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===Political activism===
{{main|University of Chicago sit-ins}}
Sanders later described his time in [[Chicago]] as "the major period of intellectual ferment in my life."<ref name=chicago>{{cite magazine |url=https://jacobinmag.com/2019/03/bernie-sanders-chicago-speech-university-activism-core-ypsl |title=What Chicago Taught Bernie |last=Kampf-Lassin |first=Miles |date=March 3, 2019 |magazine=Jacobin |access-date=March 4, 2019 |archive-date=April 16, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200416232830/https://jacobinmag.com/2019/03/bernie-sanders-chicago-speech-university-activism-core-ypsl |url-status=live }}</ref> While there, he joined the [[Young People's Socialist League (1907)|Young People's Socialist League]] (the youth affiliate of the [[Socialist Party of America]])<ref name=Politico>{{cite web |last=Kruse |first=Michael |date=July 9, 2015 |title=Bernie Sanders Has a Secret: Vermont, his son and the hungry early years that made him the surging socialist he is today |website=[[Politico]] |quote=After he graduated from James Madison High School in 1959, he went to Brooklyn College for a year before transferring to the University of Chicago, where he joined the Congress of Racial Equality, the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), the Student Peace Union, and the Young People's Socialist League. |url=https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2015/07/bernie-sanders-vermont-119927_full.html |access-date=July 18, 2015 |archive-date=May 2, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502161956/https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2015/07/bernie-sanders-vermont-119927_full.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> and was active in the [[civil rights movement]] as a student for the [[Congress of Racial Equality]] (CORE) and the [[Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee]] (SNCC).<ref name="Shoah"/><ref name="Nichols">{{cite magazine |last=Nichols |first=John |author-link=John Nichols (journalist) |date=July 6, 2015 |title=Bernie Sanders Speaks |magazine=[[The Nation]] |url=https://www.thenation.com/article/bernie-sanders-speaks/ |access-date=July 19, 2015 |archive-date=July 17, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717115149/http://www.thenation.com/article/bernie-sanders-speaks/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Under his chairmanship, the university chapter of CORE merged with the university chapter of the SNCC.<ref name="Mother Jones activism history">{{cite web|url=https://www.motherjones.com/mojo/2016/02/bernie-sanders-core-university-chicago|title=Here's What Bernie Sanders Actually Did in the Civil Rights Movement|magazine=[[Mother Jones (magazine)|Mother Jones]]|date=February 11, 2016|access-date=February 11, 2016|last=Murphy|first=Tim|archive-date=May 19, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519130201/http://www.motherjones.com/mojo/2016/02/bernie-sanders-core-university-chicago|url-status=live}}</ref> In January 1962, he went to a rally at the [[University of Chicago]] administration building to protest university president [[George Wells Beadle]]'s [[Housing segregation in the United States|segregated campus housing policy]]. At the protest, Sanders said, "We feel it is an intolerable situation when Negro and white students of the university cannot live together in university-owned apartments". He and 32 other students then entered the building and camped outside the president's office.<ref name=Frizell/><ref>{{cite news |last=Perlstein |first=Rick |date=January 2015 |title=A political education |magazine=The University of Chicago Magazine |url=https://mag.uchicago.edu/law-policy-society/political-education |access-date=September 10, 2015 |archive-date=August 6, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220806103255/https://mag.uchicago.edu/law-policy-society/political-education |url-status=live }}</ref> After weeks of sit-ins, Beadle and the university formed a commission to investigate discrimination.<ref name="Craven2015">{{cite news|last=Craven |first=Jasper |date=August 26, 2015 |title=Can Sanders' civil rights experience at U. of C. translate on campaign trail? |work=[[Chicago Tribune]] |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/politics/ct-bernie-sanders-university-of-chicago-met-20150826-story.html |access-date=February 9, 2020 |archive-date=January 8, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108182818/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-bernie-sanders-university-of-chicago-met-20150826-story.html |url-status=live |issn=1085-6706}}</ref> After further protests, the University of Chicago ended racial segregation in private university housing in the summer of 1963.<ref name=chicago />
[[Joan Mahoney]], a member of the University of Chicago CORE chapter at the time and a fellow participant in the sit-ins, described Sanders in a 2016 interview as "a swell guy, a nice Jewish boy from Brooklyn, but he wasn't terribly charismatic. One of his strengths, though, was his ability to work with a wide group of people, even those he didn't agree with."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2016/sep/16/bernie-sanders-civil-rights-protest-chicago-1962-photography |title='He wasn't terribly charismatic': Bernie Sanders leads a civil rights protest in 1962 |last1=Booth |first1=Hannah |date=September 16, 2016 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=September 16, 2016 |archive-date=January 28, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200128214948/https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2016/sep/16/bernie-sanders-civil-rights-protest-chicago-1962-photography |url-status=live }}</ref> Sanders once spent a day putting up fliers protesting [[police brutality]], only to notice later that Chicago police had shadowed him and taken them all down.<ref name=Frizell/> He attended the 1963 [[March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom]], where [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] gave the "[[I Have a Dream]]" speech.<ref name="Shoah"/><ref name =Frizell>{{cite magazine |last=Frizell |first=Sam |url=https://time.com/3896500/bernie-sanders-vermont-campaign-radical/ |access-date=February 9, 2020 |title=The Radical Education of Bernie Sanders |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=May 26, 2015 |archive-date=December 10, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151210203745/http://time.com/3896500/bernie-sanders-vermont-campaign-radical/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=release>{{cite web |last=Sanders |first=Bernie |title=News August 25 |website=Senate.gov |url=https://www.sanders.senate.gov/newsroom/newswatch/082513 |date=August 25, 2013 |access-date=June 17, 2015 |archive-date=February 6, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200206110910/https://www.sanders.senate.gov/newsroom/newswatch/082513 |url-status=dead }}</ref> That summer, Sanders was fined $25 ({{Inflation|US|25|1963|fmt=eq}}) for resisting arrest during a demonstration in [[Englewood, Chicago|Englewood]] against [[Racial segregation in the United States|segregation]] in Chicago's public schools.<ref name=chicago /><ref name="Skiba">{{cite news|last=Skiba|first=Katherine|date=February 22, 2016|title=Arrest photo of young activist Bernie Sanders emerges from Tribune archives|newspaper=[[Chicago Tribune]]|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-bernie-sanders-1963-chicago-arrest-20160219-story.html|access-date=May 28, 2018|archive-date=July 13, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713083441/https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-bernie-sanders-1963-chicago-arrest-20160219-story.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Murphy |first=Tim |date=August 26, 2015 |title=Read 21-Year-Old Bernie Sanders' Manifesto on Sexual Freedom |work=[[Mother Jones (magazine)|Mother Jones]] |url=https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2015/05/bernie-sanders-university-of-chicago-free-love |access-date=September 10, 2015 |archive-date=August 6, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220806111732/https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2015/05/bernie-sanders-university-of-chicago-free-love/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
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