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The '''British diaspora in Africa''' is a population group broadly defined as English-speaking people of mainly (but not only) [[British people|British]] descent who live in or
==History==
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<!-- Decolonisation -->
As a result of the rise of nationalist and anti-colonial movements throughout the [[British Empire]], in the aftermath of [[World War II]] [[decolonization of Africa|decolonisation of Africa]] took place. Ethnic Africans were overwhelmingly the majority of population in the British colonies and [[protectorate]]s and had long been denied equivalent political and economic power. These former colonies eventually became [[Self-governance|self-governing]]. The Cold War powers
===Zimbabwe===
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====White minority rule====
{{see also|History of South Africa (1910–48)|Apartheid in South Africa}}
In 1910,
The ethnic [[Afrikaners]], who ruled the country from 1948 until 1994, entrenched a system of racial segregation known as [[Apartheid in South Africa|apartheid]], established a [[republic]], and withdrew from the Commonwealth.<ref name=CommonwealthSA/> In 1955, 33,000 Dutch (34.8%),
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The British diaspora population declined starting in the early 1990s as a result of a low [[birth rate]] relative to that of other population groups and emigration. Reasons for emigration included [[Crime in South Africa|crime]], [[Corruption in South Africa|corruption]], poor service delivery and [[Affirmative action#South Africa|affirmative action]].<ref name=Haynie/><ref name=Wende/> A crude estimate of the British diaspora population is the number of [[white South African]]s who speak English as a first language, representing 1.6 million people, 36% of the white population group and 3% of the total population in the [[South African National Census of 2011]]. This number is an overstatement as it includes people of other ancestral origins who have [[Cultural assimilation|assimilated]] into the white English-speaking population. The English-speaking population is largest in the [[KwaZulu-Natal]] province and in cities such as [[Johannesburg]] and [[Cape Town]].<ref name=Census2011/>
Despite the high emigration rate, many people of British descent continue to settle in South Africa, including many South African-born people who have returned home since the late
===Global presence===
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==Culture==
{{See also|Culture of South Africa}}
White Africans
===Language===
{{see also|South African English|List of South African English regionalisms|List of South African slang words}}
[[File:Herbert Baker clocktower, Rhodes University, 2004.jpg|right|200px|thumb|Heart of the [[Rhodes University]] campus]]
Many White Africans speak a unique dialect of English, developed by interaction with other local languages. [[South African English]] is influenced by [[Afrikaans]] and the [[Bantu languages]]. The considerable Afrikaans influence can be seen from words such as ''braai'', ''trek'', ''lekker'' and ''ja'' in common usage. Some [[Zulu language|Zulu]] and [[Xhosa language|Xhosa]] words, such as ''[[millipede|shongololo]]'', ''[[muti]]'', ''[[Ubuntu (philosophy)|ubuntu]]'' and ''fundi'' (meaning an "expert"), are also commonly used. Although South African slang is used by many younger South Africans, it would be unusual to hear it used amongst older people. The common greeting "howzit!" comes from the Afrikaans ''hoezit!'' (or "how is it?"); it can be likened to the US "howdy", the Australian "g'day", the Irish "howya?" or the
[[Zimbabwean English]] (ZimEng) shares many similarities with southern hemisphere English dialects (Australian, New Zealand, South African) yet is distinct from its closest relative, [[South African English]]. Traditionally Zimbabwean English was predominately influenced by [[British English]], with the minor influence of Afrikaans (compared to South Africa) and African languages, generally used to describe flora and fauna, with terms such as [[kopje]], [[dassie]] and bundu (Shona for bush).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/9781137340399_4|doi=10.1057/9781137340399_4|chapter=Zimbabwean English and British English: A Case Study of Directness and Indirectness Across Cultures|title=Directness and Indirectness Across Cultures|year=2016|last1=Grainger|first1=Karen|last2=Mills|first2=Sara|pages=74–101|isbn=978-1-349-55871-1}}</ref> This dialect came to be known as ''Rhodesian English'', typified by speakers such as Prime Minister [[Ian Douglas Smith|Ian Smith]] and [[P.K. van der Byl]]. After Zimbabwean independence from the UK in 1980, this dialect sharply fell out of favour and came to be regarded as an archaic, non-productive dialect, only spoken by the oldest generation of [[White Zimbabweans]] and
Much like [[Australian English|Australian]] and [[South African English]], spoken English exists on a continuum from ''broad'', ''general'' to ''cultivated'' ([[broad and general accents]]), based on an individual's background particularly, class and income and historically, ethnicity.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/bradford/voices2005/pete_2.shtml|title = BBC - Bradford and West Yorkshire - Voices - Tyke: It's all the Vikings' fault (Sort of)}}</ref> Affluent, middle class and [[private school|highly educated]] Zimbabweans speak in a cultivated accent, influenced by older forms of [[English in southern England|southern British English]], the now archaic Rhodesian English and [[South African English]]. The cultivated accent is sometimes humorously mocked by other speakers for its nasality and alleged pretentiousness, with speakers derided as the so-called ''nose brigades''.<ref>{{Cite thesis|url=https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/dissertations/AAI9997016/|title = The impact of the English language in Zimbabwe: A phenomenological and historical study, 1980–1999 |type=EdD dissertation |publisher=University of Nebraska–Lincoln|date = 2000|last1 = Moyo|first1 = Doreen Tarirai |id={{ProQuest|304629677}} |isbn=978-0-493-05091-1 }}</ref> [[Robert Mugabe]], [[Brendan Taylor]], [[Pommie Mbangwa]], [[David Houghton (cricketer)|Dave Houghton]] and journalists Peter Ndoro and Sophie Chamboko are notable speakers of a cultivated accent.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/254327799 |doi=10.1080/10228195.2011.581679|title=The politics of the English language in Zimbabwe |year=2011 |last1=Kadenge |first1=Maxwell |last2=Nkomo |first2=Dion |journal=Language Matters |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=248–263 |s2cid=144957487 }}</ref>
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===Literature===
The British diaspora in Africa has a long literary tradition, and has produced a number of notable [[novelist]]s and [[poet]]s, including [[Doris Lessing]], [[Olive Schreiner]], [[Guy Butler (poet)|Guy Butler]] and [[Roy Campbell (poet)|Roy Campbell]]. A traditional South African storybook is [[James Percy FitzPatrick|Percy FitzPatrick]]'s ''[[Jock of the Bushveld]]'', which describes his journey as a wagon driver with his dog Jock. Other significant African writers of British descent are: [[Nadine Gordimer]], [[Alan Paton]], [[Peter Godwin (writer)|Peter Godwin]], [[Alexandra Fuller]] and [[Bryce Courtenay]].{{cn|date=March 2024}}
===Arts===
The British diaspora has influenced modern African arts, and has often incorporated other African cultures. [[Athol Fugard]] is a significant playwright. Born of an [[Irish Catholic]] father and an Afrikaner mother, he has always described himself as an Afrikaner but he wrote in English to reach a larger audience. [[Sharlto Copley]] is a significant film actor, producer and director. He starred in the [[Academy Award|Oscar]]-nominated [[science fiction film]] ''[[District 9]]'', which was an international box office hit and received widespread critical acclaim. ''District 9'' drew heavily on metaphoric references to South Africa's apartheid history as well as including many other more direct references to South African and African culture. Although English-speaking, Copley plays an Afrikaner bureaucrat who experiences a similar oppression to that he once imposed on alien refugees. He also starred in the [[The A-Team (film)|film remake]] of the 1980s television show ''[[The A-Team]]''.{{cn|date=March 2024}}
===Music===
Notable African musicians of British descent include: [[Dave Matthews]], who emigrated to the United States, and [[Johnny Clegg]]. [[Wrex Tarr]] performed the distinctly [[Rhodesian]] comedy song "Cocky Robin" based on [[Fanagalo|Chilapalapa]]. [[John Edmond]] was a popular singer, songwriter, entertainer and storyteller during the [[Rhodesian]] [[Rhodesian Bush War|Bush War]]. [[Seether]] is a [[post-grunge]] band founded by South Africans, which now includes Americans.{{cn|date=March 2024}}
===Education===
The British diaspora and their forebears have been extensively involved in the founding and development of numerous educational institutions across Africa.{{cn|date=March 2024}}
====Universities====
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*[[Butch James]] (born 1979), rugby player
*[[Watkin Tudor Jones]] (born 1974), rapper, music producer, satirist, [[Die Antwoord]] lead vocalist
*[[Andrew Lincoln]] (born 1971), actor
*[[Dave Matthews]] (born 1967), musician
*[[Alexander McCall Smith]] (born 1948), author
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*[[Wrex Tarr]] (1934–2006), comedian
*[[Brendan Taylor]] (born 1986), cricketer
*[[Anya Taylor-Joy]] (born 1996), actress
*[[Clem Tholet]] (1948–2004), folk singer<!-- his paternal grandfather was from Belgium, his paternal grandmother's mother was an Australian of British descent, not sure about his mother's ancestry-->
*[[Jonathan Trott]] (born 1981), cricketer
*[[Hugo Weaving]] (born 1960), actor
*[[Roger Whittaker]] (
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==See also==
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