The 85 mm air defense gun M1939 (52-K) (Russian: 85-мм зенитная пушка обр. 1939 г. (52-К))[4] was an 85 mm (3.3 in) Soviet anti-aircraft gun, developed under guidance of leading Soviet designers M. N. Loginov and G. D. Dorokhin. This gun was successfully used throughout the Second World War against level bombers and other high- and medium-altitude targets. In emergencies they were utilized as powerful anti-tank weapons. The barrel of the 52-K was the basis for the family of 85-mm Soviet tank guns. After the war some 52-Ks were refitted for peaceful purposes as anti-avalanche guns in mountainous terrain.
| 85 mm air defense gun M1939 (52-К) | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Type | Anti-aircraft gun Tank gun |
| Place of origin | Soviet Union |
| Service history | |
| Wars | World War II |
| Production history | |
| Produced | 1939-1945 |
| Specifications | |
| Mass | combat: 4,500 kg (9,921 lbs) travel: 4,500 kg (9,921 lbs) |
| Length | 7.05 m (23 ft 2 in) |
| Barrel length | 4.7 m (15 ft 5 in) 55 Calibers[1] |
| Width | 2.15 m (7 ft 1 in) |
| Height | 2.25 m (7 ft 5 in) |
| Crew | 7 |
| Shell | 85×629 mmR[2] |
| Shell weight | 9.2 kg (20 lb 5 oz)[3] |
| Caliber | 85 mm (3.34 in) |
| Breech | Vertical sliding-wedge |
| Recoil | Hydro-pneumatic[1] |
| Carriage | 2-axle and 4-wheeled with outriggers |
| Elevation | -3° to 82° |
| Traverse | 360° |
| Rate of fire | 10-12 rounds per minute |
| Muzzle velocity | 792 m/s (2,598 ft/s) |
| Effective firing range | 10,500m (34,448 ft) (vertical range) |
| Maximum firing range | 15.65 km (51,127 ft) (9.72 mi) |
Virtually every country behind the Iron Curtain received this gun after World War II for their air defense. In the Soviet Union itself, these guns were largely superseded by the 100 and 130 mm guns.
Description
editAdopted in 1939, the 85-mm M1939, like its German counterpart the 88-mm Flak 18/36/37, was meant for air defense. Like many anti-aircraft (AA) guns of the era it was also provided with anti-tank ammunition in the event a tank should appear.
Organization
edit85-mm M1939 guns were organized into heavy anti-aircraft regiments of 16 guns. The regiments were organized into divisions of the field anti-aircraft forces.
Tank guns
editBy 1942, the 76.2mm F-34 tank gun of the T-34 medium tank was found to be lacking in range and penetration compared to the German 75 mm Pak 40 anti-tank gun, new mounted on the Stug III and Panzer IV, and markedly inferior to the 88-mm gun of the Tiger I. Military planners directed the design bureaus of both Gen. Vasiliy Grabin and Gen. Fyodor Petrov to modify the 85mm anti-aircraft gun for use as an anti-tank weapon.
Petrov's bureau developed the D-5 85mm gun. Though much too large for the T-34 turret, it could be mounted in the chassis of the SU-122 self-propelled gun to create a tank destroyer. This was done, and the SU-85 tank destroyer went into production. Meanwhile, efforts were underway to redesign the T-34 turret to make it large enough to accommodate the newly developed gun.
Grabin, who had been working on a second 85mm gun, the ZiS-53, at Joseph Stalin Factory No. 92 in Gorky near Moscow, was reassigned to the Central Artillery Design Bureau (TsAKB) in Moscow. His project was turned over to 23-year-old A. Savin. A third team led by K. Siderenko was assigned to yet another 85mm gun project, and developed the S-18, to be used in the modified T-34 turret.
The resulting guns were tested at Gorokhoviesky Proving Grounds near Gorky, with Grabin's ZiS-53 winning the competition. However, the new T-34/85's turret had been designed to accommodate the already-available D-5 gun, and did not mate properly with Grabin's gun. The T-34/85 tank went into production making use of the D-5 gun (designated D-5T, for "tank").
Savin was put to work modifying Grabin's gun to fit the new turret and incorporate other improvements. His initial was added to his gun's designation in recognition of his contribution: the ZiS-S-53. From T-34/85 Model 1944 onwards, all T-34/85s used Savin's ZiS-S-53. It went into production in the spring of 1944. A new antitank gun was then developed, the 100 mm field gun M1944 (BS-3).
Penetration comparison
edit| Gun type | Ammunition type | Muzzle velocity (m/s) |
Penetration (mm) | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 100 m | 250 m | 500 m | 750 m | 1000 m | 1250 m | 1500 m | 2000 m | 2500 m | 3000 m | ||||
| 85mm/L52 (D-5T) | AP | 792 m/s (2,600 ft/s) |
142 | 135 | 125 | 116 | 107 | 99 | 92 | 78 | 67 | 57 | |
| 85mm/L52 (D-5T) | APBC | 792 m/s (2,600 ft/s) |
139 | 133 | 123 | 114 | 105 | 98 | 91 | 81 | 73 | 65 | |
| 85mm/L52 (D-5T) | APCR | 1,050 m/s (3,400 ft/s) |
175 | 159 | 136 | 117 | 100 | 85 | 73 | 54 | 39 | 29 | |
See also
editWeapons of comparable role, performance and era
edit- British QF 3.7-inch AA gun
- German 8.8 cm Flak 18/36/37/41
- Italian Cannone da 90/53
- US 90 mm Gun M1
References
edit- ^ a b Foss, Christopher (1977). Jane's pocket book of towed artillery. New York: Collier. p. 249. ISBN 0020806000. OCLC 911907988.
- ^ "78- MM CALIBRE CARTRIDGES". quarryhs.co.uk.
- ^ Chamberlain, Peter; Gander, Terry (1975). Anti-aircraft guns. New York: Arco Pub. Co. p. 63. ISBN 0668038187. OCLC 2000222.
- ^ "KS-12 KS-12A 85mm M1939 M1944 anti-aircraft gun cannon technical data sheet specifications pictures | Russia Russian army light heavy weapons UK | Russia Russian army military equipment vehicles UK". Archived from the original on 8 December 2022. Retrieved 28 April 2017.
- ^ Against a given plate thickness the average highest velocity failure and lowest velocity penetration are averaged to determine muzzle velocity at which 50% of hits penetrate
- ^ Bird, Lorrin Rexford; Livingston, Robert D. (2001). WWII Ballistics: Armor and Gunnery. Overmatch Press. p. 59.
Bibliography
edit- Hogg, Ian (2000). Twentieth-Century Artillery. Friedman/Fairfax Publishers. ISBN 1-58663-299-X.
- Jane's Armour and Artillery (1982). Jane's Publishing Company, Ltd. ISBN 0-7106-0727-X.yj
- Shunkov V. N. - The Weapons of the Red Army, Mn. Harvest, 1999 (Шунков В. Н. - Оружие Красной Армии. — Мн.: Харвест, 1999.) ISBN 985-433-469-4.
- Zaloga, Steven J., James Grandsen (1984). Soviet Tanks and Combat Vehicles of World War Two, London: Arms and Armour Prembss. ISBN 0-85368-606-8.