This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. (October 2024) |
Jebero (Chebero, Xebero, Xihuila) is a moribund Amazonian language spoken by the Jebero people of Jeberos, Peru. It is spoken by only a small number of older adults and belongs to the Cahuapanan family together with Chayahuita.
| Jebero | |
|---|---|
| Shiwilu | |
| Native to | Peru |
| Region | Jeberos |
| Ethnicity | 2,500 (2000) |
Native speakers | 30 (2012)[1] |
Cahuapanan
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | jeb |
| Glottolog | jebe1250 |
| ELP | Shiwilu |
Phonology
editVowels
edit| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | u | |
| Mid | ɘ | ||
| Open | a |
- /i/ varies between close front unrounded [i], near-close front unrounded [i̞] and close-mid front unrounded [e].[2]
- /u/ varies between near-close near-front rounded [ʊ] and close-mid back weakly rounded [o̜], with the latter realization being the most usual.[2]
- /ɘ/ varies between mid near-front unrounded [ɛ̽] and close-mid central unrounded [ɘ].[2]
- /a/ varies between open central unrounded [ä] and near-open retracted front [æ̠].[2] The vowel chart in Valenzuela & Gussenhoven (2013) puts /a/ in the near-open central position [ɐ].
Consonants
edit| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | |||
| Stop | p | t | tʃ | k | ʔ | |
| Fricative | s | ʃ | (h) | |||
| Trill | plain | r | ||||
| glottalized | ˀr | |||||
| Approximant | central | w | ð̞ | j | ||
| lateral | l | ʎ | ||||
- /m, p/ are bilabial, whereas /w/ is labialized velar.
- /tʃ/ is an affricate, rather than a plosive.[3] It has nevertheless been placed in the table in that manner to save space.
- /n, t, ð, l/ are laminal denti-alveolar [n̪, t̪, ð̪, l̪].[4]
- In the syllable coda, /n/ is realized with a wider contact, maximally dentoalveolo-velar [n̪͡ŋ].[4]
- After /u, a/, the denti-alveolar contact is often not made, which makes /n/ sound more like a velar nasal [ŋ].[4]
- /ð/ may sometimes sound as if it were a lateral consonant, but it is never realized as lateral.[2]
- /ɲ, ʎ/ are dentoalveolo-palatal [ɲ̪, ʎ̪].[4]
- /h/ occurs only in the affirmative interjection [ahã].[3]
- /r/ is realized as a flap [ɾ] in the syllable onset and as a trill [r] in the syllable coda.[4]
- /ˀr/ is a glottalized flap [ˀɾ]. Intervocalically, it is realized as a sequence [ɾʔ].[4]
References
editBibliography
edit- Valenzuela, Pilar M.; Gussenhoven, Carlos (2013), "Shiwilu (Jebero)" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 97–106, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000370