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{{Speciesbox
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| species = planipennis
| authority = [[Leon Fairmaire|Fairmaire]], 1888
| synonyms =
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The '''emerald ash borer''' ('''''Agrilus planipennis'''''), also known by the acronym '''EAB''', is a green [[buprestid]] or jewel beetle native to north-eastern Asia that feeds on [[ash trees|ash species]] (''Fraxinus'' spp.). Females lay eggs in bark crevices on ash trees, and larvae feed underneath the bark of ash trees to emerge as adults in one to two years. In its native range, it is typically found at low densities and does not cause significant damage to trees native to the area. Outside its native range, it is an [[invasive species]] and is highly destructive to [[ash trees]] native to Europe and North America. Before it was found in North America, very little was known about emerald ash borer in its native range; this has resulted in much of the research on its biology being focused in North America. Local governments in North America are attempting to control it by monitoring its spread, diversifying tree species, and through the use of [[insecticide]]s and [[biological control]].
==History==
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==Identification==
Adult beetles are typically bright metallic green and about {{
==Life cycle==
The emerald ash borer life cycle can occur over one or two years depending on the time of year of [[oviparity|oviposition]], the health of the tree, and temperature.<ref name=" USDA-APHIS-ARS-FS">{{Cite web |last1=Gould |first1=Juli S. |last2=Bauer |first2=Leah S. |last3=Lelito |first3=Jonathan |last4=Duan |first4=Jian |title=Emerald Ash Borer Biological Control Release and Recovery Guidelines |publisher=USDA-APHIS-ARS-FS |date=May 2013 |url=http://www.aphis.usda.gov/plant_health/plant_pest_info/emerald_ash_b/downloads/EAB-FieldRelease-Guidelines.pdf |access-date=2012-04-27 |archive-date=2019-07-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190701070750/https://www.aphis.usda.gov/plant_health/plant_pest_info/emerald_ash_b/downloads/EAB-FieldRelease-Guidelines.pdf |url-status=dead
After 400–500 accumulated [[growing degree day|degree-days]] above {{
Eggs are deposited between bark crevices, flakes, or cracks and hatch about two weeks later. Eggs are approximately {{
<gallery mode="packed" heights="100px">
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==Range==
[[File:USDA Asian EAB map.png|thumb|upright=1.2|Native range of emerald ash borer in eastern Asia and introduced range in European Russia as of 2013]]
[[File:
The native range of the emerald ash borer is [[temperate]] north-eastern Asia, which includes Russia, Mongolia, northern China, Japan, and Korea.<ref name=issg>{{cite web |title=''Agrilus planipennis'' (insect) |work=
The beetle is invasive in North America where it has a core population in [[Michigan]] and surrounding states and provinces. Populations are more scattered outside the core area, and the edges of its known distribution range north to [[Ontario]], south to northern [[Louisiana]], west to [[
== Host plants==
In its native range, emerald ash borer is only a nuisance pest on native trees, as population densities typically do not reach levels lethal to healthy trees.<ref name="Wang et al. 2010">{{cite journal |last=Wang |first=
Emerald ash borer primarily infest and can cause significant damage to [[ash trees|ash species]] including green ash (''[[Fraxinus pennsylvanica|F. pennsylvanica]]''), black ash (''[[Fraxinus nigra|F. nigra]]''), white ash (''[[Fraxinus americana|F. americana]]''), and blue ash (''[[Fraxinus quadrangulata|F. quadrangulata]]'') in North America.<ref name="Poland and McCullough 2006">{{cite journal |last1=Poland |
Adults prefer to lay eggs on open grown or stressed ash but readily lay eggs on healthy trees amongst other tree species. Ashes that grow in pure stands, whether naturally occurring or in landscaping, are more prone to attack than isolated trees or ones located in mixed forest stands. Ashes used in landscaping also tend to be subjected to higher amounts of environmental stresses including compacted soil, lack of moisture, heating effects from [[Urban heat island|urban islands]], road salt, and pollution, which may also reduce their resistance to the borer. Furthermore, most ashes used in landscaping were produced from a handful of cultivars, resulting in low [[genetic diversity]].<ref name="Poland"/> Young trees with bark between {{
==Invasiveness==
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[[File:Swamp Ash, EAB stripped bark.jpg|thumb|upright|A [[swamp ash]] with bark stripped by woodpeckers feeding on emerald ash borers]]
Outside its native range, emerald ash borer is an [[invasive species]] that is highly destructive to ash trees in its [[Introduced species|introduced]] range.<ref
Without factors that would normally suppress emerald ash borer populations in its native range (e.g., resistant trees, predators, and [[parasitoid wasp]]s), populations can quickly rise to damaging levels.<ref name="Herms et al. 2013"/> After initial infestation, all ash trees are expected to die in an area within 10 years without control measures.<ref name="Herms et al. 2013" /> Every North American ash species has susceptibility to emerald ash borer, as North American species planted in China also have high mortality from infestations, but some
[[Fraxinus pennsylvanica|Green ash]] and [[Fraxinus nigra|black ash]] trees are preferred by emerald ash borer. [[Fraxinus americana|White ash]] is also killed rapidly but usually only after all green and black ash trees are eliminated. [[Fraxinus quadrangulata|Blue ash]] is known to exhibit a higher degree of resistance to emerald ash borer, which is believed to be caused by the high [[tannin]] content in the leaves making the foliage unpalatable to the insect. While most Asian ashes have evolved this defense, it is absent from American species other than blue ash. Researchers have examined populations of so-called "lingering ash", trees that survived ash borer attack with little or no damage, as a means of grafting or breeding new, resistant stock. Many of these lingering ashes were found to have unusual phenotypes that may result in increased resistance. Aside from their higher tannin content, Asian ashes also employ natural defenses to repel, trap, and kill emerald ash borer larvae. Although studies of American ashes have suggested that they are capable of mustering similar defensive mechanisms, the trees do not appear to recognize when they are under attack.<ref name="Anulewicz, et al. 2007">{{cite journal |
Other factors can limit spread. Winter temperatures of approximately {{
North American predators and parasitoids can occasionally cause high emerald ash borer mortality, but generally offer only limited control. Mortality from native woodpeckers is variable. Parasitism by parasitoids such as ''[[Atanycolus cappaerti]]'' can be high, but overall such control is generally low.<ref name="Herms et al. 2013"/>
The [[United States Department of Agriculture]]'s [[Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service]] published a rule on December 14, 2020—to take effect one month later, January 14, 2021—ending all EAB quarantine activities in the [[United States]] due to ineffectiveness so far.<ref name="APHIS-relax-EAB" /><ref name="APHIS-relax-EAB-final-rule" /> Other means will be used instead, especially biological controls (see [[#Biological control|§Biological control]] below).<ref name="APHIS-relax-EAB" /><ref name="APHIS-relax-EAB-final-rule" />
These insects have managed to eliminate close to 300,000 Ash trees in the National Capital Region in only nine years. This leaves only 80,000 ash trees left standing either due to luck or to some amount of resistance to the beetles. These forests used to have an extremely dense Ash population having 17-18 trees per Hectare now there are only 5-6 trees per Hectare. This illustrates extremely well the overall destructive power of the Emerald Ash Borer and the relevance to the everyday person. Something extremely important to note about this severe loss of Ash trees is the effect that it has on the ecosystem of that area. Swamplands that used to be home many Ash forest have now become shrublands, completely changing the ecosystem of that area permanently. The impact this has on the wildlife is extreme because of all the animals that used every part of the tree as refuge, such as birds in the foliage, small rodents amongst the roots, etc.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Crystal |first=Chen |date=September 28, 2022 |title=Ash Tree Update 2021 |url=https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/ash-tree-update-2021.htm}}</ref>
===Environmental and economic impacts===
Emerald ash borer threatens the entire North American genus ''[[Fraxinus]]''. It has killed tens of millions of ash trees so far and threatens to kill most of the 8.7 billion ash trees throughout North America.<ref name="USDA info"/> Emerald ash borer kills young trees several years before reaching their seeding age of 10 years.<ref name="Herms et al. 2013" /> In both North America and Europe, the loss of ash from an ecosystem can result in increased numbers of invasive plants, changes in soil nutrients, and effects on species that feed on ash.<ref name="Valenta2016"/>
Damage and efforts to control the spread of emerald ash borer have affected businesses that sell ash trees or wood products, property owners, and local or state governments.<ref name="Herms et al. 2013" /> Quarantines can limit the transport of ash trees and products, but economic impacts are especially high for urban and residential areas because of treatment or removal costs and decreased land value from dying trees.<ref name="SLAM">{{cite journal |
===Monitoring===
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Sometimes trees are girdled to act as trap trees to monitor for emerald ash borer. The stressed tree attracts egg-laying females in the spring, and trees can be debarked in the fall to search for larvae.<ref name="Herms et al. 2013" /> If detected, an area is often placed under a quarantine to prevent infested wood material from causing new infestations.<ref name="UScountydetections"/><ref name="Herms et al. 2013" /> Further control measures are then taken within the area to slow population growth by reducing beetle numbers, preventing them from reaching reproductive maturity and dispersing, and reducing the abundance of ash trees.<ref name="Herms et al. 2013" />
Government agencies in both the U.S. and Canada have utilized a native species of parasitoid wasp, ''[[Cerceris fumipennis]]'', as a means of detecting areas to which emerald ash borer has spread. The females of these wasps hunt other [[jewel beetle]]s and emerald ash borer if it is present. The wasps stun the beetles and carry them back to their burrows in the ground where they are stored until the wasps’ eggs hatch and the wasp larvae feed on the beetles. Volunteers catch the wasps as they return to their burrows carrying the beetles to determine whether emerald ash borer is present. This methodology is known as biological surveillance, as opposed to biological control, because it does not appear that the wasps have a significant negative impact on emerald ash borer populations.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Careless |first1=Philip |last2=Marshall |first2=Stephen. A. |last3=Gill |first3=Bruce D. |title=The use of ''Cerceris fumipennis'' (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae) for surveying and monitoring emerald ash borer (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) infestations in eastern North America |journal=Canadian Entomologist |date=February 2014 |volume=146 |pages=90–105 |doi=10.4039/tce.2013.53 |s2cid=83548128 |display-authors=etal}}</ref>
===Management===
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====Quarantine and tree removal====
Once an infestation is detected, quarantines are typically imposed by state, or previously, national government agencies disallowing transport of ash firewood or live plants outside of these areas without permits indicating the material has been inspected or treated (i.e., heat treatment or wood chipping) to ensure no live emerald ash borer are present in the bark and phloem.<ref name="UScountydetections">{{cite web |title=Initial County EAB detections in North America |url=http://www.emeraldashborer.info/documents/MultiState_EABpos.pdf |publisher=USDA |access-date=28 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Moving Firewood |url=http://www.emeraldashborer.info/moving-firewood.php |publisher=USDA |access-date=28 January 2017 |archive-date=12 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912141032/http://www.emeraldashborer.info/moving-firewood.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> In urban areas, trees are often removed once an infestation is found to reduce emerald ash borer population densities and the likelihood of further spread. Urban ash are typically replaced with non-ash species such as maple, oak, or linden to limit food sources.<ref>{{cite web
[[Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service|Kentucky Extension]] specialists suggest selecting uncommon species to replace removed ashes in the landscape.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www2.ca.uky.edu/agcomm/pubs/ID/ID241/ID241.pdf |title=After Your Ash Has Died: Making an Informed Decision on What to Replant |website=extension.ca.uky.edu}}</ref> Previous generations created [[monoculture]]s by planting ash trees in an overabundance, a factor in the extent of the devastation caused by the emerald ash borer. Favoring instead a diversity in species helps keep urban forests healthy. [[University of Kentucky College of Agriculture, Food, and Environment|University of Kentucky]] scientists suggest choosing monotypic species such as the [[Asimina triloba|pawpaw]], [[Cladrastis kentukea|yellowwood]], [[Franklinia|Franklin tree]], [[Kentucky coffeetree]], [[Maclura pomifera|Osage orange]], [[Oxydendrum|sourwood]], and [[Taxodium distichum|bald cypress]].
====Insecticides====
[[File:Traitement d'un frêne au TreeAzin.jpg|thumb|
Insecticides with active ingredients such as [[azadirachtin]], [[imidacloprid]], [[emamectin|
====Biological control{{anchor|biocontrol}}====
[[File:Tetrastichus planipennisi D2140-19.jpg|thumb|upright|''Tetrastichus planipennisi'', a [[parasitoid]] wasp used as a [[biological control]] agent]]
The native range of emerald ash borer in Asia was surveyed for parasitoid species that parasitize emerald ash borer and do not attack other insect species in the hope they would suppress populations when released in North America.<ref name="APHIS">{{cite journal |last1=Bauer |first1=L.S. |last2=Liu |first2=H-P |last3=Miller |first3=
The USDA is also assessing the application of ''[[Beauveria bassiana]]'', an insect fungal [[pathogen]], for controlling emerald ash borer in conjunction with parasitoid wasps.<ref name="ScienceDaily">{{cite web |
==See also==
{{Portal|Insects}}
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==References==
{{Reflist|30em|refs=
<ref name="APHIS-relax-EAB">{{cite web |
<ref name="APHIS-relax-EAB-final-rule">{{cite web |url=http://public-inspection.federalregister.gov/2020-26734.pdf |title=Removal of Emerald Ash Borer Domestic Quarantine Regulations |date=2020-12-15 |website=[[Federal Register]] |author=[[United States Department of Agriculture]]'s [[Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service]]}}</ref>
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{{Commons category|Agrilus planipennis}}
{{Wikispecies|Agrilus planipennis}}
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{{Taxonbar|from=Q1960177}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Buprestidae]]
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