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===Modern times===
[[File:Graduation photo.jpg|alt=Man and
The use and meaning of the doctorate have changed over time and are subject to regional variations. For instance, until the early 20th century, few academic staff or professors in [[English (language)|English-speaking]] universities held doctorates, except for very senior scholars and those in [[Holy Orders|holy orders]]. After that time, the [[Higher education in Germany|German practice]] of requiring lecturers to have completed a research doctorate spread. Universities' shift to research-oriented education (based upon the scientific method, inquiry, and observation) increased the doctorate's importance. Today, a research doctorate (PhD) or its equivalent (as defined in the US by the [[National Science Foundation|NSF]]) is generally a prerequisite for an [[Academia|academic]] career. However, many recipients do not work in academia.
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