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| population = 2–2.5 million<!-- based on country estimates below -->
| region1 = {{flag|South Africa}}
| pop1 = 1,
| region2 = {{flag|Zambia}}
| pop2 = 40,000<ref>{{cite web|last=Bannerman|first=Lucy|title=Dr Scott, I presume?|url=http://www.spectator.co.uk/features/7699583/dr-scott-i-presume/|work=The Spectator|date=10 March 2012|access-date=12 September 2013|quote=Less than 40,000 of Zambia's 13-million-strong population are white}}</ref>
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| pop3 = 32,000<ref>{{cite web|title=Census 2009 Summary: Ethnic Affiliation |url=http://www.knbs.or.ke/censusethnic.php |publisher=Kenya National Bureau of Statistics |access-date=28 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131121153548/http://www.knbs.or.ke/censusethnic.php |archive-date=21 November 2013 }} Out of a total Kenyan population of 38,610,097 in Census 2009, the ethnic affiliation given for 5,166 was Kenyan Europeans and that given for 27,172 was Europe.</ref>
| region4 = {{flag|Zimbabwe}}
| pop4 =
| region5 = {{flag|Botswana}}
| pop5 =
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| region16 = {{flag|United States}}
| pop16 =
| rels = [[Anglicanism]]{{·}}[[Protestantism]]{{·}}[[Roman Catholicism]]{{·}}[[Judaism]]{{·}}[[Irreligion]]
| langs = '''First language''' <br />[[English language|English]]<br />'''Second or third language'''<br />[[Afrikaans]]{{·}}[[Bantu languages]]{{·}}[[Languages of Europe|European languages]]
| related = [[British people|British]]{{·}}[[English people|English]]{{·}}[[Scottish people|Scottish]]{{·}}[[Irish people|Irish]]{{·}}[[Welsh people|Welsh]]{{·}}[[Ulster Scots people|Ulster-Scots]]{{·}}[[Coloured]]s{{·}}[[Afrikaner]]s<!-- includes groups with significant intermarriage -->
}}
The '''British diaspora in Africa''' is a population group broadly defined as English-speaking
==History==
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===Colonialism===
{{see also|British Empire|Territorial evolution of the British Empire}}
[[File:David Livingstone by Thomas Annan.jpg|left|thumb|250px|[[David Livingstone]] (taken in 1864) left [[Great Britain|Britain]] for [[Africa]] in 1840]]
[[File:Punch Rhodes Colossus.png|right|thumb|250px|[[Cecil Rhodes|Rhodes]] planned to link the [[Cape Town|Cape]] to [[Cairo]]]]
<!-- South African colonies -->
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<!-- Decolonisation -->
As a result of the rise of nationalist and anti-colonial movements throughout the [[British Empire]], in the aftermath of [[World War II]] [[decolonization of Africa|decolonisation of Africa]] took place. Ethnic Africans were overwhelmingly the majority of population in the British colonies and [[protectorate]]s and had long been denied equivalent political and economic power. These former colonies eventually became [[Self-governance|self-governing]]. The Cold War powers
===Zimbabwe===
[[File:Southern Rhodesia (1909) (14598319617).jpg|thumb|left|200px|Unveiling a statue of [[Cecil Rhodes]] in [[Bulawayo]] in 1909]]
<!-- before independence -->
The ruling white minority in Southern Rhodesia [[Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence|unilaterally declared independence]] as Rhodesia in 1965 but no provisions were made to incorporate the black African majority as political equals. [[Rhodesian Bush War|Civil war]] lasted until 1979, as black nationalists fought against the white-dominated government.
<!-- after independence -->
In 1980, the [[Southern Rhodesian general election, 1980|first democratic general election]] was held in what was now [[independence|independent]] [[Zimbabwe]] and the country joined the [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]]. Subsequently, the country's white population declined sharply – thousands were intimidated, attacked, and driven off their property. Because of patterns of discrimination, whites had held the majority of property previously occupied by indigenous groups.<ref>{{cite thesis|type=PhD|first=Angus|last=Selby|title=White Farmers in Zimbabwe, 1890–2005|publisher=Oxford University|year=2006|url=http://www.zwnews.com/3-Main%20Body.pdf|archive-date=13 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120813050154/http://www.zwnews.com/3-Main%20Body.pdf}}</ref> Charged with abusing [[human rights]] and undermining [[democracy]], President [[Robert Mugabe]] and other Zimbabwean individuals and entities were subjected to a wide range of economic and political sanctions by the United States and other western nations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/politicsweb/view/politicsweb/en/page71619?oid=94939&sn=Detail|title=Individuals and entities from Zimbabwe on US sanctions list|publisher=US Treasury OFAC|date=25 July 2008|access-date=28 July 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://register.consilium.europa.eu/pdf/en/09/st05/st05304-ad01re01.en09.pdf |title=Council Common Position renewing restrictive measures against Zimbabwe|publisher=Council of the European Union|date=26 January 2009|access-date=28 July 2013}}</ref>
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====White minority rule====
{{see also|History of South Africa (1910–48)|Apartheid in South Africa}}
In 1910,
The ethnic [[Afrikaners]], who ruled the country from 1948 until 1994, entrenched a system of racial segregation known as [[Apartheid in South Africa|apartheid]], established a [[republic]], and withdrew from the Commonwealth.<ref name=CommonwealthSA/> In 1955, 33,000 Dutch (34
Germans (33
French (13
people of colour (7%),
British (5
unknown origin (3
other Europeans (2
in [[Natal Province|Natal]], which had an [[South African English|English]]-speaking majority of white voters, signed the [[Ulster Covenant#Natal Covenant|Natal Covenant]] against the establishment of a republic.<ref>{{cite book|last=Jeffery|first=Keith|title=An Irish Empire?: Aspects of Ireland and the British Empire|year=1996|publisher=Manchester University Press|pages=199–201|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WUTpAAAAIAAJ|isbn=9780719038730}}</ref> Many of the British diaspora voted "No" in the [[South African republic referendum, 1960|1960 referendum]] of white voters, but it was approved by a narrow margin and resulted in the establishment of a republic. The Natal majority voted against the republic and some residents called for secession from the Union after the referendum.<ref>{{cite news|title=Secession Talked by Some Anti-Republicans|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=WUVkAAAAIBAJ&pg=5504,1422353&dq=natal+referendum+republic&hl=en|access-date=27 July 2013|newspaper=Saskatoon Star-Phoenix|date=11 October 1960}}</ref>
====Democracy====
{{see also|History of South Africa (1994–present)}}
In 1994, South Africa held its [[South African general election, 1994|first universal democratic general election]], marking the end of apartheid and white minority rule, and rejoined the [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]].<ref name=CommonwealthSA>{{cite web|title=South Africa|date=15 August 2013|url=http://thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries/south-africa|publisher=The Commonwealth|access-date=15 December 2013|quote=Joined Commonwealth:1931 (Statute of Westminster; left in 1961, rejoined in 1994)}}</ref> The majority of the British diaspora support the [[Democratic Alliance (South Africa)|Democratic Alliance]], which is the official opposition to the ruling [[African National Congress]] and an increasingly [[multiracial]] party.<ref>{{cite news|last=Rossouw|first=Mandy|title=Is the DA the new black?|url=http://mg.co.za/article/2011-03-25-is-the-da-new-black|access-date=16 July 2013|newspaper=Mail & Guardian|date=25 March 2011|quote=It is to be the poster boy for the new DA, a party that has been aggressively attempting to shake off the image of white, middle-class and predominantly English-speaking.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Eligon|first=John|title=A South African Party's New Face, and Lightning Rod|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/28/world/africa/in-south-africa-mazibuko-is-democratic-alliances-new-face.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0|access-date=16 July 2013|newspaper=The New York Times|date=27 January 2012|quote=She is now the face of an effort to diversify the party's leadership, shed. Its stereotype as the party of South Africa's white elite and give it any hope of catching up to the A.N.C., which captured more than 65 percent of the vote to the alliance's 16 percent during the last national election in 2009.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=du Plessis|first=Carien|title=New – black and young – faces in the DA|url=http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/Politics/New-black-and-young-faces-in-the-DA-20121125|access-date=16 July 2013|newspaper=City Press|date=25 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Phakathi|first=Bekezela|title=DA 'gains' from ANC divisions as members defect|url=http://www.bdlive.co.za/national/politics/2013/05/06/da-gains-from-anc-divisions-as-members-defect|access-date=16 July 2013|newspaper=Business Day|date=6 May 2013}}</ref>
[[File:Mark_Shuttleworth_(2009).jpg|thumb|left|200px|[[Mark Shuttleworth]] is the first [[Africa]]n in space]]
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The British diaspora population declined starting in the early 1990s as a result of a low [[birth rate]] relative to that of other population groups and emigration. Reasons for emigration included [[Crime in South Africa|crime]], [[Corruption in South Africa|corruption]], poor service delivery and [[Affirmative action#South Africa|affirmative action]].<ref name=Haynie/><ref name=Wende/> A crude estimate of the British diaspora population is the number of [[white South African]]s who speak English as a first language, representing 1.6 million people, 36% of the white population group and 3% of the total population in the [[South African National Census of 2011]]. This number is an overstatement as it includes people of other ancestral origins who have [[Cultural assimilation|assimilated]] into the white English-speaking population. The English-speaking population is largest in the [[KwaZulu-Natal]] province and in cities such as [[Johannesburg]] and [[Cape Town]].<ref name=Census2011/>
Despite the high emigration rate, many people of British descent continue to settle in South Africa, including many South African-born people who have returned home since the late
===Global presence===
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==Culture==
{{See also|Culture of South Africa}}
White Africans
===Language===
{{see also|South African English|List of South African English regionalisms|List of South African slang words}}
[[File:Herbert Baker clocktower, Rhodes University, 2004.jpg|right|200px|thumb|Heart of the [[Rhodes University]] campus]]
Many White Africans speak a unique dialect of English, developed by interaction with other local languages. [[South African English]] is influenced by [[Afrikaans]] and the [[Bantu languages]]. The considerable Afrikaans influence can be seen from words such as ''braai'', ''trek'', ''lekker'' and ''ja'' in common usage. Some [[Zulu language|Zulu]] and [[Xhosa language|Xhosa]] words, such as ''[[millipede|shongololo]]'', ''[[muti]]'', ''[[Ubuntu (philosophy)|ubuntu]]'' and ''fundi'' (meaning an "expert"), are also commonly used. Although South African slang is used by many younger South Africans, it would be unusual to hear it used amongst older people. The common greeting "howzit!" comes from the Afrikaans ''hoezit!'' (or "how is it?"); it can be likened to the US "howdy", the Australian "g'day", the Irish "howya?" or the
[[Zimbabwean English]] (ZimEng) shares many similarities with southern hemisphere English dialects (Australian, New Zealand, South African) yet is distinct from its closest relative, [[South African English]]. Traditionally Zimbabwean English was predominately influenced by [[British English]], with the minor influence of Afrikaans (compared to South Africa) and African languages, generally used to describe flora and fauna, with terms such as [[kopje]], [[dassie]] and bundu (Shona for bush).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/9781137340399_4|doi=10.1057/9781137340399_4|chapter=Zimbabwean English and British English: A Case Study of Directness and Indirectness Across Cultures|title=Directness and Indirectness Across Cultures|year=2016|last1=Grainger|first1=Karen|last2=Mills|first2=Sara|pages=74–101|isbn=978-1-349-55871-1}}</ref> This dialect came to be known as ''Rhodesian English'', typified by speakers such as Prime Minister [[Ian Douglas Smith|Ian Smith]] and [[P.K. van der Byl]]. After Zimbabwean independence from the UK in 1980, this dialect sharply fell out of favour and came to be regarded as an archaic, non-productive dialect, only spoken by the oldest generation of [[White Zimbabweans]] and
Much like [[Australian English|Australian]] and [[South African English]], spoken English exists on a continuum from ''broad'', ''general'' to ''cultivated'' ([[broad and general accents]]), based on an individual's background particularly, class and income and historically, ethnicity.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/bradford/voices2005/pete_2.shtml|title = BBC - Bradford and West Yorkshire - Voices - Tyke: It's all the Vikings' fault (Sort of)}}</ref> Affluent, middle class and [[private school|highly educated]] Zimbabweans speak in a cultivated accent, influenced by older forms of [[English in southern England|southern British English]], the now archaic Rhodesian English and [[South African English]]. The cultivated accent is sometimes humorously mocked by other speakers for its nasality and alleged pretentiousness, with speakers derided as the so-called ''nose brigades''.<ref>{{Cite
Rural and urban working class speakers, on the other hand are heavily influenced by their native languages (these groups are also mocked as ''SRBs'' whose accents betray their ''strong rural background''. [[Lower middle class]] black Zimbabweans are generally the most prominent in the mainstream media, fall in a spectrum between the two accents.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thoughtco.com/zimbabwean-english-1692520#:~:text=Zimbabwean%20English%20is%20the%20variety,official%20languages%20in%20the%20country.|title = What is Zimbabwean English?}}</ref> Speakers of this ''general'' Zimbabwean accent include [[Morgan Tsvangirai]], [[Evan Mawarire]], [[Simba Makoni]] and [[Tatenda Taibu]]. English is spoken by virtually all in the cities, but less so in rural areas.<ref name=":0" /> Today English, the official language, enjoys status dominance and is the language of instruction in education, commerce, the government and the majority of the media.
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===Literature===
The British diaspora in Africa has a long literary tradition, and has produced a number of notable [[novelist]]s and [[poet]]s, including [[Doris Lessing]], [[Olive Schreiner]], [[Guy Butler (poet)|Guy Butler]] and [[Roy Campbell (poet)|Roy Campbell]]. A traditional South African storybook is [[James Percy FitzPatrick|Percy FitzPatrick]]'s ''[[Jock of the Bushveld]]'', which describes his journey as a wagon driver with his dog Jock. Other significant African writers of British descent are: [[Nadine Gordimer]], [[Alan Paton]], [[Peter Godwin (writer)|Peter Godwin]], [[Alexandra Fuller]] and [[Bryce Courtenay]].{{cn|date=March 2024}}
===Arts===
The British diaspora has influenced modern African arts, and has often incorporated other African cultures. [[Athol Fugard]] is a significant playwright. Born of an [[Irish Catholic]] father and an Afrikaner mother, he has always described himself as an Afrikaner but he wrote in English to reach a larger audience. [[Sharlto Copley]] is a significant film actor, producer and director. He starred in the [[Academy Award|Oscar]]-nominated [[science fiction film]] ''[[District 9]]'', which was an international box office hit and received widespread critical acclaim. ''District 9'' drew heavily on metaphoric references to South Africa's apartheid history as well as including many other more direct references to South African and African culture. Although English-speaking, Copley plays an Afrikaner bureaucrat who experiences a similar oppression to that he once imposed on alien refugees. He also starred in the [[The A-Team (film)|film remake]] of the 1980s television show ''[[The A-Team]]''.{{cn|date=March 2024}}
===Music===
Notable African musicians of British descent include: [[Dave Matthews]], who emigrated to the United States, and [[Johnny Clegg]]. [[Wrex Tarr]] performed the distinctly [[Rhodesian]] comedy song "Cocky Robin" based on [[Fanagalo|Chilapalapa]]. [[John Edmond]] was a popular singer, songwriter, entertainer and storyteller during the [[Rhodesian]] [[Rhodesian Bush War|Bush War]]. [[Seether]] is a [[post-grunge]] band founded by South Africans, which now includes Americans.{{cn|date=March 2024}}
===Education===
The British diaspora and their forebears have been extensively involved in the founding and development of numerous educational institutions across Africa.{{cn|date=March 2024}}
====Universities====
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===Authors, poets, academics and journalists===
*[[Allan MacLeod Cormack]] (1924-1998), physicist
*[[Jani Allan]] (born 1952), journalist
*[[William Boyd (writer)|William Boyd]] (born 1952), writer
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*[[David Lewis-Williams]] (born 1934), archaeologist
*[[Alan Paton]] (1903–1988), author
*[[David Grey Rattray]] (1958–2007), historian
*[[Olive Schreiner]] (1855–1920), author<!-- British mother -->
*[[Wilbur Smith]] (born 1933), author
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*[[Butch James]] (born 1979), rugby player
*[[Watkin Tudor Jones]] (born 1974), rapper, music producer, satirist, [[Die Antwoord]] lead vocalist
*[[Andrew Lincoln]] (born 1971), actor
*[[Dave Matthews]] (born 1967), musician
*[[Alexander McCall Smith]] (born 1948), author
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*[[Wrex Tarr]] (1934–2006), comedian
*[[Brendan Taylor]] (born 1986), cricketer
*[[Anya Taylor-Joy]] (born 1996), actress
*[[Clem Tholet]] (1948–2004), folk singer<!-- his paternal grandfather was from Belgium, his paternal grandmother's mother was an Australian of British descent, not sure about his mother's ancestry-->
*[[Jonathan Trott]] (born 1981), cricketer
*[[Hugo Weaving]] (born 1960), actor
*[[Roger Whittaker]] (
<!--
==See also==
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<!--Categories-->
[[Category:British diaspora in Africa| ]]
[[Category:British Empire]]▼
[[Category:European diaspora in Africa]]▼
[[Category:African people of British descent| ]]
▲[[Category:British Empire]]
▲[[Category:European diaspora in South Africa]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Kenya]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Namibia]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Zambia]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Zimbabwe]]
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