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{{History of Spain}}
Title
{{Texas History}}
 
The '''Gutiérrez–Magee Expedition''' or '''Texan Revolt''' '''of 1812-1813''' was an 1812–131812–1813 joint [[Mexico|Mexican]]-[[US]] [[Filibuster (military)|filibustering]] expedition by Mexico and the United States against [[Spanish Texas]] during the early years of the [[Mexican War of Independence]].
 
==Background==
In 1810, Father [[Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla]] began a revolt against the Royalist Spanish in Mexico, which would initiate the Mexican War of Independence. Likewise, in 1811, [[Juan Bautista de las Casas]] led a revolt against Spain at [[San Antonio]], capturing the Spanish governor.<ref name=alm118>Almaráz, p. 118.</ref> The Spanish struck back, however, crushing the revolt. Governor [[Manuel María de Salcedo]] was restored to power. Father Hidalgo was executed in July, in [[Chihuahua (state)|Chihuahua]], while de las Casas and his associates were executed in August.<ref name=alm120-124>Almaráz, p. 120-124.</ref>
The remaining rebels then turned to the [[United States]] for help. [[Bernardo Gutiérrez de Lara]], a blacksmith from [[Nuevo Santander]], traveled to [[Washington, D.C.]], but he received little more than an assurance that the U.S. would not interfere with his plans.
 
After trying the U.S. government's patience, he entertained the idea of a [[Filibuster (military)|filibuster]], consulting as many as would listen, including his cousin [[Guerro Caja de las Casas]]. They both traveled to [[Louisiana]], to seek support for their filibuster. They met with Governor [[William C. C. Claiborne]] and [[William Shaler]], in New Orleans.
 
==The expedition==
[[File:Magee-Gutierrez Coup d'état Flag.svg|thumb|Solid green flag of the expedition which represented the [[History of Ireland (1801–1923)|Irish heritage]] of co-leader [[Augustus Magee]]]]
 
Gutiérrez gained the support of [[Augustus Magee]] and formed a force of 130 men at Nachitoches[[Natchitoches, Louisiana]]. In early August, The men then crossed into [[Spanish Texas]] and captured the town of [[Nacogdoches, Texas|Nacogdoches]].<ref>Almaráz (1971), p. 159.</ref> In Texas their numbers increased to 300, and they proceeded to take the town of [[Trinidad, Texas|Santísima Trinidad de Salcedo]] (located on the east bank of the [[Trinity River (Texas)|Trinity River]] at Spanish Bluff, ten miles downriver from the present [[Texas State Highway 2131|Highway 31]] crossing), on September 13. Their success would push them on; they traveled southward, to conquer the next Spanish stronghold.
 
The Spanish governor [[Manuel María de Salcedo]], with about 800 men, was patrolling the [[Guadalupe River (Texas)|Guadalupe River]] area, in search of the revolutionaries. He later found them on the lower [[San Antonio River]] at [[Goliad, Texas|Goliad]]. They had easily taken and were controlling the Spanish fort there, [[Presidio La Bahia]].<ref>Almaráz (1971), p. 164.</ref> Magee was besieged for four months. He negotiated with the Spanish military leaders and considered surrendering, but he finally decided to fight. However, Magee's army lost confidence in him, and discord spread among the republican leaders. Then, tragedy struck Magee and he died on February 6, 1813., following a long illness, and [[Samuel Kemper]] succeeded to the command. Captain John McFarland was sent to find new recruits: volunteers from Nacogdoches, Spanish army defectors, and a few [[Coushatta]] Indians joined in.
 
Kemper beat back the governor's attacks. On February 10 and 13, Kemper successfully defeated Salcedo, who retreated toward San Antonio on February 19.<ref>Almaráz (1971), p. 168.</ref> In March, Kemper's forces again swelled, by some 500 men. The expedition would pursue the Spanish, now in [[San Antonio, Texas|Bexar]]. Joining the Republican Army in the pursuit to San Antonio were volunteers, consisting of Americans, [[TejanosTejano]]s, former Spanish soldiers, and [[Lipan Apache people|Lipan]] and [[Tonkawa]] Indians. On March 29, they defeated [[Simón de Herrera]]'s Spanish army of 1,200 men, at the [[Battle of Rosillo Creek]] ([[Salado Creek]]). Governor Salcedo surrendered on April 1, 1813.
 
Gutiérrez suggested the prisoners be sent to the United States for safe keeping. But, as the prisoners were marched out of town by Captain Antonio Delgado, they were halted, tied to trees and killed. On April 17, the Republican Army drafted a declaration of independence of the state of Texas as part of the Mexican Republic and adopted a solid "Green Flag" for a banner. Gutiérrez declared himself Governorgovernor of the new state.<ref>{{cite web |last=McKeehan |first=Wallace |title=CONSTITUTION First Independent State of Texas Part of the Mexican Republic San Fernando, April 17, 1813 |url=httphttps://www.tamu.edu/faculty/ccbn/dewitt/firstconstit.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312182608/https://www.tamu.edu/faculty/ccbn/dewitt/firstconstit.htm |archive-date=2016-03-12 }}</ref>
Because of poor judgement, Gutiérrez would lose the confidence of Kemper and the other Americans. His proclamation, and allowing the execution of the Spanish governor and other officials, proved to be too much. Kemper ended up quitting and led about 100 Americans back to Louisiana and took no further part. The Republicansrepublicans looked for a new leader.
 
Colonel [[Ignacio Elizondo]] and General [[José Joaquín de Arredondo]] would taketook charge of the Spanish effort to secure Texas. Elizondo would laylaid siege to San Antonio with 900 men. Without Kemper's leadership, the rebels suffered from internal divisions. First [[Reuben Ross (soldier)|Reuben Ross]] took command, but was unsupported and dropped to second in command. The job next fell to United States Colonel [[Henry Perry (filibuster)|Henry Perry]]. On June 20, Perry routed Elizondo's troops in a dawn attack, at the [[Battle of Alazan Creek]], once again freeing the Spanish hold on San Antonio. The splintered Spanish Army would have to regroup.
 
The success of the Republican Army began to stir additional support. Now interested in the conflict was [[José Álvarez de Toledo y Dubois]], who had been consulted at the beginning of the filibuster. He proceeded into San Antonio on August 1, with the desire to take charge of the [[Texians]] and confront Arredondo. Advising was [[United States Ambassador to Mexico|United States special agent]] [[William Shaler]]. Shaler and José Álvarez de Toledo would teamteamed up and initiateinitiated a propaganda campaign against organizer Gutiérrez. The Americans, convinced that Gutiérrez was not concerned with their interests, threatened to leave unless Gutiérrez was replaced. Gutiérrez would exitexited for [[Natchitoches, Louisiana|Natchitoches]] on August 6, which ultimately saved his life. In his absence, Toledo took charge.▼
The splintered Spanish Army would have to regroup.
 
The Republican Army's dissension persisted. Some [[Texian]]sTexians liked their new leader, while others didn't. Toledo wanted to fight the Spanish in Bexar, but was persuaded by Perry and San Antonians to spare the city and march out to surprise the Spanish. Colonel [[José Menchaca]], (a former Spanish officer, now leader of the Tejanos), being opposed to Toledo as their leader, instigated discord, slowing Álvarez de Toledo's advance against the Spanish. The Republican leader, Toledo was not able to make his move upon the [[RoyalistsRoyalist]]s until August 15.▼
▲The success of the Republican Army began to stir additional support. Now interested in the conflict was [[José Álvarez de Toledo y Dubois]], who had been consulted at the beginning of the filibuster. He proceeded into San Antonio on August 1, with the desire to take charge of the Texians and confront Arredondo. Advising was [[United States Ambassador to Mexico|United States special agent]] [[William Shaler]]. Shaler and José Álvarez de Toledo would team up and initiate a propaganda campaign against organizer Gutiérrez. The Americans, convinced that Gutiérrez was not concerned with their interests, threatened to leave unless Gutiérrez was replaced. Gutiérrez would exit for [[Natchitoches, Louisiana|Natchitoches]] on August 6, which ultimately saved his life. In his absence, Toledo took charge.
 
This situation would end up badly for the Texans. Even though they had decisively won at the battle of Alazán and now had a large force, (composed of 14001,400 Americans, Tejanos, Spanish, Indians, and Blacksblacks), they would suffer a crushing defeat on August 18, 1813, at the [[Battle of Medina]]. Toledo had planned on surprising the Spanish, howeverbut when he moved upon them, it turned into an unintentional ambush. Toledo tried to turn the men around, but Colonel José Menchaca had chosen to fight till the death. By chasing what appeared to be the main body of the Spaniards, they would end up surrounded. For in the meantime, Arredondo and Elizondo had reorganized a force of 1,800 and were ready to fight. The Gutiérrez-Magee expedition would endended with a terrible loss of some 1,300 men. Toledo and a few of the men were able to flee to the United States.<ref name=Edmonson42>Edmonson (2000), p. 42.</ref>▼
▲The Republican Army's dissension persisted. Some [[Texian]]s liked their new leader, while others didn't. Toledo wanted to fight the Spanish in Bexar, but was persuaded by Perry and San Antonians to spare the city and march out to surprise the Spanish. Colonel [[José Menchaca]], (a former Spanish officer, now leader of the Tejanos), being opposed to Toledo as their leader, instigated discord, slowing Álvarez de Toledo's advance against the Spanish. The Republican leader, Toledo was not able to make his move upon the [[Royalists]] until August 15.
 
Spanish officials would recapturerecaptured San Antonio and conductconducted a brutal reprisal, executing over 300 people. The situation in [[Nacogdoches, Texas|Nacogdoches]] was hardly any better, where they were brutally purging the rebels. On September 12, however, Elizondo's ruthlessness was ended, when he was assassinated by one of his own officers.▼
▲This situation would end up badly for the Texans. Even though they had decisively won at the battle of Alazán and now had a large force, (composed of 1400 Americans, Tejanos, Spanish, Indians, and Blacks), they would suffer a crushing defeat on August 18, 1813, at the [[Battle of Medina]]. Toledo had planned on surprising the Spanish, however when he moved upon them, it turned into an unintentional ambush. Toledo tried to turn the men around, but Colonel José Menchaca had chosen to fight till the death. By chasing what appeared to be the main body of the Spaniards, they would end up surrounded. For in the meantime, Arredondo and Elizondo had reorganized a force of 1,800 and were ready to fight. The Gutiérrez-Magee expedition would end with a terrible loss of some 1,300 men. Toledo and a few of the men were able to flee to the United States.<ref name=Edmonson42>Edmonson (2000), p. 42.</ref>
 
The repercussions and vengeance of the Spanish caused many to flee Texas, and they would never fully come to trust the Spanish royal family again. San Antonio natives and future signers of the 1836 [[Texas Declaration of Independence]], [[José Francisco Ruiz]] and [[José Antonio Navarro]], were among those who fled Texas.<ref name=Edmonson38>Edmonson (2000), p. 38.</ref> Texas would remain a hot spot for revolution and filibusters for years to come.▼
▲Spanish officials would recapture San Antonio and conduct a brutal reprisal, executing over 300 people. The situation in [[Nacogdoches]] was hardly any better, where they were brutally purging the rebels. On September 12, however, Elizondo's ruthlessness was ended, when he was assassinated by one of his own officers.
 
▲The repercussions and vengeance of the Spanish caused many to flee Texas, and they would never fully come to trust the Spanish royal family again. San Antonio natives and future signers of the 1836 [[Texas Declaration of Independence]], [[José Francisco Ruiz]] and [[José Antonio Navarro]], were among those who fled Texas.<ref name=Edmonson38>Edmonson (2000), p. 38.</ref> Texas would remain a hot spot for revolution and filibusters for years to come.
 
==See also==
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{{Reflist}}
 
* {{Citation|last=Almaráz|first=Félix D., Jr.|title=Tragic Cavalier: Governor Manuel Salcedo of Texas, 1808&ndash;1813|publisher=[[Texas A&M University Press]]|location=[[College Station, TX]]|year=1971|isbn=0-89096-503-X|edition=2nd}}
* {{citation|last=del la Teja|first=Jesus|title=A Revolution Remembered: The Memoirs and Selected Correspondence of Juan N. Seguin|publisher=State House Press|location=Austin, TX|year=1991|isbn=0-938349-68-6}}
*{{citation|last=Edmondson|first=J.R.|title=The Alamo Story-From History to Current Conflicts|publisher=Republic of Texas Press|place=[[Plano, TX]]|isbn=1-55622-678-0|year=2000}}
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{{Spanish Texas}}
{{Former sovereign or unrecognized states within the United States}}
 
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Gutierrez-Magee Expedition}}
[[Category:Mexican War of Independence]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1812]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1813]]
[[Category:Spanish Texas]]
[[Category:Filibusters (military)]]
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