Editing British diaspora in Africa

{{Short description|People of British descent in Africa}}
{{Redirect|Anglo-African|British people of black African heritage|Black British|the abolitionist newspaper|The Anglo-African|the Lagos newspaper|The Anglo-African (Lagos)|the term Anglo-African|Anglo#Africa}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group            = British diaspora in Africa
| population       = 2–2.5 million<!-- based on country estimates below -->
| region1          = {{flag|South Africa}}
| pop1             = 1,600,000<ref name=Census2011>{{cite book |title=Census 2011: Census in brief |url=http://www.statssa.gov.za/census/census_2011/census_products/Census_2011_Census_in_brief.pdf |publisher=Statistics South Africa |location=Pretoria |year=2012 |isbn=9780621413885 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150513171240/http://www.statssa.gov.za/census/census_2011/census_products/Census_2011_Census_in_brief.pdf |archive-date=13 May 2015 |url-status=live |page=26 }} The number of people who described themselves as white in terms of population group and specified their first language as English in South Africa's 2011 Census was 1,603,575. The total white population with a first language specified was 4,461,409, and the total population was 51,770,560.</ref>
| region2          = {{flag|Zambia}}
| pop2             = 40,000<ref>{{cite web|last=Bannerman|first=Lucy|title=Dr Scott, I presume?|url=http://www.spectator.co.uk/features/7699583/dr-scott-i-presume/|work=The Spectator|date=10 March 2012|access-date=12 September 2013|quote=Less than 40,000 of Zambia's 13-million-strong population are white}}</ref>
| region3          = {{flag|Kenya}}
| pop3             = 32,000<ref>{{cite web|title=Census 2009 Summary: Ethnic Affiliation |url=http://www.knbs.or.ke/censusethnic.php |publisher=Kenya National Bureau of Statistics |access-date=28 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131121153548/http://www.knbs.or.ke/censusethnic.php |archive-date=21 November 2013  }} Out of a total Kenyan population of 38,610,097 in Census 2009, the ethnic affiliation given for 5,166 was Kenyan Europeans and that given for 27,172 was Europe.</ref>
| region4          = {{flag|Zimbabwe}}
| pop4             = 30,000<ref>{{cite web|title=Zimbabwe: Treatment of white Zimbabweans who are not farmers and available state protection|url=http://www.refworld.org/docid/4e4a319f2.html|date=22 July 2010|publisher=UNHCR|access-date=29 June 2013|quote=According to an article in World Affairs, a bi-monthly international affairs journal published in Washington, DC (World Affairs n.d.), there were 296,000 white Zimbabweans in 1975, 120,000 in 1999, and 30,000 in 2010 (World Affairs 1 May 2010).}}</ref>
| region5          = {{flag|Botswana}}
| pop5             = 
| region6          = {{flag|Namibia}}
| pop6             = 
| region7          = {{flag|Lesotho}}
| pop7             = 
| region8          = {{flag|Swaziland}}
| pop8             = 
| region9          = {{flag|Ghana}}
| pop9             = 
| region10         = {{flag|Nigeria}}
| pop10            = 
| region11         = {{flag|Tanzania}}
| pop11            = 
| region12         = {{flag|United Kingdom}}
| pop12            = 
| region13         = {{flag|Australia}}
| pop13            = 
| region14         = {{flag|New Zealand}}
| pop14            = 
| region15         = {{flag|Canada}}
| pop15            = 
| region16         = {{flag|United States}}
| pop16            = 
| rels             = [[Anglicanism]]{{·}}[[Protestantism]]{{·}}[[Roman Catholicism]]{{·}}[[Judaism]]{{·}}[[Irreligion]]
| langs            = '''First language''' <br />[[English language|English]]<br />'''Second or third language'''<br />[[Afrikaans]]{{·}}[[Bantu languages]]{{·}}[[Languages of Europe|European languages]]
| related          = [[British people|British]]{{·}}[[English people|English]]{{·}}[[Scottish people|Scottish]]{{·}}[[Irish people|Irish]]{{·}}[[Welsh people|Welsh]]{{·}}[[Ulster Scots people|Ulster-Scots]]{{·}}[[Coloured]]s{{·}}[[Afrikaner]]s<!-- includes groups with significant intermarriage -->
}}

The '''British diaspora in Africa''' is a population group broadly defined as English-speaking people of mainly (but not only) [[British people|British]] descent who live in or were born in [[Sub-Saharan Africa]]. The majority live in [[South Africa]] and other [[Southern Africa]]n countries in which English is a primary language, including [[Zimbabwe]], [[Namibia]], [[Kenya]], [[Botswana]] and [[Zambia]]. Their [[first language]] is usually [[English language|English]].

==History==
{{further|History of South Africa|History of Zimbabwe|History of Kenya}}

===Colonialism===
{{see also|British Empire|Territorial evolution of the British Empire}}
[[File:David Livingstone by Thomas Annan.jpg|left|thumb|250px|[[David Livingstone]] (taken in 1864) left [[Great Britain|Britain]] for [[Africa]] in 1840]]
[[File:Punch Rhodes Colossus.png|right|thumb|250px|[[Cecil Rhodes|Rhodes]] planned to link the [[Cape Town|Cape]] to [[Cairo]]]]
<!-- South African colonies -->
Although there were earlier British settlements at ports along the [[West Africa]]n coast to facilitate the British [[Atlantic slave trade]], more permanent British settlement in [[Africa]] did not begin in earnest until the end of the eighteenth century, at the [[Cape of Good Hope]]. British settlement in the Cape gained momentum following the second British occupation of the [[Dutch Cape Colony]] in 1806. The government encouraged [[1820 Settlers|British settlers]] in [[Albany, South Africa|Albany]] ("Settler Country") in 1820 in order to consolidate the [[British Cape Colony]]'s eastern frontier during the [[Xhosa Wars|Cape Frontier Wars]] against the [[Xhosa people|Xhosa]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Kopstein|first=Jeffrey|title=Comparative Politics: Interests, Identities, and Institutions in a Changing Global Order|year=2000|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521633567|page=434|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gh3PVi6II54C}}</ref> The Crown proclaimed [[Colony of Natal|Natal]] in southeastern Africa as a [[Crown colony|British colony]] in 1843. Following the defeat of the [[Boer]]s in the [[Second Boer War]] in 1902, Britain annexed the [[Boer Republics]] of the [[South African Republic|Transvaal Republic]] and the [[Orange Free State]].

<!-- Missionaries/explorers -->
[[Scottish people|Scottish]] medical [[missionary]] [[David Livingstone]] became known for his exploration of the African continent. He is believed to have been the first [[Europe]]an to set eyes on [[Victoria Falls, Zambia|Victoria Falls]] in 1855. He is a key character in African history, being one of the first well-known Britons to believe his heart was in Africa.

<!-- Mineral resources etc -->
In the late nineteenth century, the discovery of [[gold]] in the [[Witwatersrand]] and [[diamond]]s in [[Kimberley, Northern Cape|Kimberley]] encouraged further settlement by the British, Australians, Americans and Canadians. The search for [[mineral]] [[resource]]s also drove expansion north. Mining magnate [[Cecil Rhodes]] dreamed of a British Africa linked from [[Cape Town]] to [[Cairo]]. The [[British South Africa Company]], which he founded in 1889, [[Company rule in Rhodesia|controlled]] the territory named [[Rhodesia (name)|Rhodesia]] after him; this later became known as [[Southern Rhodesia|(Southern) Rhodesia]] and [[Northern Rhodesia]] (now [[Zimbabwe]] and [[Zambia]], respectively). Simultaneously, British settlers began expansion into the fertile uplands (the "[[White Highlands]]") of [[East Africa Protectorate|British East Africa]] (now [[Kenya]]).

<!-- Decolonisation -->
As a result of the rise of nationalist and anti-colonial movements throughout the [[British Empire]], in the aftermath of [[World War II]] [[decolonization of Africa|decolonisation of Africa]] took place. Ethnic Africans were overwhelmingly the majority of population in the British colonies and [[protectorate]]s and had long been denied equivalent political and economic power. These former colonies eventually became [[Self-governance|self-governing]]. The Cold War powers entered into the conflicts in this period. Often aided by [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] expertise and weapons, [[Black nationalism|black nationalist]] [[Guerrilla warfare|guerrilla]] forces such as the [[Mau Mau Uprising|Mau Mau]] in Kenya, [[Zimbabwe African National Union|ZANU]] in [[Rhodesia]] and [[Umkhonto we Sizwe|MK]] in [[South Africa]] fought for majority rule, which normally meant "[[one man, one vote]]".

===Zimbabwe===
[[File:Southern Rhodesia (1909) (14598319617).jpg|thumb|left|200px|Unveiling a statue of [[Cecil Rhodes]] in [[Bulawayo]] in 1909]]
<!-- before independence -->
The ruling white minority in Southern Rhodesia [[Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence|unilaterally declared independence]] as Rhodesia in 1965 but no provisions were made to incorporate the black African majority as political equals. [[Rhodesian Bush War|Civil war]] lasted until 1979, as black nationalists fought against the white-dominated government.
<!-- after independence -->
In 1980, the [[Southern Rhodesian general election, 1980|first democratic general election]] was held in what was now [[independence|independent]] [[Zimbabwe]] and the country joined the [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]]. Subsequently, the country's white population declined sharply – thousands were intimidated, attacked, and driven off their property. Because of patterns of discrimination, whites had held the majority of property previously occupied by indigenous groups.<ref>{{cite thesis|type=PhD|first=Angus|last=Selby|title=White Farmers in Zimbabwe, 1890–2005|publisher=Oxford University|year=2006|url=http://www.zwnews.com/3-Main%20Body.pdf|archive-date=13 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120813050154/http://www.zwnews.com/3-Main%20Body.pdf}}</ref> Charged with abusing [[human rights]] and undermining [[democracy]], President [[Robert Mugabe]] and other Zimbabwean individuals and entities were subjected to a wide range of economic and political sanctions by the United States and other western nations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/politicsweb/view/politicsweb/en/page71619?oid=94939&sn=Detail|title=Individuals and entities from Zimbabwe on US sanctions list|publisher=US Treasury OFAC|date=25 July 2008|access-date=28 July 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://register.consilium.europa.eu/pdf/en/09/st05/st05304-ad01re01.en09.pdf |title=Council Common Position renewing restrictive measures against Zimbabwe|publisher=Council of the European Union|date=26 January 2009|access-date=28 July 2013}}</ref>

In 2002 Zimbabwe was suspended from the Commonwealth due to [[Human rights in Zimbabwe|human rights abuses]] and [[electoral fraud]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Zimbabwe Suspended Indefinitely from Commonwealth|url=http://www.humanrightsfirst.org/media/2003_alerts/1208.htm|publisher=Human Rights First|access-date=28 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080610130413/http://www.humanrightsfirst.org/media/2003_alerts/1208.htm|archive-date=10 June 2008|date=8 December 2003}}</ref> In 2003, Zimbabwe voluntarily terminated its Commonwealth membership.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thecommonwealth.org/press/31555/34582/35505/zimbabwes_withdrawal_from_the_commonwealth.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080705162909/http://www.thecommonwealth.org/press/31555/34582/35505/zimbabwes_withdrawal_from_the_commonwealth.htm|archive-date=5 July 2008|title=Commonwealth website confirms Zimbabwe 'terminated' its membership with effect from 7 December 2003 |publisher=Commonwealth Secretariat|date=12 December 2003|access-date=28 July 2013}}</ref>

Northern Rhodesia became a separate nation, Zambia.

===South Africa===
[[File:Immigration to South Africa.jpg|thumb|Family soon after arrival from Europe in 1950]]

====White minority rule====
{{see also|History of South Africa (1910–48)|Apartheid in South Africa}}
In 1910, the two separate [[British colonies]] and two [[Boer republics]] in Southern Africa united to form the [[Union of South Africa]], which was governed as a [[constitutional monarchy]] within the [[British Empire]] under [[Dominant minority|white minority rule]]. In 1926, the [[Balfour Declaration of 1926|Balfour Declaration]] ended the oversight from Britain, leading South Africa to become a founding member of the [[Commonwealth of Nations]], as a [[Commonwealth realm|realm]]. Five years later, the Act of the [[Statute of Westminster 1931|Statute of Westminster]] formalized this full sovereignty.<ref name=CommonwealthSA/> The majority of the British diaspora supported the [[United Party (South Africa)|United Party]], led by [[J. B. M. Hertzog]] and [[Jan Smuts]], while it was the ruling party between 1934 and 1948, and its various successors up to the [[Democratic Party (South Africa)|Democratic Party]], the predecessor of the [[Democratic Alliance (South Africa)|Democratic Alliance]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Hanf|first=Theodor|title=South Africa, the Prospects of Peaceful Change: An Empirical Enquiry into the possibility of Democratic Conflict Regulation|year=1981|publisher=[[Rex Collings]]|location=London|isbn=0253-35394-7|pages=108–114|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ugTO-eg84bcC|chapter=Ethnic Groups and Party Preferences: Political Subcultures from an Empirical Perspective}}</ref> The United Party favoured close relations with the [[United Kingdom]] and the Commonwealth, unlike the [[National Party (South Africa)|Nationalists]].

The ethnic [[Afrikaners]], who ruled the country from 1948 until 1994, entrenched a system of racial segregation known as [[Apartheid in South Africa|apartheid]], established a [[republic]], and withdrew from the Commonwealth.<ref name=CommonwealthSA/> In 1955, 33,000 Dutch (34.8%),
Germans (33.7%),
French (13.2%),
people of colour (7%),
British (5.2%),
unknown origin (3.5%),
other Europeans (2.6%)
in [[Natal Province|Natal]], which had an [[South African English|English]]-speaking majority of white voters, signed the [[Ulster Covenant#Natal Covenant|Natal Covenant]] against the establishment of a republic.<ref>{{cite book|last=Jeffery|first=Keith|title=An Irish Empire?: Aspects of Ireland and the British Empire|year=1996|publisher=Manchester University Press|pages=199–201|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WUTpAAAAIAAJ|isbn=9780719038730}}</ref> Many of the British diaspora voted "No" in the [[South African republic referendum, 1960|1960 referendum]] of white voters, but it was approved by a narrow margin and resulted in the establishment of a republic. The Natal majority voted against the republic and some residents called for secession from the Union after the referendum.<ref>{{cite news|title=Secession Talked by Some Anti-Republicans|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=WUVkAAAAIBAJ&pg=5504,1422353&dq=natal+referendum+republic&hl=en|access-date=27 July 2013|newspaper=Saskatoon Star-Phoenix|date=11 October 1960}}</ref>

====Democracy====
{{see also|History of South Africa (1994–present)}}
In 1994, South Africa held its [[South African general election, 1994|first universal democratic general election]], marking the end of apartheid and white minority rule, and rejoined the [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]].<ref name=CommonwealthSA>{{cite web|title=South Africa|date=15 August 2013|url=http://thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries/south-africa|publisher=The Commonwealth|access-date=15 December 2013|quote=Joined Commonwealth:1931 (Statute of Westminster; left in 1961, rejoined in 1994)}}</ref> The majority of the British diaspora support the [[Democratic Alliance (South Africa)|Democratic Alliance]], which is the official opposition to the ruling [[African National Congress]] and an increasingly [[multiracial]] party.<ref>{{cite news|last=Rossouw|first=Mandy|title=Is the DA the new black?|url=http://mg.co.za/article/2011-03-25-is-the-da-new-black|access-date=16 July 2013|newspaper=Mail & Guardian|date=25 March 2011|quote=It is to be the poster boy for the new DA, a party that has been aggressively attempting to shake off the image of white, middle-class and predominantly English-speaking.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Eligon|first=John|title=A South African Party's New Face, and Lightning Rod|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/28/world/africa/in-south-africa-mazibuko-is-democratic-alliances-new-face.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0|access-date=16 July 2013|newspaper=The New York Times|date=27 January 2012|quote=She is now the face of an effort to diversify the party's leadership, shed. Its stereotype as the party of South Africa's white elite and give it any hope of catching up to the A.N.C., which captured more than 65 percent of the vote to the alliance's 16 percent during the last national election in 2009.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=du Plessis|first=Carien|title=New – black and young – faces in the DA|url=http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/Politics/New-black-and-young-faces-in-the-DA-20121125|access-date=16 July 2013|newspaper=City Press|date=25 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Phakathi|first=Bekezela|title=DA 'gains' from ANC divisions as members defect|url=http://www.bdlive.co.za/national/politics/2013/05/06/da-gains-from-anc-divisions-as-members-defect|access-date=16 July 2013|newspaper=Business Day|date=6 May 2013}}</ref>

[[File:Mark_Shuttleworth_(2009).jpg|thumb|left|200px|[[Mark Shuttleworth]] is the first [[Africa]]n in space]]

The British diaspora population declined starting in the early 1990s as a result of a low [[birth rate]] relative to that of other population groups and emigration. Reasons for emigration included [[Crime in South Africa|crime]], [[Corruption in South Africa|corruption]], poor service delivery and [[Affirmative action#South Africa|affirmative action]].<ref name=Haynie/><ref name=Wende/> A crude estimate of the British diaspora population is the number of [[white South African]]s who speak English as a first language, representing 1.6 million people, 36% of the white population group and 3% of the total population in the [[South African National Census of 2011]]. This number is an overstatement as it includes people of other ancestral origins who have [[Cultural assimilation|assimilated]] into the white English-speaking population. The English-speaking population is largest in the [[KwaZulu-Natal]] province and in cities such as [[Johannesburg]] and [[Cape Town]].<ref name=Census2011/>

Despite the high emigration rate, many people of British descent continue to settle in South Africa, including many South African-born people who have returned home since the late-1990s, especially after the [[Great Recession|2008 global economic crisis]].<ref name=Haynie>{{cite news|last=Haynie|first=Devon|title=More people returning to SA than leaving|url=http://mg.co.za/article/2008-07-27-more-people-returning-to-sa-than-leaving|access-date=28 July 2013|newspaper=Mail & Guardian|date=27 July 2008|quote=The South African Department of Home Affairs says it does not track South Africans who move abroad and then return. Anecdotal evidence, however, indicates more South Africans have been returning to the country since the late-1990s.}}</ref><ref name=Wende>{{cite news|last=Wende|first=Hamilton|title=Hope returns – behind high walls|url=http://mg.co.za/article/2011-01-07-hope-returns-behind-high-walls|access-date=28 July 2013|newspaper=Mail & Guardian|date=7 January 2011|quote=They are part of a growing number of mostly thirtysomething South Africans who have returned to the country in the past two years. Exact numbers are hard to find but a recent CNN report quoted a British employment survey which found that about 100 000 South African job-seekers were planning to return home ... The CNN report estimates that up to 20% of South African professionals, almost exclusively White, have left the country since 1995—a loss of about 800,000 people, from a White population of 4.5 million.}}</ref> South Africa has been a top destination for British retirees,<ref>{{cite news|last=Conway|first=Daniel|title=The changing lives of expats in South Africa|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/expat/expatlife/7903228/The-changing-lives-of-expats-in-South-Africa.html|access-date=28 July 2013|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=26 July 2010|quote=Furthermore, with its 'retirement visa' scheme, South Africa is a very popular destination for British retirees.}}</ref> and many [[White people in Zimbabwe|White Zimbabweans]] of British descent settled in South Africa after Zimbabwean independence; some as a result of forced removal from their property. Over 200,000 [[British nationality law|British citizen]]s live in South Africa, including more than 38,000 people who are being paid a [[UK State Pension]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Brits Abroad|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/in_depth/brits_abroad/html/|publisher=BBC|access-date=28 July 2013|quote=An estimated 5.5m British people live permanently abroad ... South Africa: 212,000}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Osborne|first=Hilary|title=A UK expat's guide to South Africa|url=https://www.theguardian.com/money/2012/nov/27/uk-expat-guide-south-africa|access-date=28 July 2013|newspaper=The Guardian|date=27 November 2012|quote=The Republic of South Africa is home to more than 200,000 UK expats, drawn by a lower cost of living, warmer climate, beautiful beaches and amazing wildlife and game parks, as well as opportunities for an outdoors-focused lifestyle; plus the country's incredible scenery. Figures from the [[Department for Work and Pensions]] show there are more than 38,000 UK citizens living in South Africa and receiving the UK State Pension.}}</ref>

===Global presence===
{{see also|South African diaspora|Zimbabwean diaspora}}
A significant number of the British diaspora in Africa have emigrated to other [[Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth states]] such as the [[United Kingdom]], [[Australia]], [[New Zealand]] and [[Canada]]. Others have settled in countries such as the [[United States]], the [[Republic of Ireland]], and [[France]]. A large number of young people are also taking advantage of [[working holiday visa]]s made available by the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth states.<ref name=Wende/>

==Culture==
{{See also|Culture of South Africa}}
White Africans generally enjoy the outdoors lifestyle and sports. The ''[[Regional variations of barbecue#South Africa|braai]]'' is a popular way to get together with friends and family. Other popular pastimes include: visiting game reserves, hiking, camping and recreational fishing. There is a particular appreciation of country life and farming. Farmers themselves generally prefer holiday houses at the coast. In other ways, the culture of the British diaspora derives from their British ancestry. Afternoon tea – in fact, tea at any time of day – is still widespread as are hobbies such as gardening and reading. Families who live in rural areas are usually familiar with horseriding and shooting. White South African culture was encapsulated in the 1970s [[Chevrolet]] radio [[jingle]] "Braaivleis, rugby, sunny skies and Chevrolet" based on the United States slogan "Baseball, hot dogs, apple pie and Chevrolet".<ref>{{cite news|title=Braaivleis, rugby, sunny skies and Chevrolet|url=http://www.cbn.co.za/motoring.php?motor_id=26|access-date=14 July 2013|newspaper=Cape Business News|date=February 2004|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130622212242/http://www.cbn.co.za/motoring.php?motor_id=26|archive-date=22 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Kimbrough|first=Bobby|title=Baseball, Hot Dogs, Apple Pie and Chevrolet – Worldwide Chevy Tunes|url=http://www.chevyhardcore.com/news/baseball-hot-dogs-apple-pie-and-chevrolet-worldwide-chevy-tunes/|access-date=14 July 2013|publisher=Power Automedia|date=8 March 2012}}</ref> Although nationwide [[television in South Africa]] was only introduced as lately as 1976, many older South Africans of British descent had little exposure to British television and humour as a result of an [[Equity (trade union)|Equity union]] ban on British television programme sales to South Africa during apartheid.<ref>{{cite news|last=Macdonald|first=Marianne|title=Ban on sale of TV shows to South Africa lifted: Anti-apartheid blockade by actors' union dropped following reform of broadcasting, but opposition to touring remains|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/ban-on-sale-of-tv-shows-to-south-africa-lifted-antiapartheid-blockade-by-actors-union-dropped-following-reform-of-broadcasting-but-opposition-to-touring-remains-1503272.html|access-date=14 July 2013|newspaper=The Independent|date=10 November 1993}}</ref>

===Language===
{{see also|South African English|List of South African English regionalisms|List of South African slang words}}
[[File:Herbert Baker clocktower, Rhodes University, 2004.jpg|right|200px|thumb|Heart of the [[Rhodes University]] campus]]
Many White Africans speak a unique dialect of English, developed by interaction with other local languages. [[South African English]] is influenced by [[Afrikaans]] and the [[Bantu languages]]. The considerable Afrikaans influence can be seen from words such as ''braai'', ''trek'', ''lekker'' and ''ja'' in common usage. Some [[Zulu language|Zulu]] and [[Xhosa language|Xhosa]] words, such as ''[[millipede|shongololo]]'', ''[[muti]]'', ''[[Ubuntu (philosophy)|ubuntu]]'' and ''fundi'' (meaning an "expert"), are also commonly used. Although South African slang is used by many younger South Africans, it would be unusual to hear it used amongst older people. The common greeting "howzit!" comes from the Afrikaans ''hoezit!'' (or "how is it?"); it can be likened to the US "howdy", the Australian "g'day", the Irish "howya?" or the Scottish "awrite?".

[[Zimbabwean English]] (ZimEng) shares many similarities with southern hemisphere English dialects (Australian, New Zealand, South African) yet is distinct from its closest relative, [[South African English]]. Traditionally Zimbabwean English was predominately influenced by [[British English]], with the minor influence of Afrikaans (compared to South Africa) and African languages, generally used to describe flora and fauna, with terms such as [[kopje]], [[dassie]] and bundu (Shona for bush).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/9781137340399_4|doi=10.1057/9781137340399_4|chapter=Zimbabwean English and British English: A Case Study of Directness and Indirectness Across Cultures|title=Directness and Indirectness Across Cultures|year=2016|last1=Grainger|first1=Karen|last2=Mills|first2=Sara|pages=74–101|isbn=978-1-349-55871-1}}</ref> This dialect came to be known as ''Rhodesian English'', typified by speakers such as Prime Minister [[Ian Douglas Smith|Ian Smith]] and [[P.K. van der Byl]]. After Zimbabwean independence from the UK in 1980, this dialect sharply fell out of favour and came to be regarded as an archaic, non-productive dialect, only spoken by the oldest generation of [[White Zimbabweans]] and nostalgic [[Rhodie]]s and [[whenwe]]s. Zimbabwean English evolved with the changing social, economic and political conditions in which Blacks and Whites interacted in Zimbabwe; with the old, conservative Rhodesian accent being effectively replaced by the more neutral and prestigious sounding ''cultivated'' [[private school]] accent, which ironically retains some of its features.<ref>Peter Trudgill, "Lesser-Known Varieties of English." Alternative Histories of English, ed. by R. J. Watts and P. Trudgill. Routledge, 2002</ref><ref>Susan Fitzmaurice, "History, Social Meaning, and Identity in the Spoken English of White Zimbabweans." Developments in English: Expanding Electronic Evidence, ed. by Irma Taavitsainen et al. Cambridge University Press, 2015</ref> Today, the main languages spoken in are English, Shona and Ndebele. Only 3.5%, mainly the White, Indian, coloured (mixed race) and foreign-born minorities, consider English their native language. The vast majority of English speakers are Black Zimbabweans, who are [[bilingual]] or even trilingual with Bantu languages such as [[Shona language|Shona]] (75%), Ndebele (18%) and the other minority languages, and thus these speakers have an outsize role in influencing the direction of Zimbabwean English, despite traditional native speakers maintaining an important influence.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zi4OThwjcZEC&q=zimbabwean+english|isbn = 9789042023765|title = Zimbabwean Transitions: Essays on Zimbabwean Literature in English, Ndebele and Shona|year = 2007|publisher = Rodopi}}</ref>

Much like [[Australian English|Australian]] and [[South African English]], spoken English exists on a continuum from ''broad'', ''general'' to ''cultivated'' ([[broad and general accents]]), based on an individual's background particularly, class and income and historically, ethnicity.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/bradford/voices2005/pete_2.shtml|title = BBC - Bradford and West Yorkshire - Voices - Tyke: It's all the Vikings' fault (Sort of)}}</ref> Affluent, middle class and [[private school|highly educated]] Zimbabweans speak in a cultivated accent, influenced by older forms of [[English in southern England|southern British English]], the now archaic Rhodesian English and [[South African English]]. The cultivated accent is sometimes humorously mocked by other speakers for its nasality and alleged pretentiousness, with speakers derided as the so-called ''nose brigades''.<ref>{{Cite thesis|url=https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/dissertations/AAI9997016/|title = The impact of the English language in Zimbabwe: A phenomenological and historical study, 1980–1999 |type=EdD dissertation |publisher=University of Nebraska–Lincoln|date = 2000|last1 = Moyo|first1 = Doreen Tarirai |id={{ProQuest|304629677}} |isbn=978-0-493-05091-1 }}</ref> [[Robert Mugabe]], [[Brendan Taylor]], [[Pommie Mbangwa]], [[David Houghton (cricketer)|Dave Houghton]] and journalists Peter Ndoro and Sophie Chamboko are notable speakers of a cultivated accent.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/254327799 |doi=10.1080/10228195.2011.581679|title=The politics of the English language in Zimbabwe |year=2011 |last1=Kadenge |first1=Maxwell |last2=Nkomo |first2=Dion |journal=Language Matters |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=248–263 |s2cid=144957487 }}</ref> 
Rural and urban working class speakers, on the other hand are heavily influenced by their native languages (these groups are also mocked as ''SRBs'' whose accents betray their ''strong rural background''. [[Lower middle class]] black Zimbabweans are generally the most prominent in the mainstream media, fall in a spectrum between the two accents.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thoughtco.com/zimbabwean-english-1692520#:~:text=Zimbabwean%20English%20is%20the%20variety,official%20languages%20in%20the%20country.|title = What is Zimbabwean English?}}</ref> Speakers of this ''general'' Zimbabwean accent include [[Morgan Tsvangirai]], [[Evan Mawarire]], [[Simba Makoni]] and [[Tatenda Taibu]]. English is spoken by virtually all in the cities, but less so in rural areas.<ref name=":0" />  Today English, the official language, enjoys status dominance and is the language of instruction in education, commerce, the government and the majority of the media.

[[Rhodes University]] in [[Grahamstown]] houses the Dictionary Unit for South African English.<ref>{{cite web|title=DSAE|date=18 July 2011|url=http://www.ru.ac.za/dsae/|publisher=Rhodes University|access-date=14 July 2013}}</ref> The fourth edition of ''A Dictionary of South African English'' was published in 1991,<ref>{{cite book|last=Branford|first=Jean and William|title=A Dictionary of South African English|year=1991|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Cape Town|isbn=9780195705959|edition=4th ed., 2.impr.}}</ref> and the second edition of the ''Oxford South African Concise Dictionary'' was published in 2010.<ref>{{cite book|title=Oxford South African Concise Dictionary|year=2010|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Cape Town|isbn=9780195982183|edition=2nd }}</ref> The English Academy of Southern Africa, founded in 1961, is dedicated to promoting the effective use of English as a dynamic language in Southern Africa.<ref>{{cite web|title=English Academy of Southern Africa|url=http://www.englishacademy.co.za/|access-date=14 July 2013}}</ref>

A few South African English [[Neologism|coinage]]s are listed below:

{| style="background:transparent;"
|''bru''||male friend, from Afrikaans ''broer'' meaning "brother"
|-
|''(my)&nbsp;china''||(my) friend, from [[Cockney]] "china plate" which is [[rhyming slang]] for "mate"
|-
|''just now'',<br />''now now''||an amount of time, could be anything from 5 seconds to 24 hours, could be past or future tense, from the [[Afrikaans]] ''net-nou'' and ''nou-nou'' (e.g. "He went out just now." or "I'll be done with it now now.")
|-
|''no''||common [[speech disfluency]] or [[filler (linguistics)|filler]]
|-
|''oke''||male friend, either shortened from [[bloke]] or from the Afrikaans diminutive 'outjie' (oldie, used as a term of affection much like 'guy' in English, with English pronunciation approximating 'oakie')
|-
|''robot''||[[traffic light]]
|-
|''sarmie''||[[sandwich]]
|-
|''scheme''||to think, as in the expression, "What are you scheming?" asked of a person deep in thought (e.g. "I scheme we should go home now.")
|-
|''shot''||thank you
|-
|''takkies''||[[Sneakers (footwear)|running shoes]]
|-
|''tune''||to talk to someone in a derogatory way (e.g. "Are you tuning me?")
|-
|}

===Literature===
The British diaspora in Africa has a long literary tradition, and has produced a number of notable [[novelist]]s and [[poet]]s, including [[Doris Lessing]], [[Olive Schreiner]], [[Guy Butler (poet)|Guy Butler]] and [[Roy Campbell (poet)|Roy Campbell]]. A traditional South African storybook is [[James Percy FitzPatrick|Percy FitzPatrick]]'s ''[[Jock of the Bushveld]]'', which describes his journey as a wagon driver with his dog Jock. Other significant African writers of British descent are: [[Nadine Gordimer]], [[Alan Paton]], [[Peter Godwin (writer)|Peter Godwin]], [[Alexandra Fuller]] and [[Bryce Courtenay]].{{cn|date=March 2024}}

===Arts===
The British diaspora has influenced modern African arts, and has often incorporated other African cultures. [[Athol Fugard]] is a significant playwright. Born of an [[Irish Catholic]] father and an Afrikaner mother, he has always described himself as an Afrikaner but he wrote in English to reach a larger audience. [[Sharlto Copley]] is a significant film actor, producer and director. He starred in the [[Academy Award|Oscar]]-nominated [[science fiction film]] ''[[District 9]]'', which was an international box office hit and received widespread critical acclaim. ''District 9'' drew heavily on metaphoric references to South Africa's apartheid history as well as including many other more direct references to South African and African culture. Although English-speaking, Copley plays an Afrikaner bureaucrat who experiences a similar oppression to that he once imposed on alien refugees. He also starred in the [[The A-Team (film)|film remake]] of the 1980s television show ''[[The A-Team]]''.{{cn|date=March 2024}}

===Music===
Notable African musicians of British descent include: [[Dave Matthews]], who emigrated to the United States, and [[Johnny Clegg]]. [[Wrex Tarr]] performed the distinctly [[Rhodesian]] comedy song "Cocky Robin" based on [[Fanagalo|Chilapalapa]]. [[John Edmond]] was a popular singer, songwriter, entertainer and storyteller during the [[Rhodesian]] [[Rhodesian Bush War|Bush War]]. [[Seether]] is a [[post-grunge]] band founded by South Africans, which now includes Americans.{{cn|date=March 2024}}

===Education===
The British diaspora and their forebears have been extensively involved in the founding and development of numerous educational institutions across Africa.{{cn|date=March 2024}}

====Universities====
There are four universities in South Africa that were established by the British diaspora, which admitted limited numbers of [[Black people|Black]] students during apartheid. The [[South African College]] was founded in 1829 and later split into the [[University of Cape Town]] and the [[South African College Schools]]. The [[University of Natal]] merged with the [[University of Durban-Westville]] to form the [[University of KwaZulu-Natal]]. The [[University of the Witwatersrand]] was founded in [[Kimberley, Northern Cape|Kimberley]] in 1896 as the [[Old School of Mines, Kimberley|South African School of Mines]] and is now based in [[Johannesburg]]. Finally, [[Rhodes University]] was established in 1904 with an initial grant from the [[Rhodes House#The Rhodes Trust|Rhodes Trust]].

====Schools====
There are two categories of schools founded by the British diaspora or British missionaries, those originally intended for the education of the children of the British diaspora and those founded for the education of the indigenous population.

The first category includes both notable [[private school]]s such as [[St George's College, Harare|St. George's College]] in [[Harare]], [[Peterhouse Boys' School]] in [[Marondera]], the [[Diocesan College]] in [[Cape Town]], the [[The Wykeham Collegiate|Wykeham Collegiate]] in [[Pietermaritzburg]] and [[St John's College (Johannesburg, South Africa)|St John's College]] in Johannesburg and prestigious [[state school|government school]]s such as [[Maritzburg College]] in Pietermaritzburg, [[King Edward VII School (Johannesburg)|King Edward VII School]] in Johannesburg and [[Prince Edward School]] in [[Harare]].

The second category of schools includes South African institutions such as the [[Lovedale (South Africa)|Lovedale]] educational institution in the [[Eastern Cape]], which was responsible for the education of many notable Africans including [[Thabo Mbeki]], [[Chris Hani]] and [[Seretse Khama]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Lovedale Public FET College|url=http://www.lovedalecollege.co.za/|access-date=15 July 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor=Nkomo, Mokubung O. |editor2=Swartz, Derrick |editor3=Maja, Botshabelo|title=Within the realm of possibility: From disadvantage to development at the University of Fort Hare and the University of the North|year=2006|publisher=HSRC Press|location=Pretoria|isbn=9780796921550|page=88|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_amwpUdS7P4C|quote=The Scots Presbyterian mission station of Lovedale was the centre of this process, with a reach that spread all over southern Africa, either by direct evangelisation, as in Malawi, or by the example of the quality and level of the education that could be obtained there. Lovedale became a centre of 'higher' education for black people for more than a century. Amongst many others, Seretse Khama of Botswana and Thabo Mbeki were pupils there.}}</ref> [[Tiger Kloof Educational Institute]] in the [[North West (South African province)|North West province]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Tiger Kloof Educational Institution|url=http://www.tigerkloof.com/|access-date=15 July 2013}}</ref> and St Matthew's High School outside [[Keiskammahoek]] in the Eastern Cape. Many of these institutions were adversely impacted by the [[Bantu Education Act, 1953|Bantu Education Act of 1953]], and the Historic Schools Restoration Project championed by former [[Anglican Church of Southern Africa|Anglican]] [[Anglican Archbishop of Cape Town|Archbishop of Cape Town]] [[Njongonkulu Ndungane]] aims to transform under-resourced historically significant schools into sustainable centres of cultural and educational excellence.<ref>{{cite web|title=Historic Schools Project: South Africa|url=http://www.historicschools.org.za/|publisher=Historic Schools Restoration Project|access-date=15 July 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Historic schools must be restored: Ndungane|url=http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Historic-schools-must-be-restored-Ndungane-20120924|access-date=15 July 2013|newspaper=News24|date=24 September 2012}}</ref>

===Sport===
[[File:Rorybyrne.jpg|thumb|right|220px|[[Rory Byrne]] with [[Michael Schumacher]]'s car for the [[2005 Formula One season]]]]
[[Cricket]], [[rugby union|rugby]], [[tennis]], [[golf]], and [[cycle sport|cycling]] are generally considered to be the most popular sports among the British diaspora.

[[Cricket]] in Africa and particularly Zimbabwe has been dominated by the people of British heritage. Up until recently, the majority of Zimbabwean players were from the British diaspora, including: [[Andy Flower]], [[Heath Streak]], [[Brendan Taylor]] and [[Ray Price (cricketer)|Ray Price]]. Cricket in [[South Africa]] also traditionally features the British diaspora, including former national [[Test cricket|Test]] captain [[Graeme Smith]] and bowler [[Shaun Pollock]]. The [[England cricket team]] has often included many players of Southern African heritage in their ranks such as brothers [[Sam Curran]] and [[Tom Curran (cricketer)|Tom Curran]], [[Gary Ballance]] and [[Andrew Strauss]]. The England cricket team of 2010 that retained the [[The Ashes|2010–11 Ashes series]] in Australia, for example, received significant contributions from South African captain [[Andrew Strauss]], wicketkeeper [[Matt Prior]], batsman [[Kevin Pietersen]], batsman [[Jonathan Trott]] and coach [[Andy Flower]].

A few examples of the notable contributions of the British diaspora to South African rugby are those made by [[Kitch Christie]], the coach who led the [[South Africa national rugby union team|Springboks]] to victory in the [[1995 Rugby World Cup]], [[Bobby Skinstad]] and [[Percy Montgomery]], the Springboks' all-time leader in [[cap (sport)|appearance]]s and points.

Members of the British diaspora have also had notable success in African [[rallying]], while former Rhodesia in particular produced several world champion [[Grand Prix motorcycle racing|motorcycle road racer]]s including [[Jim Redman]] and [[Kork Ballington]].

Two-time [[Tour de France]] winner [[Chris Froome]] was born in [[Kenya]], and grew up in [[South Africa]].

==Alternative names==
{{see also|List of South African slang words|List of ethnic slurs}}
{{Quote box|width=400px|align=right|quote=I do see very clearly that there may come a time, and that time not very remote, when the Australian colonies may be brought more into the position of one great and united people. I do see a time when the South African colonies may be brought together into one great Anglo-African people. And I see that if a grand and powerful congeries of free communities, such as I have grouped, in three parts of the world, become steadily formed, they may enter into an allegiance with the parent State, on something like a broad ground of equality.|source=[[Henry Parkes]] (1815–1896), advocate of the [[Federation of Australia|Australian Federation]], after writing about the formation of the [[Canadian federalism|Dominion of Canada]]<ref>{{cite news|title=The Otago Daily Times Tuesday May 7, 1901|url=http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=ODT19010507.2.21&l=mi&e=-------10--51----0beer+advertisement--|access-date=16 July 2013|newspaper=The Otago Daily Times|date=7 May 1901}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=United Australia: Public opinion in England as expressed in the leading journals of the United Kingdom|url=https://archive.org/stream/unitedaustraliap00sydnrich/unitedaustraliap00sydnrich_djvu.txt|publisher=Charles Potter, Government Printer|location=Sydney|year=1890|access-date=16 July 2013}}</ref>}}
The majority of white South Africans and Zimbabweans identify themselves as primarily ''South African'' and ''Zimbabwean'' respectively, regardless of their first language or ancestry.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sUnJAAAAQBAJ&dq=white+zimbabweans&pg=PR11|isbn = 9780230106338|title = Whiteness in Zimbabwe: Race, Landscape, and the Problem of Belonging|date = 12 April 2010|publisher = Springer}}</ref> The term ''English-speaking South African'' (ESSA) is sometimes used to distinguish anglophone South Africans from the rest of the population, particularly [[Afrikaners]]. Additionally, the inclusive term ''Zimbo'' or ''Anglo-Zimbabweans'' are terms sometimes used by academics to distance themselves, from the [[Southern Rhodesia|Rhodesian]] era, though the latter term overlaps with and can cause confusion with the large community of [[Zimbabweans in the United Kingdom|Britons of Zimbabwean descent]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bbtaDwAAQBAJ&q=zimbabweans+in+britain|isbn = 9783319896830|title = Zimbabwean Communities in Britain: Imperial and Post-Colonial Identities and Legacies|date = 15 May 2018|publisher = Springer}}</ref> Along with [[Anglo African]] these terms are somewhat analogous to those used in other English-speaking countries such as [[White Anglo Saxon Protestant]], [[English Canadian]] and [[Anglo-Celtic Australian]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Alexander|first=Mary|title=Black, white – or South African?|url=http://www.southafrica.info/about/democracy/identity-300606.htm#.UcqyRjs3Cz4|date=30 June 2006|publisher=SAinfo|access-date=26 June 2013|quote=With 82% defining themselves as 'South African', whites identify with the country the most, followed by coloureds and Indians. Five percent of whites consider themselves to be Africans, while 4% identify themselves according to race and 2% according to language or ethnicity.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160724225617/http://www.southafrica.info/about/democracy/identity-300606.htm#.UcqyRjs3Cz4|archive-date=24 July 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=A Nation in the Making: A Discussion Document on Macro-Social Trends in South Africa|url=http://www.info.gov.za/otherdocs/2006/socioreport.pdf|year=2006|publisher=Government of South Africa|access-date=26 June 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060711171013/http://www.info.gov.za/otherdocs/2006/socioreport.pdf|archive-date=11 July 2006}}</ref>

[[Alternative names for the British#Africa|Colloquial terms for the British in Africa]] which might be considered derogatory include the [[Afrikaans]] term ''rooinek'' (literally "red neck", probably from the stereotype that they sunburn relatively easily although unrelated to the [[American English|American]] term ''[[redneck]]''),<ref>{{cite web |author=Donald G. McNeil Jr |title=Like Politics, All Political Correctness Is Local |date=11 October 1998 |url=http://www.geocities.com/Heartland/Valley/8414/pc.htm |newspaper=The New York Times |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081012220240/http://www.geocities.com/Heartland/Valley/8414/pc.htm |archive-date=12 October 2008 |url-status=dead |quote=Meanwhile, English-speaking whites call uncouth Afrikaner ones 'hairybacks' or 'rockspiders,' while Afrikaners call the other whites 'rooinek' – rednecks, as in sunburned British soldiers – or worse.  }}</ref> the [[Australian English vocabulary|Australian term]] ''pommy'', 'Beberu' in Kenya which means he-goat.<ref>{{cite web|title=Definition of pommy by the Free Online Dictionary, Thesaurus and Encyclopedia|url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/pommy|publisher=Farlex|access-date=14 July 2013}}</ref>

The term ''[[Anglo#Africa|Anglo-Africa]]n'' has been used historically to describe people living in the [[British Empire]] in Africa,<ref>{{cite book|author=Africanus|title=The adjustment of the German colonial claims – Dedicated to the American and British delegates of the peace conference|location=Bern|date=December 1918|pages=7|url=https://archive.org/stream/adjustmentofgerm00afririch#page/7/mode/1up|access-date=15 July 2013|quote=Sir Harry Johnston, the former Governor General of Central British Africa said after the conquest of German East Africa in the 'Daily News': ... Another well known Anglo-African and Colonial politician E. D. Morel in an article in the 'Labour Leader' entitled 'The Way Out' writes as follows: ...'}} [[Harry Johnston]] (1858–1927) and [[E. D. Morel]] (1873–1924) are referred to as ''Anglo-Africans'' in this publication.</ref> although it has also been used to [[Identity (social science)|self-identify]] by people of mixed British and indigenous African ancestry.<ref>{{cite book|last=Moses|first=Wilson Jeremiah|title=The golden age of Black nationalism, 1850-1925|year=1988|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|isbn=0-19-520639-8|page=32|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xnZQhKB5_f8C|quote=A startling feature in the rhetoric of black institutional leadership on the eve of the Civil War was the popularity of the term, 'Anglo-African.' ... By 1900, 'Anglo-African' had been replaced by 'Afro-American' and such variants as 'Euro-African', and 'Negro-Saxon'.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Rogers|first=Joel Augustus|title=World's Great Men of Color, Volume 2|year=1996|publisher=Touchstone|location=New York|isbn=9780684815824|page=148|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uTiEe2g56d4C|quote=The festival was to be given at Gloucester with Coleridge-Taylor himself conducting the three choirs. As it was advertised that the conductor was an Anglo-African, the audience expected a white man. What was its surprise to see instead a dark-skinned Negro, quick-moving, slight of build, with an enormous head of high, thick, frizzly hair, broad nostrils, flashing white teeth, and a winning smile.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor=Mohamed Adhikari|last=Lee|first=Christopher J|title=Burdened by race : Coloured identities in southern Africa|chapter='A generous dream, but difficult to realize': the making of the Anglo-African community of Nyasaland, 1929–1940|year=2009|publisher=UCT Press|location=Cape Town|isbn=978-1-91989-514-7|page=209|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_wcVFSyt7mgC|quote=Because the area had only been colonised in the 1890s, the Anglo-African community of Nyasaland during the 1930s, for the most part, consisted of first-generation persons of 'mixed' racial descent. This is reflected in their preference of the term 'Anglo-African' over 'coloured' and 'half-caste'. Although all three were used, 'Anglo-African' had the advantage of emphasising their partial descent from colonists.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Milner-Thornton|first=Juliette Bridgette|title=The long shadow of the British empire: The ongoing legacies of race and class in Zambia|year=2012|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-0230340183|page=11|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gzFbk-ZPzqEC|quote=At different historical junctures in Northern Rhodesia's racialized landscape, persons of mixed descent were categorized accordingly: 'half-caste,' 'Anglo-African,' 'Indo-African,' 'Euro-African, 'Eurafrican,' and 'Coloured.'}}</ref> ''The Anglo-African Who's Who and Biographical Sketch-Book'' published in [[London]] in 1905 contains details of prominent British and Afrikaner people in Africa at that time.<ref>{{cite book|editor=Wills, Walter H |editor2=Barrett, R. J|title=The Anglo-African Who's Who and Biographical Sketch-Book|publisher=George Routledge & Sons, Ltd.|location=London|year=1905|url=https://archive.org/details/angloafricanwhos00will|access-date=26 June 2013|quote=But we may perhaps claim that, incomplete as it is, it contains many records of Anglo-Africans which are not readily available in any similar work of reference, and it is only necessary to add that we hope to remedy its sins of omission and commission in future editions.}}</ref>

'Cape Brit' is another term sometimes used to refer to South Africans of British descent. It refers to the Cape Colony where the immigrants to whom many South Africans can trace their origins from settled during its time as British colony. The term is considered an equivalent of 'Cape Dutch'.

==Notable Africans of British descent==

===Explorers, politicians, civil servants, businesspeople and clergy===
*[[Roy Bennett (politician)|Roy Bennett]] (1957-2018), Zimbabwean politician
*[[Verney Lovett Cameron]] (1844–1894), explorer
*[[Rob Davies (South African minister)|Rob Davies]] (born 1948), South African Member of [[Parliament of South Africa|Parliament]]
*[[Rufane Shaw Donkin]] (1773–1841), founder of [[Port Elizabeth]]
*[[Tim Harris (South African politician)|Tim Harris]] (born c. 1979), Shadow Minister of Finance in South Africa
*[[Emily Hobhouse]] (1860–1926), welfare campaigner
*[[Trevor Huddleston]] (1913–1998), Anglican archbishop, anti-apartheid activist and [[Isitwalandwe Medal]]list
*[[Sir Leander Starr Jameson]] (also known as "Doctor Jim", 1853–1917), medical doctor and colleague of [[Cecil Rhodes]]
*[[Lucy Lloyd]] (1834–1914), philologist and explorer
*[[William Lloyd (Archdeacon of Durban)|William Lloyd]] (1802–1881), Anglican clergyman
*[[Harry Johnston]] (1858–1927), explorer and civil servant
*[[Dick King]] (1813–1871), transport rider
*[[John Kirk (explorer)|John Kirk]] (1832–1922), leader of Kenya settlers
*[[David Livingstone]] (1813–1873), medical missionary and explorer
*[[John X. Merriman]] (1841–1926), last Prime Minister of the Cape Colony
*[[E. D. Morel]] (1873–1924), British journalist, author and socialist politician<!-- British mother -->
*[[Nicholas Mostyn]] (born 1957), British judge
*[[Elon Musk]] (born 1971), Internet and technology entrepreneur and founder of [[SpaceX]] and [[Tesla Motors]]
*[[Nicky Oppenheimer]] (born 1945), chairman of [[De Beers]]
*[[Mungo Park (explorer)|Mungo Park]] (1771–1806), explorer
*[[Cecil Rhodes]] (1853–1902), businessman and politician
*[[Guy Scott]] (born 1944), Vice President of Zambia
*[[Frederick Selous]] (1851–1917), explorer after whom the [[Selous Scouts]] were named
*[[Theophilus Shepstone]] (1817–1893), Zulu language interpreter and civil servant
*[[Mark Shuttleworth]] (born 1973), Internet entrepreneur, founder of [[Thawte]] and [[Canonical Ltd.]], [[Space tourism|space tourist]]
*[[Sir Harry Smith, 1st Baronet|Harry Smith]] (1787–1860), Governor of the Cape Colony and founder of [[Ladysmith, KwaZulu-Natal|Ladysmith]], which he named after his wife
*[[Ian Smith]] (1919–2007), Prime Minister of [[Rhodesia]], or [[Southern Rhodesia]], from 1964 to 1979
*[[Richard Southey (colonial administrator)|Richard Southey]] (1808–1901), Colonial Secretary and Treasurer, Lieutenant-Governor of Griqualand-West
*[[Henry Morton Stanley]] (1841–1904), colleague of [[David Livingstone]]
*[[George Steer]] (1909–1944), British journalist notable for his coverage of various conflicts during the 1930s and early 1940s
*[[Ted Swales|Edwin Swales, V.C.]] (1915–1945), pilot killed in [[World War II]]
*[[Allan Wilson (army officer)|Allan Wilson]] (1856–1893), leader of the [[Shangani Patrol]], the African equivalent of [[Custer's Last Stand]]

===Authors, poets, academics and journalists===
*[[Allan MacLeod Cormack]] (1924-1998), physicist 
*[[Jani Allan]] (born 1952), journalist
*[[William Boyd (writer)|William Boyd]] (born 1952), writer
*[[Robert Broom]] (1866–1951), doctor and paleontologist
*[[Guy Butler (poet)|Guy Butler]] ( 1918–2001), author, poet and playwright
*[[Roy Campbell (poet)|Roy Campbell]] (1901–1957), poet
*[[Jack Cope]] (1913–1991), author
*[[Bryce Courtenay]] (1933–2012), author
*[[Robyn Curnow]] (born 1972), journalist
*[[Alex Crawford]] (born 1963), journalist
*[[Richard Dawkins]] (born 1941), evolutionary biologist, author of ''[[The God Delusion]]''
*[[John Edmond]] (born 1936), folk singer
*[[James Percy FitzPatrick|Percy FitzPatrick]] (1862–1931), transport rider and author
*[[Bruce Fordyce]] (born 1955), ultra-marathon runner
*[[Athol Fugard]] (born 1932), author, actor and playwright<!-- Afrikaner mother, his father had British ancestry -->
*[[Alexandra Fuller]] (born 1969), author
*[[Peter Godwin (writer)|Peter Godwin]] (born 1957), author and journalist
*[[Nadine Gordimer]] (1923-2014), author, anti-apartheid activist and winner of 1991 [[Nobel Prize in Literature]]<!-- Gordimer is Jewish, half British Jewish -->
*[[A. C. Grayling]] (born 1949), philosopher and academic
*[[William Hamilton (British Army officer)|William Hamilton]] (1891–1917), poet killed in [[World War I]]
*[[Glynn Isaac]] (1937–1985), palaeoanthropologist
*[[Louis Leakey]] (1903–1972), palaeoanthropologist
*[[Mary Leakey]] (1913–1996), palaeoanthropologist
*[[Richard Leakey]] (born 1944), palaeoanthropologist and conservationist
*[[Doris Lessing]] (1919-2013), author
*[[David Lewis-Williams]] (born 1934), archaeologist
*[[Alan Paton]] (1903–1988), author
*[[David Grey Rattray]] (1958–2007), historian
*[[Olive Schreiner]] (1855–1920), author<!-- British mother -->
*[[Wilbur Smith]] (born 1933), author
*[[Allister Sparks]] (born 1933), investigative journalist, former editor of ''[[The Rand Daily Mail]]'', [[Nieman Fellow]] and political commentator
*[[Edward Stourton (journalist)|Edward Stourton]] (born 1957), journalist
*[[Winston Sterzel]] travel vlogger, documentary maker and businessman
*[[J. R. R. Tolkien]] (1892–1973), author

===Sportspeople, musicians and actors===
*[[Charlene, Princess of Monaco]] (born 1978), Olympic swimmer<!-- has British and German ancestry -->
*[[Saffron (singer)|Saffron]] (born Samatha Sprackling), lead singer of [[Republica]]
*[[Kork Ballington]] (born 1951), motorcycle road racer
*[[Rory Byrne]] (born 1944), engineer and Formula One car designer
*[[Mike Catt]] (born 1971), rugby player
*[[Kitch Christie]] (1940–1998), rugby coach who took the [[South Africa national rugby union team|Springboks]] to victory in the [[1995 Rugby World Cup]]
*[[Johnny Clegg]] (also known as "The White Zulu", 1953-2019), musician<!-- British father -->
*[[Sharlto Copley]] (born 1973), film actor, producer and director
*[[Kirsty Coventry]] (born 1983), Olympic swimmer
*[[Kevin Curren]] (born 1958), tennis player
*[[Andy Flower]] (born 1968), cricketer, coach of England's national cricket team
*[[Chris Froome]] (born 1985), cyclist
*[[Richard E. Grant]] (born 1957), actor, director and screenwriter
*[[Butch James]] (born 1979), rugby player
*[[Watkin Tudor Jones]] (born 1974), rapper, music producer, satirist, [[Die Antwoord]] lead vocalist
*[[Andrew Lincoln]] (born 1971), actor
*[[Dave Matthews]] (born 1967), musician
*[[Alexander McCall Smith]] (born 1948), author
*[[Mark McNulty]] (born 1953), golfer
*[[Percy Montgomery]] (born 1974), rugby player
*[[Gordon Murray]] (born 1946), Formula One car designer
*[[Steve Nash]] (born 1974), basketball player
*[[Kevin Pietersen]] (born 1980), cricketer<!-- Afrikaner father, British mother -->
*[[Gary Player]] (born 1935), golfer
*[[Graeme Pollock]] (born 1944), cricketer
*[[Shaun Pollock]] (born 1973), cricketer
*[[Nick Price]] (born 1957), golfer
*[[Ray Price (cricketer)|Ray Price]] (born 1976), cricketer
*[[Matt Prior]] (born 1982), cricketer
*[[Jim Redman]] (born 1931), motorcycle road racer
*[[Barry Richards]] (born 1945), cricketer
*[[Jonty Rhodes]] (born 1969), cricketer
*[[Rory Sabbatini]] (born 1976), golfer<!-- has Italian, Irish and Scottish ancestry -->
*[[Bobby Skinstad]] (born 1976), rugby player<!-- British mother -->
*[[Heath Streak]] (born 1974), cricketer
*[[Graeme Smith]] (born 1981), cricketer
*[[Jordy Smith]] (born 1988), professional surfer
*[[Winston Sterzel]] travel vlogger, documentary maker and businessman<!-- partial German ancestry -->
*[[Andrew Strauss]] (born 1977), cricketer
*[[Wrex Tarr]] (1934–2006), comedian
*[[Brendan Taylor]] (born 1986), cricketer
*[[Anya Taylor-Joy]] (born 1996), actress
*[[Clem Tholet]] (1948–2004), folk singer<!-- his paternal grandfather was from Belgium, his paternal grandmother's mother was an Australian of British descent, not sure about his mother's ancestry-->
*[[Jonathan Trott]] (born 1981), cricketer
*[[Hugo Weaving]] (born 1960), actor
*[[Roger Whittaker]] (1936-2023), musician
<!--
==See also==
-->

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book|last=Campbell|first=Colin Turing|title=British South Africa: A History of the Colony of the Cape of Good Hope from its Conquest 1795 to the Settlement of Albany by the British Emigration of 1819 (1795–1825) with Notices of Some of the British Settlers of 1820|year=1897|url=https://archive.org/details/britishsouthafri00camp|publisher=[[John Haddon & Co]].|access-date=25 July 2013}}

{{British diaspora|state=autocollapse}}
{{Ethnic groups in South Africa|state=autocollapse}}

<!--Categories-->
[[Category:British diaspora in Africa| ]]
[[Category:African people of British descent| ]]
[[Category:British Empire]]
[[Category:European diaspora in South Africa]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Kenya]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Namibia]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Zambia]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Zimbabwe]]