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|title=Conquerors: How Portugal Forged the First Global Empire
|publisher=Faber & Faber
|location=London}}</ref> Forced conversions lead to [[crypto-Hinduism]] and those accused of it were jailed and subsequently burnt to death.<ref name="Wojciehowski2011p215">{{cite book|author=Hannah Chapelle Wojciehowski|title=Group Identity in the Renaissance World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XRY6rgYan00C&pg=PA215|year=2011|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-00360-6|pages=215–216 with footnotes 98–100}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Gustav Henningsen|author2=Marisa Rey-Henningsen|title=Inquisition and Interdisciplinary History|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=_AXXAAAAMAAJ|year= 1979|publisher= Dansk folkemindesamling|page=125}}</ref>
|location=London}}</ref>
[[File:Codice Casanatense Portuguese Nobleman and Christian Indian.jpg|thumb|Christian maidens of Goa meeting a Portuguese nobleman seeking a wife, from the [[Códice Casanatense]] (c. 1540)]]
During the mid-16th century, the city of [[Velha Goa|Goa]], was the center of [[ChristianisationChristianization]] in the East.<ref>{{harvnb|de Mendonça|2002|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Mh3kKf0VSfQC&pg=PA67 67]}}</ref> ChristianisationChristianization in Goa was largely limited to the four ''[[concelho]]s'' (districts) of [[Bardez]], [[Mormugao]], [[Salcette]], &and [[Tiswadi]].<ref>{{harvnb|Borges|Stubbe|2000|p=304}}</ref> Furthermore, evangelisation activities were divided in 1555 by the Portuguese viceroy of Goa, [[Pedro Mascarenhas]].<ref name="Meersman"/> He allotted [[Bardez]] to the [[Franciscans]], [[Tiswadi]] to the [[Dominican Order|Dominicans]], and [[Salcette]], together with fifteen southeastern villages of Tiswadi, including [[Chorão (Island)|Chorão]] and [[Divar]], to the [[Jesuits]].<ref name="Meersman"/> The city of [[Old Goa]] was shared among all, since all the religious orders had their headquarters there.<ref name="Meersman">{{harvnb|Meersman|1971|p=107}}</ref> Prior to that, the Franciscans alone christianized Goa till 1542.<ref>{{harvnb|de Mendonça|2002|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Mh3kKf0VSfQC 80]}}</ref> Other less active orders that maintained a presence in Goa were the [[Augustines]], [[Carmelites]], and [[Theatines]].<ref>{{harvnb|Prabhu|1999|p=111}}</ref>
[[File:Saint Francis Xavier taking leave of King John III (1635) - José Avelar Rebelo.png|thumb|right|250px|Jesuit missionary [[Francis Xavier]] taking leave of [[John III of Portugal]] before his departure to Goa in 1541, by [[José de Avelar Rebelo|Avelar Rebelo]] (1635)]]
The first mass conversions took place among the [[Brahmin]]s of Divar, and the [[Kshatriya]]s of [[Karmali|Carambolim]].<ref name="Divar">{{harvnb|Gomes|1987|p=64}}</ref> In Bardez, Mangappa Shenoy of [[Pilerne]] converted to Christianity in 1555, adopting the name Pero Ribeiro and thus becoming the first native Christian male convert of Bardez.<ref name="rib">{{harvnb|Mascarenhas|2008|loc=|Ref=cun}}</ref> His conversion was followed by that of his brother Panduranga and his uncle Balkrishna Shenoy, who is the direct patrilineal ancestor of Goan historian [[José Gerson da Cunha]].<ref name="rib"/> In Salcette, [[Raia (village)|Raia]] was the first village to have been Christianised, when its populace converted ''en masse'' to Christianity in 1560.<ref>{{harvnb|Prabhu|1999|p=101}}</ref>
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===Name changes===
The process of Christianization was simultaneously accompanied by LusitanisationLusitanization, as the Christian converts typically assumed a Portuguese veneer.<ref name="ChandrappaNaik"/> The most visible aspect was the discarding of old Konkani Hindu names for new Portuguese ChristianCatholic names at the time of [[Baptism]].<ref name="ChandrappaNaik"/> The 1567 Provincial Council of Goa — under the presidency of the first Archbishop of Goa [[Gaspar Jorge de Leão Pereira]], and then under the presidency of his successor [[Jorge Temudo]] — passed over 115 decrees.<ref name="VittuPrabhu"/> One of them declared that the Goan Catholic ChristiansCatholics would henceforth not be permitted to use their former Hindu names.<ref name="VittuPrabhu">{{harvnb|de Sousa|2011|p=69}}</ref>
 
The converts typically adopted the surnames of the Portuguese priest, governor, soldier or layman who stood as godfather for their [[baptism]] ceremony.<ref name="ChandrappaNaik">{{harvnb|Prabhu|1999|p=133}}</ref> For instance, the ''Boletim do Instituto Vasco da Gama'' lists the new names of some of the prominent ''ganvkars'' ([[Konkani language|Konkani]]: Freeholders). Rama Prabhu, son of Dado Vithal Prabhu from [[Benaulim]], [[Salcette]], became Francisco Fernandes; Mahabal Pai, son of Nara Pai, became Manuel Fernandes in 1596. Mahabal Kamat of [[Curtorim]] became Aleisco Menezes in 1607, while Chandrappa Naik of Gandaulim became António Dias in 1632. In 1595 Vittu Prabhu became Irmão de Diogo Soares and the son of Raulu Kamat became Manuel Pinto in [[Aldona]], [[Bardez]]. Ram Kamat of Punola became Duarte Lobo in 1601, while Tados Irmaose of [[Anjuna]] became João de Souza in 1658.<ref>{{harvnb|Kudva|1972|p=359}}</ref>
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