent on the relationships of euharamiyids to the Late Triassic haramiyids such as Haramiyavia and Thomasia. In some studies, the two groups are recovered as unrelated.[7][4]
Phylogeny
The following topology was recovered by Huttenlocker et al. (2018).[8]
| Euharamiyida (=Eleutherodontida) | |
The following topology was recovered by Mao et al. (2022).[9]
| Euharamiyida |
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Taxa
The following taxonomy follows Mao et al. (2022)[9] unless otherwise cited.
- Cryoharamiya
- Maiopatagium
- Millosodon[8]
- Sharypovoia
- Sineleutherus
- Woodeatonia
- ?Allostaffia
- ?Hahnodontidae Sigogneau-Russell, 1991[8]
- ?Megaconus[8]
- ?Gondwanatheria[8][10]
- Arboroharamiyidae Zheng et al., 2013
- Kermackodontidae Butler and Hooker, 2005 (="Eleutherodontidae" Kermack et al., 1998) (considered by other studies to be multituberculates)
- Shenshouidae Mao and Meng, 2019
References
- ^ a b Bi, Shundong; Wang, Yuanqing; Sheng, Xia; Meng, Jin (10 September 2014). "Three new Jurassic euharamiyidan species reinforce early divergence of mammals". Nature. 514 (7524). Nature Publishing Group: 579–584. Bibcode:2014Natur.514..579B. doi:10.1038/nature13718. PMID 25209669. S2CID 4471574.
- ^ Chang, Kenneth (16 November 2015). "Jawbone in Rock May Clear Up a Mammal Family Mystery". The New York Times. Retrieved 17 November 2015.
- ^ a b Luo, Zhe-Xi; Gates, Stephen M.; Jenkins Jr., Farish A.; Amaral, William W.; Shubin, Neil H. (16 November 2015). "Mandibular and dental characteristics of Late Triassic mammaliaform Haramiyavia and their ramifications for basal mammal evolution". PNAS. 112 (51): E7101–E7109. Bibcode:2015PNAS..112E7101L. doi:10.1073/pnas.1519387112. PMC 4697399. PMID 26630008.
- ^ a b Hoffmann, Simone; Beck, Robin M. D.; Wible, John R.; Rougier, Guillermo W.; Krause, David W. (2020-12-14). "Phylogenetic placement of Adalatherium hui (Mammalia, Gondwanatheria) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar: implications for allotherian relationships". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 40 (sup1): 213–234. doi:10.1080/02724634.2020.1801706. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 230968231.
- ^ Han, Gang; Mao, Fangyuan; Bi, Shundong; Wang, Yuanqing; Meng, Jin (November 2017). "A Jurassic gliding euharamiyidan mammal with an ear of five auditory bones". Nature. 551 (7681): 451–456. Bibcode:2017Natur.551..451H. doi:10.1038/nature24483. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 29132143. S2CID 4466953.
- ^ Zhou, Chang-Fu; Wu, Shaoyuan; Martin, Thomas; Luo, Zhe-Xi (2013-08-08). "A Jurassic mammaliaform and the earliest mammalian evolutionary adaptations". Nature. 500 (7461): 163–167. Bibcode:2013Natur.500..163Z. doi:10.1038/nature12429. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 23925238. S2CID 4346751.
- ^ X.-Z. Luo, Q.-J. Meng, D. M. Grossnickle, D. Lui, A. I. Neander, Y.-G. Zhang, and Q. Ji. 2017. New evidence for mammaliaform ear evolution and feeding adaptation in a Jurassic ecosystem. Nature 548:326-329.
- ^ a b c d e Huttenlocker, Adam K.; Grossnickle, David M.; Kirkland, James I.; Schultz, Julia A.; Luo, Zhe-Xi (2018). "Late-surviving stem mammal links the lowermost Cretaceous of North America and Gondwana". Nature. 558 (7708): 108–112. Bibcode:2018Natur.558..108H. doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0126-y. PMID 29795343. S2CID 43921185.
- ^ a b Mao, Fangyuan; Brewer, Philippa; Hooker, Jerry J.; Meng, Jin (2022). "New allotherian specimens from the Middle Jurassic Woodeaton Quarry (Oxfordshire) and implications for haramiyidan diversity and phylogeny". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 20: 1–37. doi:10.1080/14772019.2022.2097021. S2CID 251708147.
- ^ King, Benedict; Beck, Robin M. D. (2020). "Tip dating supports novel resolutions of controversial relationships among early mammals". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 287 (1928). doi:10.1098/rspb.2020.0943. PMC 7341916. PMID 32517606.