13th century: Difference between revisions

* [[1223]] —— The [[Signoria]], of the [[Republic of Venice]] is formed and consists of the Doge, the Minor Council, and the three leaders of the Quarantia.

* [[1223]] –— [[Volga Bulgaria]] defeats the army of The Mongol Empire at the [[Battle of Samara Bend]]

* [[1227]] –— [[Estonians]] are finally subjugated to [[Terra Mariana|German crusader rule]] during the [[Livonian Crusade]].

* [[1228]]–[[1229]] –— [[Sixth Crusade]] under the excommunicated [[Frederick II Hohenstaufen]], who returns [[Jerusalem]] to the [[Crusader States]].

* [[1228]]–[[1230]] –— First clash between [[Gregory IX]] and [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick II]].

* [[1226]]–[[1250]] –— Dispute between the so-called second [[Lombard League]] and [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick II]].

* [[1291]]—The — The [[Swiss Confederation]] of [[Canton of Uri|Uri]], [[Schwyz]], and [[Unterwalden]] forms.

* [[1291]] — [[Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)|Mamluk]] Sultan of Egypt [[al-Ashraf Khalil]] captures [[Siege of Acre (1291)|Acre]], thus ending the Crusader [[Kingdom of Jerusalem]] (the final [[Christian]] state remaining from the [[Crusades]]).

* [[1292]] — [[Jayakatwang]], duke of Kediri, rebelled and killed Kertanegara, ended the Singhasari kingdom.

* [[1292]] — [[Marco Polo]], on his voyage from China to Persia visited Sumatra and reported that on the northern part of Sumatra there were six trading ports including [[Perlak, Aceh|Ferlec]], [[Samudra Pasai|Samudera]] and Lambri.<ref>[http://www.indonesia-tourism.com/aceh/history.html History of Aceh] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120813150213/http://www.indonesia-tourism.com/aceh/history.html |date=August 13, 2012 }}</ref>

* [[1293]] — [[Mongol invasion of Java]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Weatherford |first=Jack |title=Genghis khan and the making of the modern world |year=2004 |publisher=Random House |location=New York |isbn=0-609-80964-4 |page=239 |postscript=<!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. --> }}</ref> [[Kublai Khan]] of [[Yuan dynasty]] China, sent punitive attack against Kertanegara of Singhasari. The [[Mongol]] forces were repelled.

* [[1297]] &mdash;— Membership in the ''Mazor Consegio'' or the [[Great Council of Venice]] of the Venetian Republic is sealed and limited in the future to only those families whose names have been inscribed therein.

* [[1299]] &mdash;— [[Ottoman Empire]] is established under [[Osman I]]

* [[1300]] &mdash;— [[Islam]] is [[The spread of Islam in Indonesia (1200 to 1600)|thought to have become established]] in the [[Aceh]] region.

* [[1300]] &mdash;— Aji Batara Agung Dewa Sakti founded Kingdom of Kutai Kartanegara|Sultanate of Kutai in the Tepian Batu or [[Kutai Lama, Anggana, Kutai Kartanegara|Kutai Lama]].

* [[Albertus Magnus]], German philosopher and theologian

* [[Alexander of Hales]], Franciscan friar and theologian

* [[Alexander Nevsky]], Grand Prince of [[Novgorod]] and [[Vladimir, Russia|Vladimir]]

* [[Alexios III Angelos]], Byzantine Emperor

* [[Andrea of Grosseto]], Italian writer

* [[Anthony of Padua]], Portuguese Franciscan friar, bishop

* [[Baibars]], [[Mameluk]] sultan of [[Egypt]]

* [[Batu Khan]], [[Mongols|Mongol]] ruler and the founder of the [[Golden Horde]]

* [[Béla IV of Hungary]] rebuilder of [[Hungary]] after the devastating Mongol invasion

* [[Birger Jarl]], Swedish statesman, earl, and founder of [[Stockholm]]

* [[Bonaventure]], Franciscan theologian, bishop, and cardinal

* [[Moinuddin Chishti|Kwaja Moinuddin Chishti]], scholar, poet and descendant of the Islamic Prophet [[Muhammad]]

* [[Cimabue]], Florentine painter

* [[Dante Alighieri]], Florentine writer and poet

* [[Dōgen]], priest, writer, poet, philosopher, and founder of the [[Sōtō]] school of [[Zen]]

* [[Saint Dominic|Dominic Guzman]], Spanish Catholic friar and founder of the [[Order of Preachers]]

* [[Edward I of England]], [[English King]]

* [[Elisabeth of Hungary]], Hungarian princess of the [[Kingdom of Hungary]]

* [[Enrico Dandolo]], [[Doge]] of the Republic of Venice

* [[Fibonacci]], the most talented Western mathematician of the [[Middle Ages]]

* [[Francis of Assisi]], Umbrian founder of the [[Franciscan|Franciscan order]]

* [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick II]], emperor of the [[Holy Roman Empire]]

* [[Genghis Khan]], founder of [[Mongol Empire]]

* [[Gertrude the Great]], German Catholic nun and spiritual writer

* [[Giotto di Bondone]], Italian painter

* [[Gregory X]], Pope

* [[Haakon Haakonsson]], king of [[Norway]] from 1217 to 1263. After the long civil war Norway would again prosper under his rule and come to dominate Scandinavian politics.

* [[Henry III of England]], king

* [[Ibn Taymiyyah]], famous [[Hanbali]], [[Salafi]] Scholar of Islam

* [[Pope Innocent III|Innocent III]], Pope

* [[Ivan Asen II of Bulgaria|Ivan Asen II]], Emperor of Bulgaria

* [[Kaloyan of Bulgaria|Kaloyan]], Emperor of [[Bulgaria]]

* [[Ken Arok]] (or Ken Angrok), Rajasa (died c. 1227), was the founder and first ruler of the [[Singhasari]] (also Singasari) Kingdom.

* [[Kublai Khan]], Khan ruler, founder of [[Yuan Dynasty]] in [[China]]

* [[Rumi|Jalal Uddin Muhammad Rumi]], scholar and famous poet

* [[Lasha Giorgi]], [[Giorgi IV Lasha|King Giorgi IV]] of [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]

* [[Lembitu]], Estonian ruler

* [[Louis IX of France]], St. Louis, French king and crusader

* [[Manco Cápac]] First Governor and founder of the [[Inca]] civilization in [[Cusco]]

* [[Marco Polo]], [[Venice|Venetian]] trader and explorer

* [[Mevlana]], philosopher and poet

* [[Petrus Peregrinus]], scientist

* [[Oduduwa]], First King of the [[Yorubaland]]

* [[Osman I]], Sultan, founder of [[Ottoman Empire]]

* [[Ottokar II of Bohemia]], [[List of rulers of Bohemia|King of Bohemia]]

* [[Ramon Llull]], Majorcan philosopher

* [[Robert Grosseteste]], English statesman, theologian, and scientist

* [[Roger Bacon]], Franciscan friar, philosopher, and scientist

* [[Rusudan of Georgia|Rusudan]], Queen Regnant of [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]

* [[Sundiata Keita]] semi-historical founder of the [[Mali Empire]]

* [[Saadi (poet)|Saadi]] Persian poet

* [[Sinchi Roca]] Second [[Sapa Inca]] of the Kingdom of [[Cusco]]

* [[Snorri Sturluson]], historian and saga-writer

* [[Sri Indraditya]], credited as founder of first historical [[Siam]]ese dynasty

* [[Queen Tamar|Tamara]], ruler of [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]

* [[Saint Thomas Aquinas|Thomas Aquinas]], Neapolitan Catholic friar and theologian

* [[William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke|William Marshal]], [[knight]] and statesman.

* [[William Wallace]], [[Scottish people|Scottish]] national leader

* [[Yunus Emre]], [[Turkish people|Turkish]] poet and Sufi mystic

* [{{cite web |url=http://www.nd.edu/Departments/Maritain/etext/walsh.htm |title=The Thirteenth: Greatest of Centuries]{{deadlink |datedead=April 2018}} byyes |author=[[James Joseph Walsh|James J. Walsh]], |year=[[1907]] |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20170301075205/http://www2.nd.edu/Departments//Maritain/etext/walsh.htm |archivedate=2017-03-01}}