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{{short description|French politician (born 1945)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Alain Juppé
| image = Alain Juppé à Québec en 2015 (cropped 2).jpg
| office = Member of the [[PrimeConstitutional Minister ofCouncil (France)|Constitutional Council]]
| presidentterm_start = [[Jacques12 March Chirac]]2019
| appointer = [[Richard Ferrand]]
| term_start = 17 May 1995
| term_endpresident = 2 June 1997 = [[Laurent Fabius]]
| predecessor = [[ÉdouardLionel BalladurJospin]]
| successoroffice1 = [[LionelPrime Minister of JospinFrance]]
| president1 = [[Jacques Chirac]]
| office1 = Member of the [[Constitutional Council (France)|Constitutional Council]]▼
| term_start1 = 1217 MarchMay 20191995
| term_end1 = 2 June 1997
| appointer1predecessor1 = [[RichardÉdouard FerrandBalladur]]
| president1successor1 = [[LaurentLionel FabiusJospin]]
| office2 = [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Development (France)|Minister of Foreign and European Affairs]]▼
| predecessor1 = [[Lionel Jospin]]
| president2 = [[Nicolas Sarkozy]]
▲| office2 = [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Development (France)|Minister of Foreign and European Affairs]]
| primeminister2 = [[François Fillon]]
| term_start2 = 27 February 2011
| term_end2 = 15 May 2012
| predecessor2 = [[Michèle Alliot-Marie]]
| successor2 = [[Laurent Fabius]]
| primeminister3 = [[Édouard Balladur]]
| term_start3 = 29 March 1993
| term_end3 = 18 May 1995
| predecessor3 = [[Roland Dumas]]
| successor3 = [[Hervé de Charette]]
| office4 = [[Minister of Defencethe Armed Forces (France)|Minister of Defence and Veterans Affairs]]
| president4 = Nicolas Sarkozy
| primeminister4 = [[François Fillon]]
| term_start4primeminister4 = 14 November= François 2010Fillon
| term_end4term_start4 = 2714 FebruaryNovember 20112010
| term_end4 = 27 February 2011
| predecessor4 = [[Hervé Morin]] {{small|(Defence)}}
| successor4predecessor4 = [[GérardHervé LonguetMorin]] (Defence)
| successor4 = [[Gérard Longuet]]
| office5 = [[Ministry of Ecology, Sustainable Development and Energy|Minister of Ecology and Sustainable Development]]
| president5 = Nicolas Sarkozy
| primeminister5 = [[François Fillon]]
| term_start5primeminister5 = 18 May= François 2007Fillon
| term_end5term_start5 = 18 JuneMay 2007
| term_end5 = 18 June 2007
| predecessor5 = [[Nelly Olin]] {{small|(Environment)}}
| successor5 = [[Jean-Louis Borloo]] {{small|(Ecology, Energy, Sustainable Development and Sea)}}
| office6 = [[List of mayors of Bordeaux|Mayor of Bordeaux]]
| term_start6 = 8 October 2006
| term_end6term_start6 = 78 MarchOctober 20192006
| term_end6 = 7 March 2019
| predecessor6 = [[Hugues Martin]]
| successor6predecessor6 = [[NicolasHugues FlorianMartin]]
| successor6 = [[Nicolas Florian]]
| term_start7 = 19 June 1995
| term_end7term_start7 = 1319 DecemberJune 20041995
| term_end7 = 13 December 2004
| predecessor7 = [[Jacques Chaban-Delmas]]
| successor7predecessor7 = [[HuguesJacques MartinChaban-Delmas]]
| successor7 = Hugues Martin
| office8 = [[List of Government spokespeople of France|Spokesperson of the Government]]
| primeminister8 = [[Jacques Chirac]]
| term_start8 = 20 March 1986
| term_end8 = 10 May 1988
| predecessor8 = [[Georgina Dufoix]]
| successor8 = [[Claude Évin]]
| office9 = [[List of Budget Ministers of France|Delegate Minister of the Budget]]
| primeminister9 = [[Jacques Chirac]]
| term_start9 = 20 March 1986
| term_end9 = 10 May 1988
| predecessor9 = [[Henri Emmanuelli]]
| successor9 = [[Pierre Bérégovoy]]
| birth_name = Alain Marie Juppé
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1945|8|15|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Mont-de-Marsan]], [[Aquitaine]], [[Provisional Government of the French Republic|France]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party = [[Rally for the Republic|RPR]] {{small|(Beforebefore 2002)}}<br />[[Union for a Popular Movement|UMP]] {{small|(2002–15)}}<br />[[The Republicans (France)|The Republicans]] {{small|(2015–18)}}
| spouse = {{plainlist|
* {{marriage|Christine Leblond|1965|1993|end=divorced}}<br
* />{{marriage|Isabelle Legrand-Bodin|1993}}
| children = 3▼
| alma_mater = [[École normale supérieure (Paris)|École normale supérieure]]<br />[[Sciences Po]]<br />[[École nationale d'administration]]▼
}}
▲| children = 3
'''Alain Marie Juppé''' ({{IPA-fr|alɛ̃ maʁi ʒype}}; born 15 August 1945) is a French politician. A member of [[The Republicans (France)|The Republicans]], he was [[Prime Minister of France]] from 1995 to 1997 under [[President of France|President]] [[Jacques Chirac]], during which period he faced [[1995 strikes in France|major strikes]] that paralysed the country and became very unpopular. He left office after the victory of the left in the snap [[1997 French legislative election|1997 elections]]. He had previously served as Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1993 to 1995, and as Minister of the Budget and Spokesman for the Government from 1986 to 1988. He was President of the political party [[Union for a Popular Movement]] (UMP) from 2002 to 2004 and [[List of mayors of Bordeaux|mayor of Bordeaux]] from 1995 to 2004.▼
▲| alma_mater = [[École normale supérieure (Paris)|École normale supérieure]]<br />[[Sciences Po]]<br />[[École nationale d'administration]]
}}
▲'''Alain Marie Juppé''' {{Post-nominals|country=CAN|size=100%|OQ}} ({{IPA-|fr|alɛ̃ maʁi ʒype}}; born 15 August 1945) is a French politician. A member of [[The Republicans (France)|The Republicans]], he was [[Prime Minister of France]] from 1995 to 1997 under [[President of France|President]] [[Jacques Chirac]], during which period he faced [[1995 strikes in France|major strikes]] that paralysed the country and became very unpopular. He left office after the victory of the left in the snap [[1997 French legislative election|1997 legislative elections]]. He had previously served as Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1993 to 1995, and as Minister of the Budget and Spokesman for the Government from 1986 to 1988. He was Presidentpresident of the political party [[Union for a Popular Movement]] (UMP) from 2002 to 2004 and [[List of mayors of Bordeaux|mayor of Bordeaux]] from 19952006 to 20042019.
 
After the [[Corruption scandals in the Paris region#Fictional jobs in government offices|ghost jobs affair]] in December 2004, Juppé suspended his political career until he was re-elected as mayor of Bordeaux in October 2006. He served briefly as Minister of State for Ecology and Sustainable Development in 2007, but resigned in June 2007 after failing in his bid to be re-elected in the [[2007 French legislative elections|2007 legislative election]]. He was [[Minister of Defence (France)|Minister of Defence and Veterans Affairs]] from 2010 to 2011 and [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (France)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]] from 2011 to 2012.
 
HeJuppé announced in 2015 his intention to contest his party's primary election ahead of the [[2017 French presidential election|2017 presidential election]]. He came in second place in the first [[The Republicans (France) presidential primary, 2016|open primary of the right and centre]], and in the run-off, he lost to [[François Fillon]]. At the beginning of 2019, he accepted a nomination to become a member of the French [[Constitutional Council (France)|Constitutional Council]] and subsequently announced that he would be resigning as mayor of Bordeaux.
 
At the beginning of 2019, he accepted a nomination to become a member of the French [[Constitutional Council (France)|Constitutional Council]] and subsequently announced that he would be resigning as mayor of Bordeaux.
 
==Early life==
{{BLP unsourcedunreferenced section|date=November 2016}}
Juppé was born Alain Marie Juppé on 15 August 1945, in [[Mont-de-Marsan]], [[Aquitaine]]. His father was Robert Juppé (1915-1998), a Gaullist resistance fighter at the end of [[World War II]], who came from a family of railwaymen and later became a farmer, and his mother was Marie Darroze (1910-2004), the devoted Catholic daughter of a judge.
 
His secondary studies have taken place at the [[Lycée Victor-Duruy (Mont-de-Marsan)|Lycée Victor-Duruy high school]] ([[Landes (department)|Landes]]). At 17, he graduated with a ''[[baccalauréatBaccalauréat]]''. He then came to [[Paris]] for a [[Khâgne|literary preparatory classe]] at the [[Lycée Louis-le-Grand]] and entered the {{Lang|fr|[[École Normale Supérieure]]|École Normale Supérieureitalic=no}} (ENS)]] in 1964 to get a Classics ''[[agrégation]]'' in 1967. He completed his degrees at [[Sciences Po]] (1968) and at the [[École nationale d'administration|National School of Administration (ENA)]] (1970-1972). From 1969 to 1970, he executed his compulsory military service.
 
== Political career ==
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He was minister of budget and spokesperson of Jacques Chirac's government from 1986 to 1988. He contributed to the free-market policy of [[Edouard Balladur]], minister of Finances, during these years. During the [[1988 French presidential election|1988 presidential election]], he combined these positions with those of spokesman of Chirac's campaign and head of his support committee.
 
Then, he was secretary general of the [[Gaullist Party|Rally for the Republic]] (''Rassemblement pour la République'' or RPR) [[political party]] from 1988 to 1995. His role was to maintain Chirac's leadership on the party against the rise of the younger generation of "renovators" and of sovereignist Gaullists such as [[Philippe Séguin]] and [[Charles Pasqua]]. Pasqua humorously wrote in his Memoirs : "''The RPR was now ruled like the North-Korean Communist Party... without the enlightened leadership of [[Kim Il-sung Sung]]''". He led the RPR-UDF alliance with former President [[Valéry Giscard d'Estaing]] for the [[1989 European elections]] but resigned from the [[European Parliament]] some months later because he was only needed to be a kind of electoral locomotive. In 1992, Chirac and Juppé supported the [[treaty of Maastricht]] against the majority of the RPR's members. The Gaullist fringe then considered him as a traitor.
 
In 1993, he was made [[Édouard Balladur]]'s Foreign Minister. Along with [[President Mitterrand]], he advocated a French expedition in Rwanda to save the most possible of threaten lives, while Prime minister Balladur and Defense minister [[François Léotard]] were fearing a slip toward a colonial intervention. Juppé defended the [[Opération Turquoise|Turquoise Operation]] at the [[United Nations]]. Some controversies have emerged later on this subject (in August 2008, he was named in a Rwandan government report on the alleged ''French connection'' in the Rwanda genocide during his tenure as Foreign Minister<ref>[http://www.lexpress.fr/actualite/monde/le-rwanda-menace-de-poursuivre-balladur-juppe-vedrine-et-villepin_546276.html Le Rwanda menace de poursuivre Balladur, Juppé, Védrine et Villepin – L'EXPRESS] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090610053611/http://www.lexpress.fr/actualite/monde/le-rwanda-menace-de-poursuivre-balladur-juppe-vedrine-et-villepin_546276.html |date=10 June 2009 }}. Lexpress.fr. Retrieved 9 April 2011.</ref>). From a general point of view, he has been considered to be one of the best Foreign ministers in France's recent history. Although he held the position of president of the [[RPR (France)|RPR]], he participated in the debate and endorsed Jacques Chirac instead of Balladur in the [[1995 French presidential election|1995 presidential election]].
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Juppé ran unsuccessfully in the [[2007 French legislative elections|2007 legislative elections]], and as a consequence announced his resignation from the government.<ref>[[Reuters]], [https://web.archive.org/web/20070621063812/http://www.lemonde.fr/web/depeches/0,14-0,39-31320656@7-37,0.html Alain Juppé battu annonce sa démission du gouvernement], 17 June 2007</ref> Prime Minister Fillon had announced that all ministers that chose to run in these elections and were beaten would have to leave the government, for it meant that these ministers did not enjoy the confidence of the people.<ref>''[http://www.lesechos.fr/info/france/300171203.htm François Fillon précise le calendrier des réformes]{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}'', ''[[Les Échos (France)|Les Échos]]'', 23 May 2005</ref>
 
On 9 March 2008, Juppé was reelected as Mayor of Bordeaux, winning 56% of the popular vote in the first round.<ref>[https://archive.today/20130213134142/http://www.lesechos.fr/journal20080310/lec1__municipales/4698332.htm "Bordeaux : un triomphe pour Alain Juppé"], ''[[Les Échos (France)|Les Echos]]'', 10 March 2008</ref>
 
=== Back in government (2010–2012) ===
[[File:Alain Juppé et Hillary Clinton.jpg|thumb|Juppé meets with U.S. Secretary of State [[Hillary Clinton]] in Washington, D.C., 6 June 2011]]
[[File:Abdessalem et Juppé.jpg|thumb|French and Tunisian Foreign ministers Alain Juppé and [[Rafik Abdessalem]] at Tunis on 5 January 2012]]
In 2010, after the disappointed result of the [[2010 French regional elections|regional elections of the ruling UMP]], Nicolas Sarkozy called Alain Juppé to come back in government. Juppé refused the Justice Ministry and Interior Ministry. He accepted to be [[Minister of the Armed Forces (France)|Minister of Defense]].
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== Political positions ==
{{Conservatism in France|Politicians}}
 
During his long political career, his views have moved from popular and conservative Gaullism to liberal and pro-European centrism.
 
=== Social issues ===
{{BLP sources section|date=November 2016}}
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=== Immigration and Islam===
In 1977, he proposed granting preferential status for jobs to French citizens. In 1990, he judged that immigration was "a permanent and huge" problem. The same year, the general meeting of the RPR led to strict propositions : borders closing, suspension of immigration, and declarations of the incompatibility between Islam and French laws. Many{{citation observers argued that the nationalist [[National Front (France)needed|National Front]] was less strict on thesedate=October issues.2022}}
 
His position changed in the late 1990s. He supported a [[MEDEF]] report asking for more immigration on the labour market. In 2002, he said "the French peoples have perfectly understood that we need to welcome more foreigners in Europe and in France". He has also denied the effectiveness of a [[cultural assimilation]] of migrants and advocates a simple [[Social integration|integration]], wanting to "happy identity". His positions are harshly criticized by the right-wing part of his party and by the National Front. [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] have mocked him as a naïve idealist and a "prophet of happiness".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/sep/14/alain-juppe-france-prophet-happiness-presidential-wows-rally-crowd |title=Alain Juppé, France's 'prophet of happiness', promises hope |work=The Guardian |location=London |author=Chrisafis, Angelique |date=14 September 2016 |access-date=30 October 2016 |archive-date=7 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107042610/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/sep/14/alain-juppe-france-prophet-happiness-presidential-wows-rally-crowd |url-status=live }}</ref>
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'''Governmental functions'''
 
Prime Minister : 1995–1997.
 
Minister of Budget and government spokesman : 1986–1988.
 
Minister of Foreign Affairs : 1993–1995.
 
Minister of Ecology, Development and Sustainable Planning : May–June 2007.
 
Minister of State, Minister of Defense and Veterans Affairs : 2010–2011.
 
Minister of State, minister of Foreign and European Affairs : 2011–2012.
 
'''Electoral mandates'''
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'''''European Parliament'''''
 
Member of [[European Parliament]] : 1984–1986 (Became minister in 1986) / June–October 1989 (Resignation).
 
'''''National Assembly of France'''''
 
Member of the [[National Assembly of France]] for Paris (18th constituency) : Elected in March 1986 (Became minister in March 1986) / 1988–1993 (Became minister in 1993). Elected in 1986, reelected in 1988, 1993.
 
Member of the [[National Assembly of France]] for [[Gironde]] (2nd constituency) : 1997–2004 (Resignation, involved in judicial affairs in 2004). Reelected in 2002.
 
'''''Regional Council'''''
 
Regional councillor of [[Île-de-France (region)|IleÎle-de-France]] : March–April 1992 (Resignation).
 
'''''Municipal Council'''''
 
[[Mayor (France)|Mayor]] of [[Bordeaux]] : 1995–2004 (Resignation, involved in judicial affairs in 2004) / Since 2006. Reelected in 2001, 2006, 2008, 2014.
 
[[City council (France)|Municipal councillor]] of Bordeaux : 1995–2004 (Resignation, involved in judicial affairs in 2004) / Since 2006. Reelected in 2001, 2006, 2008.
 
Deputy-mayor of Paris XVIIIe : 1983–1995. Reelected in 1989.
 
Councillor of Paris : 1983–1995. Reelected in 1989.
 
'''''Urban community Council'''''
 
President of the [[Urban Community of Bordeaux]] : 1995–2004 (Resignation, involved in judicial affairs in 2004) / Since 2014. Reelected in 2001, 2014.
 
Vice-president of the [[Urban Community of Bordeaux]] : 2006–2014. Reelected in 2008.
 
Member of the [[Urban Community of Bordeaux]] : 1995–2004 (Resignation, involved in judicial affairs in 2004) / Since 2006. Reelected in 2001, 2006, 2008, 2014.
 
'''Political functions'''
 
President of the [[Rally for the Republic]] : 1994–1997.
 
President of the [[Union for a Popular Movement]] : 2002–2004 (Involved in judicial affairs in 2004).
 
==Composition of Juppé ministries==
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[[Category:Sciences Po alumni]]
[[Category:Inspection générale des finances (France)]]
[[Category:French Foreign Ministersministers of France]]
[[Category:FrenchBudget Ministersministers of BudgetFrance]]
[[Category:French Ministers of Defencedefence and Veteransveterans affairs of AffairsFrance]]
[[Category:French politicians convicted of crimes]]
[[Category:French Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:Government spokespersons of France]]
[[Category:Grand Cross of the NationalOrdre Ordernational ofdu Merit (France)Mérite]]
[[Category:Grand OfficiersOfficers of the LégionLegion d'honneurof Honour]]
[[Category:Lycée Louis-le-Grand alumni]]
[[Category:Mayors of Bordeaux]]
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[[Category:Officers of the National Order of Quebec]]
[[Category:People from Mont-de-Marsan]]
[[Category:People of the First Libyan Civilcivil war War(2011)]]
[[Category:Prime Ministersministers of France]]
[[Category:Rally for the Republic politicians]]
[[Category:Union for a Popular Movement politicians]]
[[Category:Young Leaders of the French-American Foundation]]
[[Category:French Ministers of the Environmentenvironment of France]]
[[Category:State ministers of France]]
[[Category:Deputies of the 12th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic]]
[[Category:Carnegie Council for Ethics in International Affairs]]
[[Category:21st-century French diplomats]]
▲| office1 = Member[[Category:Members of the [[Constitutional Council (France)|Constitutional Council]]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alain_Juppé"