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Natan Sharansky describes the 3D's test of antisemitism: demonizing Israel, the double standard of criticizing Israel disproportionately to other states, and delegitimizing Israel's right to exist.[18] Norman H. Finkelstein describes the Boycott, Divestment, and Sanctions movement as failing all 3D's.[19] Tag: Reverted |
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There are various ways in which antisemitism is manifested, ranging in the level of severity of [[Persecution of Jews|Jewish persecution]]. On the more subtle end, it consists of expressions of hatred or discrimination against individual Jews, and may or may not be accompanied by violence. On the most extreme end, it consists of [[pogrom]]s or [[genocide]], which may or may not be state-sponsored. Although the term "antisemitism" did not come into common usage until the 19th century, it is also applied to previous and later anti-Jewish incidents. Notable instances of antisemitic persecution include the [[Rhineland massacres]] in 1096; the [[Edict of Expulsion]] in 1290; the [[persecution of Jews during the Black Death|European persecution of Jews during the Black Death]], between 1348 and 1351; the [[Massacre of 1391|massacre of Spanish Jews]] in 1391, the crackdown of the [[Spanish Inquisition]], and the [[Alhambra Decree|expulsion of Jews from Spain]] in 1492; the [[Tach VeTat|Cossack massacres in Ukraine]], between 1648 and 1657; various [[Pogroms in the Russian Empire|anti-Jewish pogroms in the Russian Empire]], between 1821 and 1906; the [[Dreyfus affair]], between 1894 and 1906; the [[The Holocaust|Holocaust]] by [[Nazi Germany]] during [[World War II]]; and various [[antisemitism in the Soviet Union|Soviet anti-Jewish policies]]. Historically, most of the world's violent antisemitic events have taken place in [[Christianity in Europe|Christian Europe]]. However, since the early 20th century, there has been a sharp rise in [[Antisemitism in the Arab world|antisemitic incidents across the Arab world]], largely due to the surge in [[Conspiracy theories in the Arab world|Arab antisemitic conspiracy theories]], which have been cultivated to an extent under the aegis of [[Antisemitism in Europe|European antisemitic conspiracy theories]].<ref name="Herf 2009">{{cite journal|last=Herf|first=Jeffrey|author-link=Jeffrey Herf|date=December 2009|title=Nazi Germany's Propaganda Aimed at Arabs and Muslims During World War II and the Holocaust: Old Themes, New Archival Findings|journal=[[Central European History]]|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|volume=42|issue=4|pages=709–736|doi=10.1017/S000893890999104X|jstor=40600977|s2cid=145568807|issn=0008-9389}}</ref><ref name="JCPA 2020">{{cite journal|last=Spoerl|first=Joseph S.|date=January 2020|title=Parallels between Nazi and Islamist Anti-Semitism|url=https://jcpa.org/article/parallels-between-nazi-and-islamist-anti-semitism/|url-status=live|journal=Jewish Political Studies Review|publisher=[[Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs]]|volume=31|issue=1/2|pages=210–244|issn=0792-335X|jstor=26870795|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609120031/https://jcpa.org/article/parallels-between-nazi-and-islamist-anti-semitism/|archive-date=9 June 2020|access-date=14 October 2020}}</ref>
In recent times, the idea that there is a variation of antisemitism known as "[[new antisemitism]]" has emerged on several occasions. According to this view, since the [[Israel|State of Israel]] is a Jewish state, expressions of [[Anti-Zionism|anti-Zionist positions]] could harbour antisemitic sentiments.<ref>{{Cite news|date=28 April 2016|title=What's the difference between anti-Semitism and anti-Zionism?|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-36160928|access-date=20 February 2024|work=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Malik|first=Kenan|date=24 February 2019|title=Antisemites use the language of anti-Zionism. The two are distinct|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/feb/24/antisemites-use-language-of-anti-zionism-the-two-are-distinct|access-date=20 February 2024|work=The Observer|issn=0029-7712}}</ref> Natan Sharansky describes the 3D's test of antisemitism: demonizing Israel, the double standard of criticizing Israel disproportionately to other states, and delegitimizing Israel's right to exist.<ref name="g639">{{cite web | title=3D Test of Anti-Semitism: Demonization, Double Standards, Delegitimization | website=Jerusalem Center for Security and Foreign Affairs | date=2012-11-11 | url=https://jcpa.org/article/3d-test-of-anti-semitism-demonization-double-standards-delegitimization/ | access-date=2024-10-29}}</ref> Norman H. Finkelstein describes the [[Boycott, Divestment, and Sanctions]] movement as failing all 3D's.<ref name="e420">{{cite book | last=Finkelstein | first=Norman H. | title=Saying No to Hate | publisher=U of Nebraska Press | date=2024 | isbn=978-0-8276-1523-6 | page=199}}</ref>
Due to the root word ''[[Wikt:Semite|Semite]]'', the term is prone to being invoked as a misnomer by those who incorrectly assert (in an [[etymological fallacy]]) that it refers to racist hatred directed at "[[Semitic people]]" in spite of the fact that this grouping is an obsolete [[Historical race concepts|historical race concept]]. Likewise, such usage is erroneous; the compound word {{lang|de|antisemitismus}} was first used in print in [[History of the Jews in Germany|Germany]] in 1879{{sfnp|Bein|1990|p=595}} as a "[[Scientific racism|scientific-sounding term]]" for {{lang|de|Judenhass}} ({{Literal translation|Jew-hatred}}),{{sfnp|Lipstadt|2019|pp=22–25}}{{sfnp|Chanes|2004|p=150}}{{sfnp|Rattansi|2007|pp=4–5}}{{sfnp|Johnston|1983|p=27}}{{sfnp|Laqueur|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=IaloAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA21 21]}} and it has since been used to refer to anti-Jewish sentiment alone.{{sfnp|Lipstadt|2019|pp=22–25}}{{sfnp|Johnson|1987|p=133}}<ref name="JustJews">{{cite web|first=Bernard|last=Lewis|author-link=Bernard Lewis|url=http://middleeastinfo.org/library/lewis_antisemitism.html|title=Semites and Anti-Semites|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514133732/http://middleeastinfo.org/library/lewis_antisemitism.html|archive-date=14 May 2011|access-date=27 October 2018}}. Extract from ''Islam in History: Ideas, Men and Events in the Middle East'', The Library Press, 1973.
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