Bihar: Difference between revisions

{{Use dmy dates|date=AugustSeptember 2024}}

{{Use Indian English|date=AugustSeptember 2024}}

| HDI = {{DecreaseIncrease}} 0.571577 ({{color|#fc0|Medium}})<ref name="snhdi-gdl">{{cite web |title=Sub-national HDI – Area Database |url=https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadatashdi/table/shdi/IND/ |website=Global Data Lab |publisher=Institute for Management Research, Radboud University |access-date=328 JulySep 20212024 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923120638/https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/ |archive-date=23 September 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>

| HDI_year = 20212022

The name ''Bihar'' is derived from the [[Sanskrit]] and [[Pali]] word ''[[vihāra]]'' ([[Devanagari]]: विहार), meaning "abode" and usually referred to a Buddhist monastery. The region roughly encompassing the present state had many Buddhist vihāras, the abodes of Buddhist monks in the ancient and medieval periods.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kumar |first1=Swargesh |title=Bihar Tourism: Retrospect and Prospect |date=2012 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=9788180697999 |page=101 |url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Bihar_Tourism_Retrospect_and_Prospect/dSZ987-0Fb8C?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=bihar+etymology&pg=PA100PA101&printsec=frontcover |quote=The name Bihar is derived from the Sanskrit word Vihār (Devanagari) which means "abode".}}</ref>

Decades following the independence in 1947 were full of violent conflicts between the landless section of Bihari society and the landed elite who controlled the government at various level. This was an outcome of the failed land reform drive and improper implementation of the land ceiling laws that were passed by [[Indian National Congress]] government in the 1950s. Landed castes like [[Rajput]] and [[Bhumihar]] grewbecame suspicious of the land reforms and used their influence in government to hinder the efforts of the land redistribution programme, which may have alleviated the huge caste based income inequalities. Unscrupulous tactics such as [[absentee landlordism]] neutralizedneutralised the reforms which was architected by [[Krishna Ballabh Sahay]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eDRPDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA198|title=Politics And Governance In Indian States Bihar, West Bengal And Tripura|author1=Subrata Kumar Mitra|author2=Harihar Bhattacharyya|publisher=World Scientific|year=2018|isbn=978-9813208247|pages=198–200|access-date=10 June 2022|archive-date=9 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220609193754/https://books.google.co.in/books?id=eDRPDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA198&dq=|url-status=live}}Zamindari abolition was not immediately followed by land reforms measures, as Bhumihars and Rajputs, the landowning classes dominant in the Congress, became suspicious. K B Sahay, the main architect of the land reforms, had to restrain the efforts.This worsened the conditions of non-occupancy tenants. Fixation of ceiling and distribution of surplus land could not be imple mented effectively as these laws had a number of conciliatory provisions and the landowners could keep the land under various other categories in excess of the stipulated area.

In the [[Zamindari]] areas of Bihar, such as [[Bhojpur district]], the [[Dalit]]s were also subjected to frequent humiliation and practice of [[begar]] existed. This led to first spark of mass scale [[naxalism]] to grew up in the plains of Bhojpur. This armed struggle was led initially by [[Jagdish Mahto|Master Jagdish Mahto]], a school teacher turned naxalite.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Sinha|first=Arun|title=Class War in Bhojpur: I|journal=[[Economic and Political Weekly]]|volume= 13|issue= 1|year=1978|pages=10–11|jstor=4366262|quote=He tried to make the poor aware of their condition through a newspaper, but was balked by lack of money and response. He tried democratic protest through the torchlight procession but nothing came of it.Ever since he joined the school, the Master had been going to Ekwari, his village, on leave. As he suffered from chronic dysentery, nobody in the school suspected how the science teacher was using his leave. Towards the end of 1969, his absences on leave became more frequent. That year mysterious' incidents started occurring at Ekwari. Some day a haystack in a landlord's barn would be set on fire, another day someone's crops would be found cut. Reports of these incidents had started reaching Arrah. Soon after the Master applied for three months' leave and never returned.}}</ref> Soon, the struggle spread into other parts of Bihar, where the landlords and agricultural labourers locked horns against each other. Between 1950 to 2000, several massacres took place. In Bihar, unlike the other parts of India, the naxalism took the form of caste conflict as the landed section of society belonged primarily to [[Forward Castes]] and a section of [[Upper Backward Castes]], on the other hand, the landless were the people belonging to [[Schedule Castes]] and a section of [[Other Backward Castes]]. Formation of caste based private armies called ''Senas''' took place in response to violent activities of the naxalites. One of the most dreaded caste army of the landlord was [[Ranvir Sena]], which was involved in massacres of Dalits in Laxmanpur Bathe.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kumar|first=Ashwani|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=num2I4NFGqIC&pg=PA129|title=Community Warriors: State, Peasants and Caste Armies in Bihar|date=2008|publisher=Anthem Press|isbn=978-1-84331-709-8|pages=129|language=en}}</ref> The Dalit struggle against these caste armies was led by [[Indian People's Front]] and its successor [[Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation]], which was controlled at the upper echelon by the middle peasant castes such as the [[Koeri]]s and [[Yadav]]s, with Dalits and Extremely Backward Castes forming its mass support base and activists.<ref name=Sammadar>{{cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zA2rCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT201|title=Government of Peace: Social Governance, Security and the Problematic of Peace|chapter=Bihar 1990-2011|author=Ranabir Samaddar|date=3 March 2016|publisher=Routledge, 2016|isbn=978-1317125372|access-date=21 June 2022|pages=201–205|archive-date=2 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202201354/https://books.google.com/books?id=zA2rCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT178|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ew2rCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA182|page=182|title=Government of Peace: Social Governance, Security and the Problematic of Peace

Meanwhile, the 1960s saw the rise of political instability in the state with dwindling power of Indian National Congress and rise of parties like [[Samyukta Socialist Party]]. The leaders belonging to Backward Castes became vocal for their political rights. The toppling of [[Mahamaya Prasad Sinha]] government by [[Jagdeo Prasad]] hastened the end of dominance of Forward Caste backed Indian National Congress in the state.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VTQPEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT64|title=JP to BJP: Bihar after Lalu and Nitish|author=Santosh Singh|publisher=SAGE Publishing India|year=2020|access-date=4 January 2021-01-04|isbn=978-9353886660|pages=64–65|archive-date=19 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419204733/https://books.google.co.in/books?id=VTQPEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT64&dq=|url-status=live}}</ref>

Today, Bihar is home to eight [[Institutes of National Importance]]: [[Indian Institute of Technology Patna|IIT Patna]], [[Indian Institute of Management Bodh Gaya|IIM Bodh Gaya]], [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna|AIIMS, Patna]], [[National Institute of Technology, Patna|NIT Patna]], [[Indian Institute of Information Technology, Bhagalpur|IIIT Bhagalpur]], [[National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur|NIPER Hajipur]], [[Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Library|Khuda bakhsh Oriental Library]], and the [[Nalanda University|Nalanda International University]]. In 2008, [[Indian Institutes of Technology Patna]] was inaugurated with students from all over India<ref>{{Cite news|last=Jha|first=Abhay Mohan|date=4 August 2008|title=Brand new IIT in Patna impresses all|publisher=NDTV|url=http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20080059982|url-status=dead|access-date=4 August 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080807051714/http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20080059982|archive-date=7 August 2008}}</ref> and in the same year the [[National Institute of Fashion Technology Patna]] was established as the ninth such institute in India.<ref>{{cite web|author=<!--Not stated-->|date=12 August 2008|title=NIFT starts classes in Patna with 60 students|url=http://twocircles.net/2008aug12/nift_starts_classes_patna_60_students.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322085633/http://twocircles.net/2008aug12/nift_starts_classes_patna_60_students.html|archive-date=22 March 2019|access-date=21 March 2019|website=TwoCircles.net}}</ref> The [[Indian Institute of Management Bodh Gaya]] was established in 2015. In March 2019, the government of Bihar sent a proposal to the centre government to upgrade [[Darbhanga Medical College and Hospital]] into an [[AIIMS]]-like institution.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Kumar|first1=Madan|date=3 March 2019|title=DMCH will be upgraded to AIIMS-like institution: Minister {{!}} Patna News – Times of India|language=en|work=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/dmch-will-be-upgraded-to-aiims-like-institution-minister/articleshow/68236419.cms?from=mdr|access-date=16 August 2019|archive-date=9 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509072320/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/dmch-will-be-upgraded-to-aiims-like-institution-minister/articleshow/68236419.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref> Bihar is home of four [[Central university (India)|Central universities]] which includes [[Central University of South Bihar]], [[Mahatma Gandhi Central University]], [[Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agriculture University]] and [[Nalanda University]]. In 2015, the central government proposed the re-establishment of [[Vikramshila]] in [[Bhagalpur]] and had designated {{INR}}500 crores ({{INR}}5 billion) for it.<ref>{{cite news|date=26 June 2017|title=Bihar drags feet on Central varsity in Bhagalpur; district identifies three chunks of land|language=en|work=Hindustan Times|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bihar-drags-feet-on-central-varsity-in-bhagalpur-district-identifies-three-chunks-of-land/story-69nNH8slT5wuXMKd08h8JP.html|access-date=15 August 2019|archive-date=12 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512154527/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bihar-drags-feet-on-central-varsity-in-bhagalpur-district-identifies-three-chunks-of-land/story-69nNH8slT5wuXMKd08h8JP.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Bihar also has the [[National Institute of Fashion Technology Patna]], [[Chanakya National Law University|National Law University, Patna]] [[Institute of Hotel Management, Hajipur|Institute of Hotel Management]] (IHM), [[Footwear Design and Development Institute|Footwear Design and Development Institute, Bihta]] and [[Central Institute of Plastics Engineering & Technology, Hajipur|Central Institute of Plastic Engineering & Technology]] (CIPET) Center. [[Central Institute of Plastics Engineering & Technology, Hajipur|CIPET]] and [[Institute of Hotel Management, Hajipur|IHM]] was established in [[Hajipur]] in 1994 and 1998 respectively. [[Bihar Engineering University]] was established under Bihar Engineering ''University Act, 2021 of'' [[Government of Bihar|Bihar Government]]<ref>{{cite web|date=2008|title=The Aryabhatta Knowledge University Act, 2008|url=http://akubihar.ac.in/Administration/Docs/AKU_Act_2008(English).pdf|access-date=3 August 2017|publisher=[[Government of Bihar]]|archive-date=27 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200327152646/http://akubihar.ac.in/Administration/Docs/AKU_Act_2008(English).pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> with the purpose of the development and management of educational infrastructure related to technical, medical, management, and related professional education in Bihar.<ref name="campus">{{cite news|date=3 January 2015|title=Tech cradles fail to shift to permanent campus|work=The Times of India|agency=Times News Network|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Tech-cradles-fail-to-shift-to-permanent-campus/articleshow/45737175.cms|access-date=3 August 2017|archive-date=11 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611062440/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/tech-cradles-fail-to-shift-to-permanent-campus/articleshow/45737175.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Based on 2020–21 data, [[Bihar Engineering University]] has 56 http://www.beu-bih.ac.in/BEUP/Affiliated_Colleges.aspx and Bihar medical science University under the Bihar medical science University act, 2021. There are [[Pharmacy]] colleges, 15 [[Medical college]]s, and 36 Nursing colleges after establishing this university. Aryabhatta Knowledge University has 33 educational colleges, 8 [[community college|community colleges]], and one [[Vocational university|vocational college]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=.:Official Website : Aryabhatta Knowledge University, Patna:.|url=http://akubihar.ac.in/Colleges/Engineering.aspx|access-date=1 February 2020|website=akubihar.ac.in|archive-date=9 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209231746/http://akubihar.ac.in/Colleges/Engineering.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Chanakya National Law University]] and [[Chandragupt Institute of Management]] were established in the later half of 2008 and now attracts students from not just within Bihar but also students from far flung states. [[Nalanda University|Nalanda International University]] was established in 2014 with active investment from countries such as Japan, Korea, and China. The A.N. Sinha Institute of Social Studies is a premier research institute in the state.<ref>{{cite web|title=Premier Research Institute: ANSISS|url=http://www.ansiss.org/AboutUs.aspx|url-status=deadusurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100513005424/http://www.ansiss.org/AboutUs.aspx|archive-date=13 May 2010|publisher=Official website}}</ref> Bihar has eight medical colleges which are funded by the government, namely [[Patna Medical College and Hospital]], [[Nalanda Medical College and Hospital]], [[Vardhman Institute of Medical Sciences]], [[Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences]], [[Darbhanga Medical College and Hospital]], [[Anugrah Narayan Magadh Medical College and Hospital]] [[Gaya, India|Gaya]], [[Sri Krishna Medical College and Hospital]], [[Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Bhagalpur]], Government Medical College, Bettiah and five private medical colleges<ref>{{cite news|date=18 August 2013|title=First brick for new hospital|language=en|work=www.telegraphindia.com|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/bihar/first-brick-for-new-hospital/cid/266659|access-date=2 September 2019|archive-date=6 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210306225954/https://www.telegraphindia.com/bihar/first-brick-for-new-hospital/cid/266659|url-status=live}}</ref> Bihar has the seven oldest Government Engineering colleges; [[Muzaffarpur Institute of Technology|Muzaffarpur institute of technology]], [[Bhagalpur College of Engineering|Bhagalpur college of Engineering]], [[Gaya College of Engineering|Gaya college of Engineering]], [[Nalanda College of Engineering]], [[Darbhanga College of Engineering|Darbhanga college of Engineering]], [[Motihari College of Engineering|Motihari college of Engineering]], and the [[Loknayak Jai Prakash Institute of Technology]].