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Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) (Hey man im josh - 20898 |
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Emerald ash borer threatens the entire North American genus ''[[Fraxinus]]''. It has killed tens of millions of ash trees so far and threatens to kill most of the 8.7 billion ash trees throughout North America.<ref name="USDA info"/> Emerald ash borer kills young trees several years before reaching their seeding age of 10 years.<ref name="Herms et al. 2013" /> In both North America and Europe, the loss of ash from an ecosystem can result in increased numbers of invasive plants, changes in soil nutrients, and effects on species that feed on ash.<ref name="Valenta2016"/>
Damage and efforts to control the spread of emerald ash borer have affected businesses that sell ash trees or wood products, property owners, and local or state governments.<ref name="Herms et al. 2013" /> Quarantines can limit the transport of ash trees and products, but economic impacts are especially high for urban and residential areas because of treatment or removal costs and decreased land value from dying trees.<ref name="SLAM">{{cite journal |last1=McCullough |first1=D.G. |title=Evaluation of potential strategies to SLow Ash Mortality (SLAM) caused by emerald ash borer (''Agrilus planipennis''): SLAM in an urban forest |journal=International Journal of Pest Management |volume=58 |pages=9–23 |year=2012 |url=http://www.actrees.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/Urban-SLAM-pdf.pdf |doi=10.1080/09670874.2011.637138 |s2cid=62821195 |display-authors=etal |access-date=2016-02-10 |archive-date=2021-07-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725054945/http://www.actrees.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/Urban-SLAM-pdf.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Costs for managing these trees can fall upon homeowners or local municipalities. For municipalities, removing large numbers of dead or infested trees at once is costly, so slowing down the rate at which trees die through removing known infested trees and treating trees with insecticides can allow local governments more time to plan, remove, and replace trees that would eventually die. This strategy saves money as it would cost $10.7 billion in urban areas of 25 states over 10 years, while removing and replacing all ash trees in these same areas at once would cost $25 billion<ref name="SLAM"/><ref name="Kovacs, et al. 2010">{{cite journal |last=Kovacs |first=K. F.|display-authors=etal |date=September 2009 |title=Cost of potential emerald ash borer damage in U.S. communities, 2009-2019. |url=http://m.mi.gov/documents/mda/EAB_-_Ecol_Econ_-_reprint_325348_7.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Ecological Economics |volume=69 |issue=3 |pages=569–578 |doi=10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.09.004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407100616/http://m.mi.gov/documents/mda/EAB_-_Ecol_Econ_-_reprint_325348_7.pdf |archive-date=April 7, 2014}}</ref> (with another estimate putting the removal alone at $20–60 billion).<ref name="Cappaert et al. 2005" /> Some urban areas such as [[Minneapolis]] have large amounts of ash with slightly more than 20% of their [[urban forest]] as ash.<ref>{{cite web |title=Emerald Ash Borer (EAB) is in Minneapolis |publisher=Minneapolis Park and Recreation Board |url=http://www.minneapolisparks.org/default.asp?PageID=1059 |access-date=August 29, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130808004843/http://minneapolisparks.org/default.asp?PageID=1059 |archive-date=August 8, 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
===Monitoring===
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