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The meetings of the Parties to the Convention are known as Conferences of the Parties (COP), with the first one (COP 1) held in [[Nassau, Bahamas]], in 1994 and the most recent one (COP 15) in 2021/2022 in [[Kunming]], China and Montreal, Canada.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Convention on Biological Diversity |url=https://www.cbd.int/conferences/2021-2022 |access-date=2022-07-24 |website=Convention on Biological Diversity |language=en}}</ref>
In the area of marine and coastal biodiversity CBD's focus at present is to identify Ecologically or Biologically Significant Marine Areas (EBSAs) in specific ocean locations based on scientific criteria. The aim is to create an international legally binding instrument (ILBI) involving area-based planning and decision-making under UNCLOS to support the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity beyond areas of national jurisdiction (BBNJ treaty or [[High Seas Treaty]]).<ref>{{cite web |last1=Convention on Biological Diversity |title=Ecologically or Biologically Significant Marine Areas (EBSAs) |url=https://www.cbd.int/ebsa/about |website=CBD |access-date=21 October 2023}}</ref>
==Origin and scope==
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As of 2016, the Convention has 196 Parties, which includes 195 states and the [[European Union]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbd.int/convention/parties/list/|title=CBD List of Parties|access-date=22 September 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110124005746/http://www.cbd.int/convention/parties/list/|archive-date=24 January 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> All UN member states—with the exception of the United States—have ratified the treaty.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dickie|first=Gloria|author-link=Gloria Dickie|title=The US is the only country that hasn't signed on to a key international agreement to save the planet|url=https://qz.com/872036/the-us-is-the-only-country-that-hasnt-signed-on-to-a-key-international-agreement-to-save-the-planet/|access-date=20 July 2021|website=Quartz|date=25 December 2016 |archive-date=20 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720145958/https://qz.com/872036/the-us-is-the-only-country-that-hasnt-signed-on-to-a-key-international-agreement-to-save-the-planet/|url-status=live}}</ref> Non-UN member states that have ratified are the [[Cook Islands]], [[Niue]], and the [[State of Palestine]]. The [[Holy See]] and the [[List of states with limited recognition|states with limited recognition]] are non-Parties. The US has signed but not ratified the treaty,<ref>{{cite news|title=India Presses U.S. to Pass Biotic Treaty|last=Hazarika|first=Sanjoy|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=23 April 1995|page=1.13}}</ref> because ratification requires a two-thirds majority in the [[United States Senate|Senate]] and is blocked by [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]] senators.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Einhorn |first=Catrin |date=October 31, 2024 |title=Protecting Nature, With the U.S. on the Sidelines |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/10/31/climate/cop-biodiversity-colombia-united-states.html |work=The New York Times}}</ref><ref name=vox/>
The European Union created the Cartagena Protocol (see below) in 2000 to enhance [[biosafety]] regulation and propagate the "precautionary principle" over the "sound science principle" defended by the United States. Whereas the impact of the Cartagena Protocol on domestic regulations has been substantial, its impact on international trade law remains uncertain. In 2006, the [[World Trade Organization]] (WTO) ruled that the European Union had violated international trade law between 1999 and 2003 by imposing a moratorium on the approval of [[genetically modified organism]]s (GMO) imports. Disappointing the United States, the panel nevertheless "decided not to decide" by not invalidating the stringent European [[biosafety]] regulations.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Schneider |first1=Christina J. |last2=Urpelainen |first2=Johannes |title=Distributional Conflict Between Powerful States and International Treaty Ratification |journal=International Studies Quarterly |date=March 2013 |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=13–27 |doi=10.1111/isqu.12024|s2cid=154699328 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
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=== Marine and coastal biodiversity ===
The CBD has a significant focus on [[Marine life|marine and coastal biodiversity]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Unit |first=Biosafety |date=2022-06-23 |title=Marine and Coastal Biodiversity |url=https://www.cbd.int/marine/ |access-date=2022-07-10 |website=Convention on Biological Diversity |language=en}}</ref> A series of expert workshops have been held (2018–2022) to identify options for modifying the description of Ecologically or Biologically Significant Marine Areas (EBSAs) and describing new areas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ecologically or Biologically Significant Marine Areas (EBSAs) |url=https://www.cbd.int/ebsa/meetings |access-date=2022-07-10 |website=Convention on Biological Diversity}}</ref> These have focused on the North-East, North-West and South-Eastern [[Atlantic Ocean]], [[Baltic Sea]], [[Caspian Sea]], [[Black Sea]], Seas of East Asia, North-West [[Indian Ocean]] and Adjacent Gulf Areas, Southern and North-East Indian Ocean, [[Mediterranean Sea]], North and South Pacific, Eastern Tropical and Temperate Pacific, Wider [[Caribbean]] and Western Mid-Atlantic. The workshop meetings have followed the EBSA process based on internationally agreed scientific criteria.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ecologically or Biologically Significant Marine Areas (EBSAs) |url=https://www.cbd.int/ebsa/about |access-date=2022-07-10 |website=Convention on Biological Diversity}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.cbd.int/marine/ebsa/booklet-ebsa-impact-en.pdf |isbn=9789292257132 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028123950/https://www.cbd.int/marine/ebsa/booklet-ebsa-impact-en.pdf |archive-date=2021-10-28 |url-status=live|title=Special Places in the Ocean : A Decade of Describing Ecologically or Biologically Significant Marine Areas (EBSAs)|website=Convention on Biological Diversity|access-date=2022-07-24}}</ref> This is aimed at creating an international legally binding instrument (ILBI) under [[United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea|UNCLOS]] to support the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity beyond areas of national jurisdiction (BBNJ or [[High Seas Treaty]]).<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1258393744 |title=Marine biodiversity of areas beyond national jurisdiction |date=2021 |publisher=Brill Nihoff |editor-first1=Myron H. |editor-last1=Nordquist |editor-first2=Ronâan |editor-last2=Long |isbn=978-90-04-42241-4 |location=Leiden |oclc=1258393744}}</ref> The central mechanism is area-based planning and decision-making.<ref>{{Cite web |title=EBSA – The Global Ocean Biodiversity Initiative |url=https://gobi.org/ebsas/ |access-date=2022-07-10 |language=en-US}}</ref> It integrates EBSAs, Vulnerable Marine Ecosystems (VMEs) and High Seas ([[Marine protected area|Marine Protected Areas]]) with [[Blue economy|Blue Growth]] scenarios. There is also linkage with the [[Marine Strategy Framework Directive|EU Marine Strategy Framework Directive]].
==Criticism==
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===2024 COP 16===
{{Main|2024 United Nations Biodiversity Conference}}The 16th meeting of the Parties is scheduled to be held in [[Cali]], Colombia in 2024.<ref>{{cite web |title=Colombia se postula para ser sede de la Cumbre de Biodiversidad más importante del mundo |url=https://www.minambiente.gov.co/colombia-se-postula-para-ser-sede-de-la-cumbre-de-biodiversidad-mas-importante-del-mundo/ |access-date=17 December 2023 |website=Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible |date=11 December 2023 |publisher=Colombia |language=es}}</ref> Originally, Turkey was going to host it but after a [[2023 Turkey–Syria earthquakes|series of earthquakes in February 2023]] they had to withdraw.<ref>{{Cite web |title=@unbiodiversity |url=https://twitter.com/unbiodiversity/status/1448113287065792513 |access-date=2023-01-16 |website=Twitter |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Cooper |first1=David |title=Notification to Parties on 31 July 2023 |url=https://www.cbd.int/doc/notifications/2023/ntf-2023-082-cop16-en.pdf |access-date=17 December 2023 |website=Convention on Biological Diversity |publisher=UNCBD |ref=SCBD/OES/DC/GT/91194}}</ref>
==See also==
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