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{{short description|Species of plant}}
{{Speciesbox
| name = Hungarian gentian
| image = Gentiana pannonica (9896542693).jpg
| status = NT
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 20 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Khela, S. |date=2013 |title=''Gentiana pannonica'' |volume=2013 |page=e.T203220A2762403 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-2.RLTS.T203220A2762403.en |access-date=20 November 2021}}</ref>
| genus = Gentiana
| species = pannonica
| authority = [[Giovanni Antonio Scopoli|Scop.]]
| synonyms = {{hidden begin|title = List}}
* ''Gentiana purpurea'' var. ''pannonica'' <small>(Scop.) Gaudin</small>
* ''Pneumonanthe pannonica'' <small>(Scop.) F.W.Schmidt</small>
* ''Coilantha pannonica'' <small>G.Don</small>
* ''Gentiana punctata'' <small>Jacq.</small>
* ''Gentiana purpurea'' <small>Schrank</small>
* ''Gentiana semifida'' <small>Hoffmanns. ex Rchb.</small>
{{hidden end}}
}}
'''''Gentiana pannonica''''', the '''Hungarian gentian'''
== Description ==
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=== Description ===
The Hungarian gentian is a [[perennial plant|perennial]], [[herbaceous plant]], which grows to a height of 20 to 60 centimetres. All the above-ground parts of the plant are hairless. Its [[Plant stem|stem]] is upright and strong.
The five to seven-veined [[leaf|leaves]] are [[decussate]]. The lower leaves are [[petiole (botany)|petiolate]] and elliptic in shape; the upper ones are [[sessility (botany)|sessile]] and [[lanceolate]].
The Hungarian gentian flowers from July to September. Its [[flowers]] are located in the upper leaf [[axil]]s or grouped at the end of the stem.
The hermaphroditic flowers are [[radially symmetrical]] with double [[perianth]]s. The green [[sepal]]s are fused. The [[calyx (flower)|calyx]] is bell-shaped and has five to eight outward curving teeth. The bell-shaped [[corolla (botany)|corolla]] is 25 to 50 millimetres long. It is wider at the top and, towards the middle, has five to nine petals. The corolla tip is ovate. On their outer side, the [[petal]]s are red and violet with black and red spots, the inside is usually yellowish.
Its [[chromosome]] count is 2n = 40.<ref name="Oberdorfer2001" />
== Taxonomy ==
The first publication of ''Gentiana pannonica'' was by [[Giovanni Antonio Scopoli]]. The species [[epithet]] ''pannonica'' derives from the Roman province of [[Pannonia]].
== Similar species ==
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== Distribution and habitat ==
=== Range ===
The Hungarian gentian is found in the [[Eastern Alps]], [[Bergamasque Alps]], [[Carpathians]] and [[Transylvania]]. The western boundary of the gentian ([[Allgäu]], eastern
In Austria the Hungarian gentian is scattered to moderately common (e.g. on the Krippenstein/Dachstein). It does not occur in [[Vienna (state)|Vienna]] or the [[Burgenland]]. In Germany it occurs in the [[alm (pasture)|alms]] of the [[Bavarian Forest]], including within the [[Bavarian Forest National Park]].
=== Habitat ===
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== Uses and conservation ==
The Hungarian gentian is an old [[medicinal herb]] and is used like the [[yellow gentian]]. Because it was intensively used in former times, its stocks shrank to just small residual populations. As a result, the [[IUCN]] placed it in the "near threatened" category.<ref name="IUCN" /> For the conservation of this species habitat management plans were created or adjusted.
== References ==
<references>
<ref name="Oberdorfer2001">{{cite book | author = Erich Oberdorfer | title = Pflanzensoziologische Exkursionsflora für Deutschland und angrenzende Gebiete: Unter Mitarbeit von Angelika Schwabe und Theo Müller | isbn = 3-8001-3131-5 | publisher = Eugen Ulmer | year = 2001 | edition = 8th, heavily revised and expanded | location = Stuttgart (Hohenheim) | language = de | page = 755}}</ref>
<ref name="IUCN">
<!-- <ref name="FloraWeb">
</references>
== Literature ==
* {{cite book | author1 = Xaver Finkenzeller | author2 = Jürke Grau | title = Alpenblumen. Erkennen und bestimmen | isbn = 3-576-11482-3 | publisher = Mosaik | year = 2002 | series = Steinbachs Naturführer | location = Munich | language = de }}
* {{cite book | author1 = Manfred A. Fischer |author2= Wolfgang Adler|author3= Karl Oswald | title = Exkursionsflora für Österreich, Liechtenstein und Südtirol<!--. Bestimmungsbuch für alle in der Republik Österreich, in der Autonomen Provinz Bozen/Südtirol (Italien) und im Fürstentum Liechtenstein wildwachsenden sowie die wichtigsten kultivierten Gefäßpflanzen (Farnpflanzen und Samenpflanzen) mit Angaben über ihre Ökologie und Verbreitung--> | isbn = 3-85474-140-5 | publisher = Land Oberösterreich, Biologiezentrum der Oberösterreichischen Landesmuseen | year = 2005 | edition = 2nd improved and expanded | location = Linz | language = de }}
== External links ==
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[[Category:Gentiana|pannonica]]
[[Category:Alpine flora]]
[[Category:Herbs]]
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