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{{Short description|Genus of flowering plants}}
{{Automatic taxobox
|image = Starr 010309-0546 Calophyllum inophyllum.jpg
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|authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
|subdivision_ranks = Species
|subdivision =
|synonyms =
*''Schmidelia'' {{Au|Boehm.}} (Homotypic)
*''Apoterium'' {{Au|Blume}}
*''
*''Calaba'' {{Au|Mill.}}
*''Ponna'' {{Au|Boehm.}}
|synonyms_ref = <ref name=POWO>{{cite web |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:19322-1 |title=''Calophyllum'' L. |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |date=2022 |access-date=27 January 2024 }}</ref>{{sfn|Blume|1825|p=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/428347#page/224/mode/1up 218]}}{{sfn|Loureiro|1790|p=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/654162#page/114/mode/1up 468]}}{{sfn|Miller|1754|p=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/150892#page/525/mode/1up]}}{{sfn|Ludwig|Böhmer|1760|p=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/27736#page/290/mode/1up 268]}}{{sfn|Ludwig|Böhmer|1760|p=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/27736#page/423/mode/1up 371]}}
}}
'''''Calophyllum''''' is a [[genus]] of [[tropics|tropical]] [[flowering plant]]s in the [[family (biology)|family]] [[Calophyllaceae]]. They are mainly distributed in [[Asia]], with some species in [[Africa]], the Americas, [[Australasia]], and the [[Pacific Islands]].<ref name="china">
==History==
Members of the genus ''Calophyllum'' native to [[
==Description==
''Calophyllum'' are [[tree]]s or [[shrub]]s. They produce a colorless, white, or yellow [[latex]]. The oppositely arranged leaves have leathery blades often borne on [[petiole (botany)|petioles]].<ref name=china/> The leaves are distinctive, with narrow parallel veins alternating with [[resin]] canals.<ref name=diaz>{{cite journal |last1=Díaz
==Uses==
Many species are used for their [[wood]]. Some are [[hardwood]] trees that can reach 30 meters in height. They tend to grow rapidly. The outer sapwood is yellowish, yellow-brown, or orange, sometimes with a pink tinge, and the inner heartwood is light reddish to red-brown. The wood has a streaked, ribboned, or zig-zag grain. The wood has been used to build boats, flooring, and furniture, and made into [[plywood]].<ref>[http://www.daff.qld.gov.au/forestry/using-wood-and-its-benefits/wood-properties-of-timber-trees/calophyllum ''Calophyllum''.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140911052306/http://www.daff.qld.gov.au/forestry/using-wood-and-its-benefits/wood-properties-of-timber-trees/calophyllum |date=2014-09-11 }} Wood Properties and Uses of Australian Timbers. Queensland Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry. 2010.</ref><ref>Richter, H. G. and M. J. Dallwitz. 2000 onwards. [http://delta-intkey.com/wood/en/www/gutca-bi.htm ''Calophyllum''.] Commercial Timbers. DELTA. Version: 25 June 2009.</ref> ''Calophyllum'' wood may be sold under the name bitangor, and the species may be used interchangeably; one shipment may contain boards from several different species.<ref name=fri>Friday, J. B. and R. Ogoshi. [http://agroforestry.net/scps/Tamanu_specialty_crop.pdf Farm and Forestry Production and Marketing Profile for Tamanu (''Calophyllum inophyllum'').] In: Elevitch, C. R. (ed.) Specialty Crops for Pacific Island Agroforestry. Permanent Agriculture Resources. Holualoa, Hawaii. 2011.</ref>
Plants of the genus are also known for their chemistry, with a variety of [[secondary metabolite]]s isolated, such as [[coumarin]]s, [[xanthone]]s, [[flavonoid]]s, and [[triterpene]]s. Compounds from the genus have been reported to have [[Cytotoxicity|cytotoxic]], anti-[[HIV]], [[secretion|antisecretory]], [[Cytoprotection|cytoprotective]], [[Nociception|antinociceptive]], [[mollusca|molluscicidal]], and [[antimicrobial]] properties. Some plants are used in [[folk medicine]] to treat conditions such as [[peptic ulcer]]s, [[tumor]]s, [[infection]]s, [[pain]], and [[inflammation]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cechinel Filho
''C. inophyllum'' is the source of tamanu oil, a greenish, nutty-scented [[vegetable oil|oil]] of commercial value. It has been used as [[massage]] oil, topical medicine, [[oil lamp|lamp oil]], and [[waterproofing]], and is still used in [[cosmetics]]. [[Tacamahac]] is the resin of the tree. This species is also cultivated for its wood and planted in coastal landscaping as a [[windbreak]] and for [[erosion]] control.<ref name=fri/>
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A stylized ''Calophyllum'' is featured on the national [[coat of arms of Nauru]].
==
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
# ''[[Calophyllum acidus]]'' {{Au|Kosterm.}}
# ''[[Calophyllum acutiputamen]]'' {{Au|P.F.Stevens}}
# ''[[Calophyllum aerarium]]'' {{Au|P.F.Stevens}}
# ''[[Calophyllum africanum]]'' {{Au|Cheek & Q.Luke}}
# ''[[Calophyllum alboramulum]]'' {{Au|P.F.Stevens}}
# ''[[Calophyllum dasypodium]]'' {{Au|Miq.}}
# ''[[Calophyllum inophyllum]]'' {{Au|L.}} – mastwood, Alexandrian laurel, tamanu, beauty leaf
# ''[[Calophyllum lowei]]'' {{Au|Planch. & Triana}}
# ''[[Calophyllum macrocarpum]]'' {{Au|Hook.f.}}
# ''[[Calophyllum macrophyllum]]'' {{Au|Scheff.}}
# ''[[Calophyllum membranaceum]]'' {{Au|Gardner & Champ.}}
# ''[[Calophyllum mesoamericanum]]'' {{Au|Vela Díaz}}<ref name="diaz"/>
# ''[[Calophyllum milvum]]'' {{Au|P.F.Stevens}}
# ''[[Calophyllum molle]]'' {{Au|King}}
# ''[[Calophyllum moonii]]'' {{Au|Wight}}
# ''[[Calophyllum morobensis]]'' {{Au|P.F.Stevens}}
# ''[[Calophyllum mukunense]]'' {{Au|P.F.Stevens}}
# ''[[Calophyllum multitudinis]]'' {{Au|P.F.Stevens}}
# ''[[Calophyllum neoebudicum]]'' {{Au|Guillaumin}}
# ''[[Calophyllum nodosum]]'' {{Au|Vesque}}
# ''[[Calophyllum novoguineense]]'' {{Au|Kaneh. & Hatus.}}
# ''[[Calophyllum nubicola]]'' {{Au|D'Arcy & R.C.Keating}}
# ''[[Calophyllum obliquinervium]]'' {{Au|Merr.}}
# ''[[Calophyllum obscurum]]'' {{Au|P.F.Stevens}}
# ''[[Calophyllum oliganthum]]'' {{Au|Merr.}}
# ''[[Calophyllum pachyphyllum]]'' {{Au|Planch. & Triana}}
# ''[[Calophyllum paniculatum]]'' {{Au|P.F.Stevens}}
# ''[[Calophyllum papuanum]]'' {{Au|Lauterb.}}
# ''[[Calophyllum parkeri]]'' {{Au|C.E.C.Fisch.}}
# ''[[Calophyllum parviflorum]]'' {{Au|Bojer ex Baker}}
# ''[[Calophyllum parvifolium]]'' {{Au|Choisy}}
# ''[[Calophyllum pascalianum]]'' {{Au|B.R.Ramesh, Ayyappan & De Franceschi}}
# ''[[Calophyllum pauciflorum]]'' {{Au|A.C.Sm.}}
# ''[[Calophyllum peekelii]]'' {{Au|Lauterb.}}
# ''[[Calophyllum pelewense]]'' {{Au|P.F.Stevens}}
# ''[[Calophyllum pentapetalum]]'' {{Au|(Blanco) Merr.}}
# ''[[Calophyllum persimile]]'' {{Au|P.F.Stevens}}
# ''[[Calophyllum pervillei]]'' {{Au|Drake}}
# ''[[Calophyllum piluliferum]]'' {{Au|P.F.Stevens}}
# ''[[Calophyllum pinetorum]]'' {{Au|Bisse}}
# ''[[Calophyllum pisiferum]]'' {{Au|Planch. & Triana}}
# ''[[Calophyllum poilanei]]'' {{Au|Gagnep. ex P.F.Stevens}}
# ''[[Calophyllum polyanthum]]'' {{Au|Wall. ex Choisy}} – poonspar, sirpoontree
# ''[[Calophyllum praetermissum]]'' {{Au|P.F.Stevens}}
# ''[[Calophyllum pubescens]]'' {{Au|Vela Díaz}}<ref name=diaz/>
# ''[[Calophyllum pulcherrimum]]'' {{Au|Wall. ex Choisy}}
# ''[[Calophyllum pyriforme]]'' {{Au|P.F.Stevens}}
# ''[[Calophyllum recedens]]'' {{Au|Jum. & H.Perrier}}
# ''[[Calophyllum recurvatum]]'' {{Au|P.F.Stevens}}
# ''[[Calophyllum rigidulum]]'' {{Au|P.F.Stevens}}
# ''[[Calophyllum rigidum]]'' {{Au|Miq.}}
# ''[[Calophyllum rivulare]]'' {{Au|Bisse}}
# ''[[Calophyllum robustum]]'' {{Au|P.F.Stevens}}
# ''[[Calophyllum roseocostatum]]'' {{Au|P.F.Stevens}}
# ''[[Calophyllum rotundifolium]]'' {{Au|Ridl.}}
# ''[[Calophyllum rubiginosum]]'' {{Au|M.R.Hend. & Wyatt-Sm.}}
# ''[[Calophyllum rufigemmatum]]'' {{Au|Hend. & Wyatt-Sm. ex P.F.Stevens}}
# ''[[Calophyllum rufinerve]]'' {{Au|Kaneh. & Hatus.}}
# ''[[Calophyllum rugosum]]'' {{Au|P.F.Stevens}}
# ''[[Calophyllum rupicola]]'' {{Au|Ridl.}}
# ''[[Calophyllum sakarium]]'' {{Au|P.F.Stevens}}
# ''[[Calophyllum savannarum]]'' {{Au|A.C.Sm.}}
# ''[[Calophyllum sclerophyllum]]'' {{Au|Vesque}}
# ''[[Calophyllum scriblitifolium]]'' {{Au|M.R.Hend. & Wyatt-Sm.}}
# ''[[Calophyllum sil]]'' {{Au|Lauterb.}}
# ''[[Calophyllum soulattri]]'' {{Au|Burm.f.}} – bitangoor boonot, Nicobar canoetree
# ''[[Calophyllum stipitatum]]'' {{Au|P.F.Stevens}}
# ''[[Calophyllum streimannii]]'' {{Au|P.F.Stevens}}
# ''[[Calophyllum suberosum]]'' {{Au|P.F.Stevens}}
# ''[[Calophyllum subhorizontale]]'' {{Au|M.R.Hend. & Wyatt-Sm.}}
# ''[[Calophyllum subsessile]]'' {{Au|King}}
# ''[[Calophyllum sundaicum]]'' {{Au|P.F.Stevens}}
# ''[[Calophyllum symingtonianum]]'' {{Au|M.R.Hend. & Wyatt-Sm.}}
# ''[[Calophyllum tacamahaca]]'' {{Au|Willd.}}
# ''[[Calophyllum tetrapterum]]'' {{Au|Miq.}}
# ''[[Calophyllum teysmannii]]'' {{Au|Miq.}}
# ''[[Calophyllum thorelii]]'' {{Au|Pierre}}
# ''[[Calophyllum thuriferum]]'' {{Au|Poepp.}}
# ''[[Calophyllum thwaitesii]]'' {{Au|Planch. & Triana}}
# ''[[Calophyllum tomentosum]]'' {{Au|Wight}} – pink touriga
# ''[[Calophyllum touranense]]'' {{Au|Gagnep. ex P.F.Stevens}}
# ''[[Calophyllum tournanense]]'' {{Au|Gagnep. ex P.F.Stevens}}
# ''[[Calophyllum trachycaule]]'' {{Au|Lauterb.}}
# ''[[Calophyllum trapezifolium]]'' {{Au|Thwaites}}
# ''[[Calophyllum undulatum]]'' {{Au|P.F.Stevens}}
# ''[[Calophyllum utile]]'' {{Au|Bisse}}
# ''[[Calophyllum vanoverberghii]]'' {{Au|Merr.}}
# ''[[Calophyllum venulosum]]'' {{Au|Zoll.}}
# ''[[Calophyllum vergens]]'' {{Au|P.F.Stevens}}
# ''[[Calophyllum vernicosum]]'' {{Au|P.F.Stevens}}
# ''[[Calophyllum verticillatum]]'' {{Au|P.F.Stevens}}
# ''[[Calophyllum vexans]]'' {{Au|P.F.Stevens}}
# ''[[Calophyllum vitiense]]'' {{Au|Turrill}}
# ''[[Calophyllum waliense]]'' {{Au|P.F.Stevens}}
# ''[[Calophyllum walkeri]]'' {{Au|Wight}}
# ''[[Calophyllum wallichianum]]'' {{Au|Planch. & Triana}}
# ''[[Calophyllum whitfordii]]'' {{Au|Merr.}}
# ''[[Calophyllum woodii]]'' {{Au|P.F.Stevens}}
{{div col end}}
==Gallery==
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==References==
{{Reflist}}
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{{refbegin|30em}}
*{{cite book|last1=Blume|first1=Carl Ludwig von|
*{{cite book|last1=Loureiro|first1=João de|
*{{cite book|last1=Ludwig|first1=Christian Gottlieb|author-link1=Christian Gottlieb Ludwig|last2=Böhmer|first2=Georg Rudolf|author-link2=Georg Rudolf Boehmer|title=D. Christiani Gottlieb Ludwig ... Definitiones generum plantarum : olim in usum auditorum collectas nunc auctas et emendata|date=1760|publisher=Ex Officina I.F. Gleditschii|edition=2|location=Lipsiae|pages=239, 371|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/27736#page/290/mode/1up|language=la}}
*{{cite book|last1=Miller|first1=Philip|author-link=Philip Miller|title=The gardeners dictionary : containing the methods of cultivating and improving all sorts of trees, plants, and flowers, for the kitchen, fruit, and pleasure gardens, as also those which are used in medicine : with directions for the culture of vineyards, and making of wine in England...|date=1754|volume=v.1 |publisher=Printed for the author and sold by John and James Rivington|edition=4|location=London|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/150892#page/525/mode/1up}}
{{refend}}
==External links==
*{{Commons category inline}}
*{{Wikispecies inline}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q2697391}}
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